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  • Chemistry  (20)
  • potassium chloride  (3)
  • Semicircular esophageal artery  (2)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 16 (1987), S. 985-997 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Aqueous solution ; cell constant ; conductance ; electrolytic conductivity ; potassium chloride ; primary ; resistance ; resistivity, secondary, standards, and temperature scale
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Measurements of aqueous electrolytic conductance are performed routinely in a variety of disciplines and industries. Conductivity is a measure of the ionic content in solution and thus has applications in pharmaceuticals, power plants, rainwater, lake surveys, and oceanography, to name a few. A thorough review of the measurement of and standards for aqueous electrolytic conductance is herein presented. At present, the most precise and accurate standards have been set forth by the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML), and have been adopted by most other standards organizations. However, the uncertainty assigned to these standards, especially the secondary standards, is somewhat larger than would be expected from the physical aspects of the measurement. Several changes in the units and measurement scales, including temperature, volume, molar mass, resistance, and concentration obfuscate the accuracy of these standards. In addition to the review, research is proposed, using a conductance cell with variable length, to establish new standards for aqueous electrolytic conductance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 18 (1989), S. 515-528 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Absolute standard ; conductivity cell ; demal ; electrolyte ; molality ; potassium chloride ; primary standard ; specific conductance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A determination of the absolute specific conductance of KCl solutions is demonstrated. The measurement is based on the conductance cell with a well defined geometry, having a difference in the removable center tube of accurately measured dimensions. The specific conductance of the solution is obtained from the measured resistances of the cell with and without the center tube and the measured l/A ratio of the center tube. Specific conductances obtained using the cell agree with the previously accepted standards for 0.1 demal and 0.01 demal solutions within 0.02%. Results are also presented for solutions based on molality. The temperature control, bridge, and detector technology used to obtain results of this accuracy are described.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 20 (1991), S. 391-401 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Cell constant ; conductance ; demal ; electrolytic conductivity ; potassium chloride ; primary standards ; resistance ; specific conductance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract An absolute determination of aqueous electrolytic conductivity has been made for primary standards 0.01D and 0.1D (demal) potassium chloride solutions over the temperature range of 0 to 50°C in 5 degree intervals. A cell with a removable center section of accurately known length and area was used for the measurements. Values were adjusted to be in conformity with the ITS-90 temperature scale. The overall uncertainty over the entire temperature range is estimated to be 0.03%. Values at 25°C for 0.01D and 0.1D KCl solutions are 0.0014086 and 0.012852 S-cm−1, respectively.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 20 (1999), S. 399-402 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Schlagwort(e): Esophageal artery ; Esophageal anatomy ; Semicircular esophageal artery ; Cadaver
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Cadaver studies were made to obtain more details about the arterial patterns in the thoracic and abdominal segments of the esophagus, with emphasis on the arterial supply to the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The results showed that the inferior thoracic segment of the esophagus usually received blood supply from a single artery, with an average diameter of 1.42 ± 0.49 mm (X ± s), whereas the abdominal segment was commonly supplied by two arteries. The abdominal esophageal arteries coming from the left gastric artery were semi-circular in shape with an average diameter of 2.06 ± 0.70 mm. From these semi-circular esophageal arteries, 3 to 8 smaller arteries branched off and penetrated into the muscle of the abdominal segment of the esophagus or anastomosed with arterial branches from the inferior thoracic segment. Thus, the blood supply of the abdominal segment was richer than that of the inferior thoracic segment. This richness of blood supply, characterized by semicircular esophageal arteries in the abdominal segment, may be important for the function of the LES.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 20 (1998), S. 399-402 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Schlagwort(e): Esophageal artery ; Esophageal anatomy ; Semicircular esophageal artery ; Cadaver
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Une étude autospique a été réalisée pour obtenir plus de détails sur le trajet de l'artère du segment thoracoabdominal de l'œsophage en insistant sur l'apport artériel du sphincter inférieur de l'œsophage (SIO). Les résultats montrent que le segment thoracique inférieur de l'œsophage reçoit habituellement son apport artériel d'une seule artère d'un diamètre moyen de 1.42±0.49 mm. Tandis que le segment abdominal de l'œsophage est le plus fréquemment vascularisé par deux artères. Les artères de l'œsophage abdominal naissant de l'artère gastrique gauche adoptent une forme semi-circulaire et présentent un diamètre moyen de 2.06±0.70 mm. De ces artères œsophagiennes semi-circulaires naissent trois à huit petites branches artérielles qui pénètrent dans le muscle du segment abominal de l'œsophage ou s'anastomosent avec les branches artérielles venant du segment thoracique inférieur de l'œsophage. Ainsi, la vascularisation du segment abdominal de l'œsophage est plus riche que celle du segment thoracique inférieur. La richesse de la vascularisation caractérisée par les artères œsophagiennes semi-circulaires au niveau du segment semi-abdominal peut être importante dans la fonction du SIO.
