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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (20)
  • latex  (3)
  • latex films  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of particle size and size distribution of multi-sized polymer lattices by centrifugation plus quasielastic light scattering (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 275 (1997), S. 986-991 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words Characterization ; particle size distribution ; multi-sized ; latex ; centrifuge ; quasielastic light scattering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  A method for characterizing the particle size and size distribution of multi-sized polymer lattices was developed by combining quasielastic light scattering (QELS) with a centrifuge. Lattices were first fractionated by centrifugation and the different populations of particles were separated in successive steps. The size of these particles was measured by QELS, and the mass fraction of the particles was determined gravimetrically. The particle size and size distribution of several blends of monodisperse lattices and two industrial multi-sized lattices have been measured by this method. The results show that the particle sizes obtained using this method are in good agreement with the expected particle diameters, and that the relative amounts of the different groups of particles in the blends can be accurately determined. The efficiency of centrifuge-QELS was also confirmed by comparison with other techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), QELS, field-flow fractionation (FFF) and capillary hydrodynamic fractionation (CHDF). However, this method is not suited for the analysis of continuous, broad distributions or mixtures with a high number of different populations. It is better suited for distributions with a small number of families of particles, and then can be used for preparative propose on a laboratory scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003960050176
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polystyrene(1)/poly(butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid)(2) core-shell emulsion polymers. Part II: Thermomechanical properties of latex films (1992)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 270 (1992), S. 1208-1221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polystyrene(1)/poly(butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid)(2) ; core-shell ; morphology ; latex films ; phase arrangement ; mechanical properties ; differential thermal analysis ; scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Polystyrene(1)/poly(n-butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid)(2) structured latex particles were prepared through a two-stage emulsion polymerization procedure, using a polystyrene (PS) latex seed (118 nm), and differentn-butyl acrylate (BA)/methacrylic acid (MAA) ratios. Polymerization kinetics, particle morphology, and MAA location have already been discussed in the first part of this series. In this second part the thermomechanical behavior of films cast from these latexes was studied. Differential Thermal Analysis and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) were employed as characterization techniques for the films. Two polymer phases corresponding to polystyrene and a poly(BA-MAA) copolymer were distinguished. Comparison was made to analogous unfunctionalized PS/PBA systems, as a result of which an effect of MAA upon the phase arrangement in the film was found. Scanning Electron Microscopy of film samples and DMA showed that the evolution of the phase arrangement as a result of annealing was strongly dependent on the type of mechanical and heat treatments being applied to functionalized systems. Finally, the thermomechanical behavior of films was related to the structural features of the corresponding latexes, and computer simulation techniques wer eemployed to establish a mechanistic support for these relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01095062
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheology of concentrated multi-sized poly(St/BA/MMA) latices (1998)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 276 (1998), S. 305-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words Rheology ; multi-sized ; high solid content ; latex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  Four monodisperse latices with particle size of 75, 135, 340 and 477 nm were synthesized. The rheo-logical properties of mixture of the monodisperse latices were inves-tigated as a function of blending ratio, and compared with those of multi-modal latices, in a range of shear rate from 0.2 to 100 s-1. The maximum packing (highest solid contents) was observed at a weight fraction 80% of large particles with respect to total solids contents for both bimodal and trimodal latices, and the lowest viscosity was obtained when the ratio of large to medium to small particles was approximately 80/10/10 (by wt.). It was also demonstrated that this minimum in the viscosity is not strongly dependent on the actual size of each kind of particles present in the multimodal latices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003960050244
