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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Micropuncture method for the determination of nephron filtration rate (1972)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 333 (1972), S. 271-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Nephron Filtration Rate ; Tubulo-Glomerular Feedback ; Intratubular Pressure ; Polyfructosan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two possible artifacts may explain the phenomenon that nephron GFR (N-GFR) measured by distal tubular puncture is smaller than that measured by proximal tubular puncture: a loss of the inulin-like substance used in this laboratory (polyfructosan) from the tubular lumen or unreliable distal punctures. To test these possibilities (a) known amounts of polyfructosan were injected into the proximal tubule and the percentage recovery from the distal tubule measured, (b) N-GFR was measured by distal puncture, subsequently by recollection from the same site and finally by a proximal puncture. On the average, 98.5±7.5% of the proximally injected polyfructosan was recovered from the distal tubule. This is not significantly different from 100% (p〉0.1) and demonstrates that proximal tubule and loop of Henle are impermeable to polyfructosan. The ratio between the N-GFR measured by a distal puncture and that measured by subsequent recollection was 1.016±0.096 and not significantly different from 1.000 (p〈0.20), demonstrating the reliability of distal tubular puncture. The mean distal N-GFR of 27.9±5.3 nl/min was significantly smaller (p〈0.001) than the proximal N-GFR of 35.1±8.0 nl/min. The existence of the proximal-distal N-GFR difference thus is confirmed and two possible artifacts eliminated. The best explanation remains the operation of a tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism. A current point of dispute is the effect of alterations in intratubular pressure (ITP) on N-GFR. Collection of tubular fluid at ITPs below the previously measured free flow pressure (FFP) resulted in a change of N-GFR of 0.45 nl/min· cm H2O. In contrast, fluid collection at ITPs greater than the FFP resulted in a change of N-GFR of 1.48 nl/min· cm H2O. We conclude that although N-GFR is sensitive to ITP changes in both directions, pressure decreases are of little practical importance for the determination of N-GFR whereas intratubular pressure increases are to be avoided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592688
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Renal and single-nephron function is comparable in thiobutabarbitone- and thiopentone-anaesthetised rats (1993)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 424 (1993), S. 224-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rat ; Renal function ; Micropuncture ; Blood gases ; Anaesthesia ; Thiopentone ; Thiobutabarbitone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The thiobutabarbitone(TB, Inactin)-anaesthetised rat is an extremely widely used preparation for the study of renal function at the whole-organ and nephron levels. The recent withdrawal of TB from the market has made it essential to find an anaesthetic producing experimental conditions as similar as possible to TB to allow comparison of past and future data. Blood gas analysis, clearance and micropuncture studies were therefore performed in rats anaesthetised with TB or the related thiobarbiturate thiopentone (TP) (both 100 mg/ kg body weight) to establish whether the latter meets this requirement. Both barbiturates caused similar transient respiratory depression and acidosis. Mean values (TP versus TB) over the total 8-h observation period for glomerular filtration rate (0.94 versus 1.05 ml/min), urine flow (3.8 versus 4.4 μl/min) and K+ excretion (0.98 versus 1.18 μmol/min) were slightly lower (P〈0.05) in TP rats, whereas renal blood flow (6.26 versus 6.24 ml/min), filtration fraction (0.31 versus 0.34) and Na+ excretion (0.11 versus 0.098 μmol/min) did not differ. The single-nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) (42.1 versus 41.1 nl/min) and fractional reabsorption (42% versus 47%), both measured in the proximal tubule, did not differ, although in the TP group SNGFR rose with time (4.4%/h) whereas the fractional reabsorption did not change significantly; in the TB group SNGFR was constant but fractional reabsorption declined with time (1.5%/h). Fractional reabsorption up to the distal convoluted tubule declined with time, this was more pronounced in the TP group. SNGFR measured at this site did not differ between TP and TB (30.3 versus 30.1 nl/min) but increased with time with TP (2.7%/h). Although renal function under TP is somewhat less stable than under TB, the differences are minor and, given that the latter is also characterised by non-steady-state conditions, it is concluded that TP is a reasonable replacement for TB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384346
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Micropuncture studies on the renal handling of 2,4-diamino-6,7-dimethylpteridine (1979)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 306 (1979), S. 287-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: 2.4-diamino-6.7-dialkylpteridine ; Diuretics ; Micropuncture ; Tubular transport ; Rat kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The excretion of the diuretic substance DADMP (2.4-diamino-6.7-dimethylpteridine) and of DMP (6.7-dimethylpterin) was studied on single nephrons of the rat kidney using microperfusion and microinjection techniques. In the proximal tubule only DADMP was reabsorbed to a significant degree. Fractional reabsorption rate was independent of the load applied and the permeability constant was found to be 2.2·10−4 cm·s−1. Similar results were obtained in nephrons in which the substances, with inulin, were injected from middle proximal tubular puncture sites and recovered in the urine. DMP appeared in the urine quantitatively and simultaneously with the injected inulin. DADMP recovery, however, was only 20–30% of the injected load during the injection period and after 2 h some 70% was recovered from the urine of both kidneys. The reabsorbed fractions were independent of the loads applied, which varied between 2·10−13 mol·min−1 and 10−9 mol·min−1. A comparison of the microperfusion and the microinfusion data suggests that the reabsorption of DADMP occurs predominantly in the proximal convolution, and it appears that the differences between the renal handling of DMP and DADMP are explicable by their different lipid solubilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00507116
