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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 688 (1982), S. 486-494 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Erythrocyte) ; Amphotericin B ; Palytoxin ; Permeability
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 264 (1969), S. 172-186 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Bovine Serum ; Kininogen ; Peptides ; Enzymes ; Structure Evaluation ; Rinderserum ; Kininogen ; Peptide ; Enzyme ; Struktur-aufklärung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Rinderserum ergab beim Umsatz mit Pepsin niedermolekulare, kininliefernde Spaltstücke. Das durch Fällung, Verteilung, Gelfiltration und Jonenaustausch-Chromatographie vorgereinigte Hydrolysat ließ sich durch Papierchromatographie in 2 Fraktionen trennen, auf die sich die kininliefernde Gruppierung im Verhältnis 5∶1 verteilte. 2. Beide kininliefernde Fraktionen waren resistent gegen Carboxypeptidase B, was gegen eine C-terminale Position der Kininsequenz spricht. Sie waren aktivierbar durch Trypsin, Pankreaskallikrein und auch Carboxypeptidase A. Trypsin in höherer Konzentration entwickelte aus der Hauptfraktion (L) Bradykinin, während mit Pankreaskallikrein, Carboxypeptidase A und kleinen Trypsinmengen Met-Lys-Bradykinin entstand. Die „direkte“ Aktivität der Fraktionen am Meerschweinchenileum lag bei maximal 1–2% der „indirekten“. 3. Aus der chromatographisch langsameren Hauptfraktion (L) wurde hoch-spannungselektrophoretisch ein einheitliches Minimalsubstrat für Kininogenasen isoliert. In seiner Aminosäurenanalyse entsprach es dem aus gereinigtem Rinderserum-Kininogen isolierten Hauptpeptid PKFL; auch beim Edman-Abbau ergaben sich keine Unterschiede. 4. Die früher für gereinigtes Kininogen beschriebenen Sequenzen sind also auch für Gesamtserum repräsentativ. Hinweise auf andersartige Peptide, insbesondere auf solche mit der Kininsequenz in C-terminaler Position, ergaben sich nicht.
    Notes: Summary 1. Peptic treatment of bovine serum produced kinin yielding substances of low molecular weight. The hydrolyzate was purified by precipitation, partition, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Subsequent paper chromatography revealed two fractions with a 5∶1 distribution of the kinin-yielding property. 2. Both kinin-yielding fractions were resistant to carboxypeptidase B, a finding which argues against a C-terminal position of the kinin sequence. They could be activated by trypsin, pancreatic kallikrein, and carboxypeptidase A. Higher concentrations of trypsin released bradykinin from the main fraction (L), whereas pancreatic kallikrein, carboxypeptidase A and low amounts of trypsin produced met-lysbradykinin. The “direct” activity of the fractions as measured on the guinea pig ileum was no more than 1–2% of the “indirect” activity. 3. A homogeneous minimal substrate was isolated from the chromatographically slower fraction L by high voltage electrophoresis. With respect to amino acid analysis and Edman degradation, it could not be distinguished from the peptide PKFL isolated from purified bovine kininogen. 4. Therefore, the sequences described previously in purified kininogen are also representative for whole serum. Evidence for different peptides, especially with the kinin sequence in C-terminal position, was not found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 319 (1982), S. 101-107 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Palytoxin ; Ouabain ; Erythrocytes ; Permeability ; ATPase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Palytoxin in concentrations as low as 1 pM raises the potassium permeability of rat, human and sheep erythrocytes, and the sodium permeability of human erythrocytes. The release of potassium or sodium from human cells also occurs when extracellular sodium is replaced by choline. 