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some thermodynamic aspects in emulsion copolymerization (1985)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 10 (1985), S. 235-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Emulsion polymerization proceeds in a heterogeneous medium; in copolymerization, due to discrepancy in water solubility and interactions with the resulting copolymers, monomers are partitioned in a complex way between droplet, water and particle phases. As monomer swollen polymer particles are the main loci of polymerization, it is of great interest to know the monomer feed within the particle phase to understand the behaviour of this copolymerization whatever may be the process and the experimental conditions. Two approaches are examined in this lecture to investigate emulsion copolymer and colloid properties of the latexes. A first, simple one is based on experimental partition coefficients and a second one is based on more theoretical thermodynamic considerations (volume fractions, interaction χ parameters …). The latter gives a more general insight of emulsion processes and allows to investigate influence of many parameters like monomer-monomer, monomer-polymer, monomer-emulsifier interactions, interfacial tension, particle size, surface charge density… Computer programs are derived which give predictions in rather good agreement with experiments. The thermodynamic approach allows to study crosslinking effect as well as competition between polymerization rate and monomer diffusion rate if some control by diffusion does occur. Owing to these computer programs it becomes possible to correlate many experimental parameters. Most of experimental date are relative to styrene-acrylonitrile copolymerization.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1985.020101985118
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preface (1985)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 10 (1985), S. XVII 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1985.020101985102
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copolymerisation azeotropique en emulsion (1985)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 10 (1985), S. 165-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: While in solution or bulk radical polymerization, only one azeotropic copolymerization can be observed at the best- if reactivity ratios are both 〉 or 〈 1, on the contrary in emulsion batch copolymerization, many more such azeotropic copolymers can be synthesized. Monomer partitioning between droplet, water and particle phases is at the origin of this behaviour of a particular interest, hence water solubility of the monomers plays a determining role. Experimental works confirm the theoretical predictions derived from an approach, based on partition coefficient and thermodynamics, which allows to compute the optimum monomer/water ratio to be used, in order to get, in a batch process, a copolymer of constant composition up to high conversion. The optimum depends upon reactivity ratios, monomer water solubility, monomer feed composition. Examples are given for acrylonitrile/methyl acrylate copolymerizations. It appears that it is not any more Lecessary that they are both greater or lower than unity; for instance, batch emulsion copolymerizations of acrylonitrile/butyl acrylate (rAN = 0.89; rBuA = 1.2) result in homogeneous copolymers at the optimum monomer/water ratio, in the whole range of monomer feed. The approach can also be applied to semi-continuous process to select the best experimental conditions to “tailor” the copolymer.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1985.020101985114
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preface (1985)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 10 (1985), S. XIII 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1985.020101985101
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Batch emulsion copolymerization of n-butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate in the presence of a nonionic surfactant (1985)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 10 (1985), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Batch emulsion copolymerization studies of n-butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate have been investigated using potassium persulfate as initiator and a nonionic surfactant (REWOPAL HV 25) as emulsifier. Higher polymerization rates, shorter nucleation stage and complete conversion are obtained by comparison to the SDS-emulsified copolymerization. The kinetic and particle number data support a micellar-type mechanism for the formation of copolymer particles. Strong affinity between the two monomers and the nonionic surfactant results in significantly high solubilization of the surfactant in the initial monomer phase and its subsequent burial inside the final latex particles.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1985.020101985106
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of the thermal decomposition of potassium persulfate by potentiometry and capillary electrophoresis (1996)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 34 (1996), S. 1271-1281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: potassium persulfate ; decomposition ; soap-emulsified systems ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two methods of analysis, potentiometry and capillary electrophoresis, were used to study the decomposition of potassium persulfate (KPS) in aqueous solutions. The experiments were carried out in a glass reactor equipped with continuous control of temperature and pH during the reaction. The effect of the pH on the decomposition of KPS was investigated. The rate of KPS decomposition in the presence of a variety of additives (surfactants, inhibitor, monomer-like molecules, and monomers), which are used in emulsion polymerization recipes, was also studied over the temperature range of interest. The rate of disappearance of the persulfate ion was greatly increased in the presence of hydroquinone, but changed very little in the presence of surfactants. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consistent values of rate parameters in free radical polymerization systems (1988)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 26 (1988), S. 293-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1988.140260704
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