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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 33 (1961), S. 1018-1023 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 29 (1957), S. 1748-1756 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Akute respiratorische Insuffizienz ; Ventilations-Perfusions-Verhältnisse ; Intrapulmonaler Shunt ; Multiple Inert Gas Eliminations-Technik ; Key words Acute respiratory failure ; Ventilation-perfusion relationship ; Intrapulmonary shunt ; Multiple inert gas elimination technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Acute respiratory failure is characterised by mismatch of ventilation with perfusion (V˙A/Q˙). The multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGET) is a complex method which allows the description of a virtually continuous distribution of V˙A/Q˙ ratios. We investigated V˙A/Q˙ relationships in patients admitted to the intensive care unit due to acute respiratory failure and thus requiring for mechanical ventilation. Method. Eight patients (mean APACHE II=22±4) who suffered from acute pneumonia (n=4), traumatic lung contusion (2), toxic lung failure (1) or massive bilateral atelectasis (1) were investigated by MIGET within 3 days after the begin of mechanical ventilation. A mixture of six inert gases, dissolved in isotonic saline, was infused continuously. Arterial and mixed venous blood samples and expired gas samples were obtained and analysed by gas chromatography. Blood-gas partition coefficients were determined, and the ratios of retention and excretion were calculated. The data were transformed in a 50-compartment model of blood flow and ventilation against V˙A/Q˙ ratio. We assessed the amount of intrapulmonary shunt (V˙A/Q˙=0), low V˙A/Q˙ regions (V˙A/Q˙=0.005–0.1), normal V˙A/Q˙ regions (V˙A/Q˙=0.11–10), high V˙A/Q˙ regions (V˙A/Q˙=11–100) and dead space ventilation (V˙A/Q˙〉100). Furthermore, we calculated the logarithmic standard deviation of pulmonary perfusion distribution (logSDQ˙). Results. In all patients we found moderate to severe intrapulmonary shunt and V˙A/Q˙ mismatching. The data are expressed as median values and ranges. Inert-gas-measured shunt was 21% (3–45.5%), whereas low V˙A/Q˙ regions were little affected. Normal V˙A/Q˙ regions ranged from 41.5% to 96.0% (median 76.8%). The amount of alveolar dead space ventilation was 28% (19.7–41.8%). Median logSDQ˙ (normal range 0.3–0.6) was calculated to be 0.855 (0.540–1.490). In patients presenting with moderate lung injury (Murray score 〈3), a moderate increase in shunt and a moderate V˙A/Q˙ mismatch were observed. In contrast, patients with severe lung failure and critically decreased oxygenation (Murray score 〉3) were characterised by massive shunting and V˙A/Q˙ mismatching. Additionally, low V˙A/Q˙ and high V˙A/Q˙ compartments and an increase in dead space ventilation was found in these patients. Conclusions. The impairment of oxygenation in patients with acute respiratory failure is due to several pathophysiological mechanisms: increase in intrapulmonary shunt, V˙A/Q˙-mismatching and dead space ventilation, according to the severity of lung failure. We conclude from our results that the prevention and/or reduction of non-ventilated lung areas (atelectasis) is an outstanding therapeutic strategy in the treatment of patients with acute respiratory failure. From this point of view, several techniques of systemic changes in body position should be integrated as supportive therapeutic strategies.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die akute respiratorische Insuffizienz ist gekennzeichnet durch ein Mißverhältnis zwischen Ventilation und Perfusion (V˙ A /Q˙). Die „Multiple Inert-Gas-Eliminations-Technik“ (MIGET) ermöglicht die exakte Erfassung des gesamten Spektrums der V˙ A /Q˙-Verhältnisse unter Anwendung eines 50-Kompartimentmodells. Wir untersuchten die V˙ A /Q˙-Verhältnisse von 8 konsekutiven Patienten, die wegen akuter respiratorischer Insuffizienz auf die Intensivstation aufgenommen und beatmet wurden. Patienten mit moderater respiratorischer Insuffizienz (Murray-Score 〈3) wiesen eine Erhöhung der Shunt-Fraktion sowie eine mäßiggradige V˙ A /Q˙-Verteilungsstörung auf. Beim schweren akuten Lungenversagen (Murray-Score 〉3) fanden wir neben einer ausgeprägten intrapulmonalen Shunt-Fraktion erhebliche V˙ A /Q˙-Verteilungsstörungen, die sich in einer Streuung der Lungenperfusion sowie im Vorhandensein von „low-V˙ A /Q˙“- und „high-V˙ A /Q˙“-Bereichen manifestierten. Für alle Patienten betrug der Median-Wert der intrapulmonalen Shunt-Fraktion (V˙ A /Q˙=0) 21% (Spannweite 3%–45,5%). Der Bereich der Totraumventilation (V˙ A /Q˙〉100) betrug 28% (19,7%–41,8%). Die Standardabweichung der logarithmischen Verteilung des pulmonalen Blutflusses (logSDQ˙) wurde mit 0,855 (0,540–1,490) errechnet. Die Einschränkung der arteriellen Oxygenierung ist bei akuter respiratorischer Insuffizienz demzufolge durch mehrere pathophysiologische Faktoren bedingt: neben einer Erhöhung der intrapulmonalen Shunt-Fraktion finden sich – je nach Schweregrad – eine generelle