2. Ouabain inhibits the release due to palytoxin of potassium ions from human, sheep and rat erythrocytes, and also the release of sodium ions from human cells. The glycoside effect is specific since a) it is already prominent with 5×10−8 M ouabain b) rat erythrocytes are less sensitive than human cells to ouabain c) potassium release due to amphotericin B or the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 is not influenced by ouabain and d) dog erythrocytes are resistant to palytoxin as well as to ouabain. 3. Palytoxin has no direct influence on the Na+, K+-ATPase. It inhibits the binding of [3H]ouabain to erythrocyte membranes within the same concentration range as unlabelled ouabain. It partially displaces bound [3H]ouabain, and partially inhibits the inactivation of erythrocyte ATPase by the glycoside. Depletion of ATP or of external Ca2+ renders the cells less sensitive to palytoxin. Nevertheless inhibition by ouabain can be still demonstrated with human cells whose ATP stores had been largely exhausted, and also in the absence of external Ca2+. 4. Palytoxin decreases the surface tension at the air-water interface. We assume that the formation of nonspecific pores by palytoxin is linked with its surface activity. Further experiments should demonstrate whether ouabain prevents the binding of palytoxin to erythrocytes (“receptor hypothesis”), or whether an ouabain-sensitive hydrolysis of trace amounts of ATP (“metabolic hypothesis”) promotes the palytoxin effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 261 (1968), S. 252-270 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Peptides ; Bee Venom ; Mast Cells ; Histamine ; Vascular Permeability ; Peptide ; Bienengift ; Mastzellen ; Histamin ; Gefäßpermeabilität
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bienengift enthält neben dem universell zellschädigenden Melittin und der über Lysolecithinbildung wirksamen Phospholipase A ein drittes mastzelldegranulierendes (MCD-)Peptid. Seine Isolierung gelingt durch Kombination von Gelfiltration an Sephadex G 50 mit Ionenaustauschchromatographie an Carboxymethylcellulose und an Amberlite IRC-50. MCD-Peptid ist stark basisch (Isoelektrischer Punkt um pH 12). Sein minimales Molekulargewicht errechnet sich aus der Aminosäurenanalyse zu 2593. Das Peptid besteht aus 22 Aminosäuren, darunter 4 Halbcystinen. Es liegt in zwei verschiedenen Ladungszuständen vor, die sich bei Papierchromatographie, Papierelektrophorese und Aminosäurenanalyse einheitlich verhalten. MCD-Peptid ist an isolierten Rattenmastzellen (Histaminfreisetzung) und am Mesenterialhäutchen der Ratte (Mastzelldegranulation) etwa wirkungsgleich mit dem synthetischen Histaminliberator Compound 48/80. Melittin wirkt ca. 100- bzw. 10 mal schwächer und zeichnet sich überdies durch eine sehr flache Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehung bei der Histaminfreisetzung aus. Der Rattenblutdruck wird durch MCD-Peptid und Compound 48/80 in quantitativ und qualitativ vergleichbarer Weise gesenkt. Zwischen beiden Substanzen besteht kreuzweise Tachyphylaxie. Die Permeabilität der Hautgefäße der Ratte für zirkulierendes Evans-Blau steigt bei intracutaner Applikation von MCD-Peptid und Compound 48/80. Beide Substanzen sind hier stärker wirksam als Melittin. Die Hautgefäße des Kaninchens sprechen jedoch auf MCD-Peptid schwächer an als auf Melittin und Compound 48/80. Die Ratte reagiert auf i.v. Injektion von 0,5–10 mg/kg MCD-Peptid mit massiver Hyperämie der Acren. Eine kurzdauernde Spastik der Extremitäten weist auf einen zusätzlichen Angriff am motorischen System hin.