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Technical problems in the micropuncture determination of nephron filtration rate and their functional implications (1971)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 329 (1971), S. 307-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Nephron Filtration Rate ; Saline Diuresis ; Intratubular Pressure ; Retrograde Contamination ; Sampling Pipettes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The theory of a functional coupling between distal tubular fluid composition and glomerular filtration rate implies that the blockade of flow at a proximal site should lead to a marked increase of GFR. This potential alteration of steady state GFR was studied by comparing the influence of sampling from distal or proximal sites on the filtration rate of identical nephrons. During antidiuresis an average GFR of 25.2 nl/min±7.5 S.D. was found in distal collections, while proximally collected samples gave an average GFR of 34.5 nl/min±8.4 S.D. This difference of 9.3 nl/min is highly significant (p〈0.001). During saline diuresis a mean nephron GFR of 41.6 nl/min±5.0 was found by distal sampling and of 45.3 nl/min±5.4 by proximal sampling (p〉0.05). The proximal-distal difference in nephron GFR is interpreted to indicate the operation of a tubulo-glomerular feedback control system. Thus, a true steady-state GFR probably cannot be obtained by proximal fluid collection. Even in the presence of high intratubular pressures and unusually short oil blocks no evidence of sample contamination by retrograde fluid flow past an injected oil block was obtained. The application of a counter-pressure to the sampling pipette which has been recommended by Gertzet al. [5] as a means to standardize fluid collections, was found to lead to abnormally high intratubular pressures. The reason for this finding appears to be an unexpectedly high and inconstant tip resistance to flow during fluid flow into the pipette.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588002
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of antidiuretic hormone on the distribution of nephron filtration rates in rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus (1971)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 330 (1971), S. 323-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Nephron Filtration Rate ; Antidiuretic Hormone ; Diabetes Insipidus Rats ; Ferrocyanide Method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of antidiuretic hormone on the distribution of nephron filtration rates was studied in rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus using the Hanssen method for determination of nephron filtration rates as modified by de Rouffignacet al. [18]. Conversion of water diuresis to antidiuresis by infusion of ADH resulted in a moderate, but highly significant increase in the filtration rate of the juxtamedullary nephrons, while the nephrons of all other cortex regions filtered at an unaltered rate. A mechanism based on the action of ADH on distal nephron water permeability is proposed as an explanation: water inflow into the medulla very likely decreases when water diuresis is converted to antidiuresis. This occasions a rise in medullary osmolality which then causes an increase in the apparent viscosity of the blood flowing through the vasa recta. This is responsible for a rise in juxtamedullary postglomerular resistance which results in an increase in the effective filtration pressure and thus in the juxtamedullary nephron filtration rate. The results suggest that an increased juxtamedullary filtration rate participates in the establishment and maintenance of the inner medullary solute gradients, possibly as a consequence of an increased solute delivery to the ascending limbs of the long loops of Henle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588584
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of experimental alterations in urine concentration on nephron filtration rate (1973)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 344 (1973), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Nephron Filtration Rate ; Ferrocyanide Method ; Redistribution of GFR ; Urine Osmolarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Experiments were performed to clarify the cause of the dependency of juxtamedullary nephron filtration rate (JN-GFR) on the diuretic state of the animal. Using the ferrocyanide technique of de Rouffignacet. al. [5] the distribution of nephron filtration rates was determined during selective modification of final urine osmolarity by papillary superfusion with concentrated or isotonic solutions. Papillary superfusion with a 2000 mosmolar solution led to a mean urine osmolarity of 1848±78 mOsm/l. JN-GFR displayed a mean increase of 66.6% over the superficial nephron filtration rate (SN-GFR). When the superfusion fluid was isotonic urine osmolarity averaged 754±53 mOsm/l and JN-GFR increased by a mean of only 26.3% over the SN-GFR. Using the micropuncture technique it was shown that SN-GFR in a given animal was not altered when the superfusion fluid was interchanged. We conclude therefore that the change in the percentage increase in GFR from superficial to juxtamedullary nephrons is caused by a change of juxtamedullary nephron filtration rate. Since plasma ADH concentration was not altered this effect appears to be elicited by the changed medullary solute concentration rather than by a vasomotor action of the antidiuretic hormone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587442
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between salt loading and distribution of nephron filtration rates in the dog (1974)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 350 (1974), S. 259-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Dog Kidney ; Saline Infusion ; Nephron Filtration Rate ; Filtrate Distribution ; Ferrocyanide Method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intrarenal distribution of nephron filtration rate (N-GFR) was assessed using the Hanssen ferrocyanide technique in dogs which were chronically salt loaded with or without an additional acute sodium load and in sodium depleted dogs. In 4 dogs fed 7–10 days on a high sodium diet, superficial nephron filtration rate (SN-GFR) was 56.7±13.1 nl/min, middle nephron filtration rate (MN-GFR) was 65.2±14.3 nl/min, and the juxtamedullary nephron filtration rate (JN-GFR) was 82.4±17.1 nl/min, a value 52.3% higher than the SN-GFR. Creatinine clearance in these animals averaged 22.0±3.9 ml/min. In 4 animals which received an additional infusion of 0.9% NaCl at 4.0–4.5 ml/min for 2.5 h, the mean creatinine clearance rose from 16.6±2.0 ml/min to 20.3±0.7 ml/min and the distribution of N-GFR was: SN-GFR 70.5±21.2 nl/min, MN-GFR 83.6±23.8 nl/min and JN-GFR 91.2±24.3 nl/min. In this case, the JN-GFR was 29.3% higher than the SN-GFR. In one sodium depleted dog, (creatinine clearance 15.7 ml/min) the distribution of N-GFR was: SN-GFR 41.1±10.5 nl/min, MN-GFR 48.0±16.5 nl/min, and JN-GFR 58.0±19.0 nl/min, a value exceeding SN-GFR by 41.1%. These results imply that acute saline infusion in dogs induces a proportionately greater change in GFR of superficial than of juxtamedullary nephrons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587805
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