V˙ A /Q˙-Verteilungsstörung sowie eine erhöhte Totraumventilation. Als therapeutische Konsequenz aus dieser Studie, sowie den Daten anderer Untersuchungen, ist der Verhinderung bzw. Auflösung atelektatischer Lungenareale, die zu Shunt und venöser Beimischung beitragen, eine zentrale Bedeutung zuzumessen. Neben der Anwendung spezieller Beatmungsmuster ist hierfür der Einsatz adjuvanter Lagerungstherapien besonders geeignet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 49 (2000), S. 332-339 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Schädelhirntrauma ; zerebrale Hypoxie ; Diagnose ; Therapie ; Key words Brain damage ; Cerebral hypoxie ; Diagnosis ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The main reason for posttraumatic secondary brain damage is cerebral hypoxia. Both, severity and duration of hypoxia are crucial in determining wether irreversible cerebral infarction will occur or not. For the clinical routine, the diagnosis of hypoxia is indirectly made by low CPP, low jugularvenous oxygen saturation (SjO2) or low tissue PO2. To minimize misleading false negative SjO2, the CT-Approach for the side of monitorig and calculation of arterial-jugularvenous lactate content for detection of anaerobic metabolism is recommended. Targeted treatment of hypoxia according to the underlying cause is mandatory. Primary goal is to increase cellular oxygen delivery by correction of low arterial oxygen content and elevation of regional CBF. Within the autoregulatory range decreasing CPP causes vasodilation and increasing CPP vasoconstriction with increasing or decreasing cerebral blood volume respectively. Initially elevation of the lower autoregulatory threshold often requires CPP 70 mmHg. Targeted treatment of intracranial hypertension must avoid decreasing CPP. In the early postrautmatic phase prevention of cerebral hypoxia relies on management of CBF by means of CPP and cerebral vascular resistance. Thereafter targeted treatment of intracranial hypertension caused by cerebral edema and hypervolemia are increasingly important.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hauptursache der sekundären Hirnschädigung ist die zerebrale Hypoxie. Abhängig von Schweregrad und Dauer entsteht eine irreversible Hirngewebsschädigung. Zur Diagnose der Hypoxie dient unter klinischen Bedingungen die kontinuierliche Messung des zerebralen Perfusionsdrucks (CPP) in Verbindung mit der zerebrovenösen O2-Sättigung (SjO2) oder der O2-Partialdruckmessung im Hirngewebe. Zur Minimierung von SjO2-Fehlinterpretationen sollte nach CT-Approach punktiert und ein anaerober Hirnstoffwechsel durch Bestimmung der arterio-jugularvenösen Laktatkonzentrationsdifferenz (avDL) ausgeschlossen werden. Die Therapie der zerebralen Hypoxie sollte kausal erfolgen. Normalisierung des arteriellen O2-Gehalts und Steigerung der Hirndurchblutung (CBF) haben Prioritöt. Bei intakter Autoregulation der CBF wird ein CPP-Abfall durch Vasodilatation mit Zunahme des zerebralen Blutvolumens und ein CPP-Anstieg durch Vasokonstriktion mit Abnahme des CBV kompensiert. Die häufige posttraumatische Rechtsverschiebung der unteren Autoregulationsschwelle erfordert in der Initialphase mit dem höchsten Hypoxierisiko CPP-Werte 70 mmHg. Die Therapie des ICP 〉 20 mmHg erfolgt CPP-orientiert. Eine ICP-Senkung zu Lasten des CPP ist zu vermeiden. Initial nach SHT hat die individuelle Optimierung der CBF durch Sicherstellung eines adäquaten CPP und zerebrovaskulären Gefäßwiderstandes (CVR) Priorität. Nachfolgend gewinnen durch SjO2 und avDL- oder Gewebe-PO2-Messung kontrollierte Maßnahmen zur Modulation von CVR und CBV sowie die Hirnödemtherapie zunehmend an Bedeutung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Acute lung injury ; Kinetic therapy ; Ventilation-perfusion relationships ; Intrapulmonary shunt ; Multiple inert gas elimination technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To investigate ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) relationships, during continuous axial rotation and in the supine position, in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) using the multiple inert gas elimination technique. Design: Prospective investigation. Setting: Eighteen-bed intensive care unit in a university hospital. Patients and interventions: Ten patients with ALI (PaO2/FIO2 ratio 〈 300 mm Hg) were mechanically ventilated in a pressure controlled mode and placed on a kinetic treatment table. Measurements and results: Distributions of VA/Q were determined 1) during rotation (after a period of 20 min) and 2) after a resting period of 20 min in the supine position. During axial rotation, intrapulmonary shunt (19.1 ± 15 % of cardiac output) was significantly reduced in comparison with when in the supine position (23 ± 14 %, p 〈 0.05), areas with “low” VA/Q were not affected by the positioning maneuver. General VA/Q mismatch (logarithmic distribution of pulmonary blood flow) was decreased during rotation (0.87 ± 0.37) in comparison with when the patient was in the supine position (0.93 ± 0.37, p 〈 0.05). Arterial oxygenation