    Notes: Summary Bee venom contains three agents which can produce mast cell degranulation. Melittin is a universally acting surfactant; phospholipase A releases the mastocytolytic lysolecithin. A third mast cell degranulating (MCD) peptide has been isolated by gel filtration on Sephadex G 50, followed by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose, and, finally, on Amberlite IRC-50. MCD-peptide is strongly basic (isoelectric point near pH 12). From the amino acid analysis, a minimum molecular weight of 2593 has been calculated. MCD-peptide consists of 22 amino acids, among them 4 halfcystine residues. It can be obtained in two fractions differing by charge, which appear homogeneous, however, on paper chromatography, paper electrophoresis, and amino acid analysis. When tested on isolated mast cells or on mesentery tissue of rats, MCD-peptide is equiactive with compound 48/80. On the other hand, melittin is 100 times less potent than compound 48/80 on the former tissue and 10 times less potent on the latter; moreover, the dose-response-relation of histamine release is flatter with melittin. MCD-peptide and compound 48/80 depress the blood pressure of rats in a quantitatively and qualitatively similar manner. Crossed tachyphylaxis has been demonstrated. Both substances increase the capillary permeability of rat skin upon intracutaneous injection. Melittin is less active on rat skin vessels. The skin capillaries of rabbits are, however, more sensitive to melittin and compound 48/80 than to MCD-peptide. MCD-peptide (0.5–10 mg/kg i.v.) produces in rats an extreme cyanosis of the acra. A short lasting spasm of the extremities points to an additional effect on the motor system of rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 264 (1969), S. 476-493 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Kinins ; Permeability ; Heat ; Inflammation ; Kinine ; Permeabilität ; Hitze ; Entzündung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The suboutis of rat paws heated (46,5° C) in situ has been perfused. Kinin activity could be demonstrated regularly in the fluid which was collected in ice. When the solutions were tested immediately after having passed the tissue, only some of the experiments yielded positive results. Native and125Jlabelled kininogen as well as kininogenase and kininase activities passed into the perfusates. The sensitivity to dextran and the kinin release on heating were, in contrast to recent reports, not correlated. 2. The release of the components of the kinin system approximately paralleled that of labelled human albumin. Their concentration rose until about 1 hour after the start of the heating. There was no priority of the components of the kinin system when compared with human albumin which can be regarded as permeability indicator. 3. Intravenously injected carboxypeptidase B, because of its lower molecular weight, entered the interstitial fluid more easily than did the plasma carboxypeptidase N. Its blood level decreased rapidly; but sufficient tissue concentrations could be maintained by intravenous infusions. Neither the volume nor the time dependence of the thermic edema changed during carboxypeptidase B-infusions. The same was true for infusions of trasylol, whereas phenylbutazone inhibited the edema significantly. Edema formed by short heating (30 sec, 55° C) was equally resistant to carboxypeptidase B. 4. In the skin and muscles of the heated rat paw, carbon particles mainly stained the capillary walls. This finding argues against a considerable involvement of “classical” mediators which should induce venular lesions. 5. Infusion of large amounts of bradykinin into the arterial supply did not imitate the thermic edema; neither has bradykinin been found in the perfusate of the subcutis. 6. In the light of these findings, a significant role of the kinin system in the thermic edema of the rat paw is to be doubted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 270 (1971), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Melittin ; Peptides ; Venoms ; Hemolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hexacosapeptide melittin I, which is the main toxin of bee venom, has been synthesized by Lübke and Schröder. In addition, the following derivatives have been prepared which are probably also present in bee venom: melittin II (which differs by one serine), and N1-formylated melittin I and II. In pharmacological tests, the four synthetic peptides were qualitatively indistinguishable from natural melittin as prepared from bee venom. Theyhemolyzed rabbit erythrocytes with a flat dose-response curve. Melittin I exerted 92% of the activity of the natural substance, the three other peptides 90, 61 and 52% respectively.-Theirsurface activity was between 86 and 96% of that of the natural material.-In contrast to our previous reports, no differences were found in onset, degree and duration of the shortlastinghypotensive action in rabbits.-Toxicity (LD 50, mice) was about 4 mg/kg for natural melittin and for the synthetic melittins I and II. The toxicity of formylated melittins was not very different.-The five compounds caused a slow and prolongedcontraction of the guinea-pig ileum which led to tachyphylaxis. Peptide mapping confirmed the identity between the main compound of natural melittin and synthetic melittin I. The peptide pattern of synthetic melittin II is different and is further modified by the presence of the N-formyl group. Our findings leave no doubt as to the identity between the bulk of natural melittin and melittin I. They corroborate the presence in natural melittin of small amounts of N1-formylated melittin I. The pharmacological similarities to synthetic melittin II and N1-formylated melittin II (which have not yet been identified in the venom) argue for a broader structural basis of the melittins as a group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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