was significantly improved during continuous rotation (PaO2/FIO2 = 217 ± 137 mm Hg) as compared with in the supine position (PaO2/FIO2 = 174 ± 82 mm Hg, p 〈 0.05). The positive response of the continuous rotation on arterial oxygenation was only demonstrated in patients with a Murray Score of 2.5 or less, indicating a “mild to moderate” lung injury, while in patients presenting with progressive ARDS (Murray Score 〉 2.5), the acute positive response was limited. Conclusions: Continuous axial rotation might be a method for an acute reduction of VA/Q mismatch in patients with mild to moderate ALI, but this technique is not effective in late or progressive ARDS. Further studies including a large data collection are needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 358 (1997), S. 329-332 
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The electronic structure of argon ion bombarded RexSi1-x films (∼ 100 nm) were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Argon ion bombardment leads to preferential sputtering of the silicon atoms and produces an subsurface rhenium enrichment. Changes in the core level binding energies and in the valence band structure have been studied as the rhenium concentration in the composites varies between 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 through the metal-semiconductor transition at x ≈ 0.32. The data of the multiplex spectra were subjected to factor analysis in order to determine the relevant components of the ion bombarded metal-silicon system. Four principal components are extracted and are proposed as the pure elements, a rhenium-rich phase and a component near the ReSi2 stoichiometry. Complementary investigations by SEM and AES provide further proof of the phase assignment in the rhenium-rich component. The silicon-rich component being in composition close to the metal-semiconductor transition can be correlated to the ReSi2 compound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Advanced materials research Vol. 6-8 (May 2005), p. 377-384 
    ISSN: 1662-8985
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: During forming of non-rotationally symmetric sheet metal parts at high pressures nonuniform deformation conditions arise in the flange area. These deformations vary in height and consequently lead to heterogeneous sheet thickness distributions. When using semi-rigid tools, high clamping forces are necessary in order to compensate for the developing sheet thickness variations in the flange area and to avoid leakages of the system or wrinkling. Moreover, the heterogeneous distribution of the clamping force is strengthened by press inaccuracies. This results in a highersurface pressure distribution on one side of the flange and finally in a non-uniform material flow out of the flange area. The development of a segmented active-elastic blank holder enables an active material flow control of the flange movement during sheet metal forming at high pressures. The local elasticity of the active-elastic blank holder is based on an optimized layout of the local tool rigidity. For this purpose, different grooves were integrated below the blank holder surface. This paper provides an overview of the developed technology, advantages with regard to the part’s quality, and recent results comparing the production of non-rotationally symmetric parts with segmented active-elastic tools vs. semi-rigid tools
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Cerebral blood flow ; near infrared spectroscopy ; acetazolamide ; cerebrovascular reactivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study compares the change of cerebral blood flow and HbO2 measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) after administration of 1000 mg acetazolamide intravenously. CBF studies in 21 patients with ischaemic cerebrovascular disease were performed routinely with the133Xenon technique. Additionally the local HbO2 was recorded by NIRS. A rest study was followed by a second study after the administration of 1000 mg acetazolamide. In 18 patients we observed an increase of 30.8% of CBF and 4.7% of HbO2, 3 patients showed a decrease of CBF and 2 patients a simultaneous decrease of HbO2. We did not find a correlation between the absolute values of CBF and HbO2 at rest or after stimulation. However, a positive correlation (r=0.71, p 〈 0.05) between the change of CBF and HbO2 could be detected. Assuming a threshold value of normal CBF reactivity of 30% and 4% HbO2 reactivity we found for NIRS a sensitivity of 0.88 and a specificity of 0.75. The results demonstrate that changes of CBF can be detected with NIRS and the algorithm of the used monitor is able to calculate the intracranial part of the signal. So, NIRS can be used as non-invasive screening method to test the cerebrovascular reserve capacity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 35 (1931), S. 1944-1952 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 31 (1959), S. 1144-1148 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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