    Notizen: Summary Cadaver studies were made to obtain more details about the arterial patterns in the thoracic and abdominal segments of the esophagus, with emphasis on the arterial supply to the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The results showed that the inferior thoracic segment of the esophagus usually received blood supply from a single artery, with an average diameter of 1.42±0.49 mm (X±s), whereas the abdominal segment was commonly supplied by two arteries. The abdominal esophageal arteries coming from the left gastric artery were semi-circular in shape with an average diameter of 2.06±0.70 mm. From these semi-circular esophageal arteries, 3 to 8 smaller arteries branched off and penetrated into the muscle of the abdominal segment of the esophagus or anastomosed with arterial branches from the inferior thoracic segment. Thus, the blood supply of the abdominal segment was richer than that of the inferior thoracic segment. This richness of blood supply, characterized by semicircular esophageal arteries in the abdominal segment, may be important for the function of the LES.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 31 (1988), S. 257-266 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Raw leachate was treated using a two-stage upflow anaerobic filter process. Leachate from a solid waste landfill site, which received both municipal and industrial wastes, contained high organic matter (17-21 g/L COD, 13-14 g/L BOD, and 3.5-4.6 g/L volatile acids), and low metal (Zn and Fe) concentrations. Depending on sampling time, leachate composition and characteristics varied considerably. At an organic loading up to 4 g COD/day2 media area, the BOD and COD removal percentages were 98 and 91%, respectively. The biofilters were also effective for metal removal. However, the filter effluent contained a high concentration of ammonia. System overloading was characterized by the accumulation of large quantities of volatile acids and by a now ratio of alkalinity/volatile acids, resulting in low COD removal and reduced gas production. Once the first filter was upset, the second stage could only partially respond to the volatile acids accumulated in the effluent of first filter.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 44 (1993), S. 179-186 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Investigation of stress corrosion cracking of austenitic steels in acid chloride solutions at low temperaturesTests were carried out on materials 1.4301, 1.4571, 1.4439 and 1.4558 in cold hydrocloric acid (c(Cl-) = 1.5 mol/L and c(H+) = 1 mol/L, a few tests also at 0.1 and 0.01 mol/L).Chronopotentiostatic tests yielded data on active corrosion, passivity and pitting corrosion. CERT tests (10-6s-1, a few tests also at 2 · 10-7s-1) showed superposition of general corrosion on stress corrosion under free corrosion condition, while the rest potential was relatively negative in the active range. Oxygen purging has only a minor effect. The extent of cracking decreases with decreasing c(H+). In the case of cathodic polarisation straining induced surface notches occur which can be attributed to hydrogen induced effects. In the case of anodic polarisation pittings are generated without any crack initiation. Characteristic features of stress corrosion increase with decreasing strain rate.It follows from the results that high acid concentrations are necessary for stress corrosion cracking in the active state to occur. CERT tests cannot be used as an accelerated test for this kind of stress corrosion cracking. Few CERT tests carried out in warm NaCl solution did not show any stress corrosion cracking though these solutions are known to cause stress corrosion cracking after long periods. Furthermore, predamage in the form of pitting does not alter the situation.
    Notizen: Die Werkstoffe Nr. 1.4301, 1.4571, 1.4439 und 1.4558 wurden bei Raumtemperatur in kalter Salzsäure (c(Cl-) = 1,5 mol/L und c(H+) = 1 mol/L, vereinzelt auch 0,1 und 0,01 mol/L) untersucht. Potentiostatische Halteversuche ergeben Daten für aktive Korrosion, Passivität und Lochkorrosion. CERT-Versuche (10-6s-1, vereinzelt auch 2 · 10-7s-1) bei freier Korrosion zeigten eine Überlagerung zwischen transkristallinem Angriff und gleichförmigem Flächenabtrag, wobei das Ruhepotential bei verhältnismäßig negativen Potentialen im Aktivbereich liegt. Sauerstoffspülung hat nur einen geringen Einfluß und erhöht den Flächenabtrag. Mit abnehmendem c(H+) geht die Rißbildung stark zurück. Bei kathodischer Polarisation verbleiben dehnungsinduzierte Ankerbungen, die auf H-ind. Korrosion zurückgeführt werden können. Bei anodischer Polarisation erfolgt Lochfraß ohne Rißansätze. Die Merkmale für Spannungsrißkorrosion nehmen mit abnehmender Dehnrate zu.Aus den Untersuchungsergebnissen folgt, daß für aktive Spannungsrißkorrosion hohe Säurekonzentrationen vorliegen müssen. Für die Untersuchung sind zeitraffende CERT-Versuche wenig geeignet. Stichversuche in warmen NaCl-Lösungen, in denen langfristig Spannungsrißkorrosion auftreten kann, zeigten, daß ebenfalls mittels CERT-Versuchen die Anfälligkeit für Spannungsrißkorrosion nicht erkannt werden kann. Auch eine Vorschädigung durch Lochfraß ändert nicht diesen Befund.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 41 (1990), S. 112-118 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Polarisation measurements on low alloy steels in concentrated nitrate solutionsCurrent density potential curves were determined by potentiostatic measurements involving constant potentials and stepwise potential change for six low alloy steels in Ca(NO3)2 and NaNO3 solutions. The instationary curves vary markedly with the polarisation technique and do not characterize the anodic behaviour of the materials. For Ca(NO3)2 solutions the polarisation measurements do not show any correlation with stress corrosion cracking behaviour.Similar results were also obtained in NaNO3, solutions. Contrary to the situation in Ca(NO3)2 solutions, a potential range for resistance against intergranular corrosion types exists at about UH = 0,5 V. This range is characterized by relatively high stationary current densities. For materials without this range of resistance, the stationary current densities are significantly smaller.The electrochemical properties of the system steel/nitrate solution are extremely complicated. The free corrosion potential varies between the potential ranges for passive and transpassive corrosion. For anodic polarisation, the potential ranges of susceptibility as well as resistance against intergranular corrosion types follow each other.
    Notizen: An sechs verschiedenen niedriglegierten Stählen wurden in Ca(NO3)2- und NaNO3-Lösungen die J(U)-Kurven mit Hilfe potentiostatischer Wechsel- und Halteversuche gemessen. Die instationären Kurven sind stark von der Polarisationsroutine abhängig und kennzeichnen nicht das anodische Verhalten der Werkstoffe. Die Messungen in Ca(NO3)2-Lösungen zeigen keine Korrelation mit dem Verhalten gegenüber Spannungsrißkorrosion.In den NaNO3-Lösungen sind die Verhältnisse ähnlich. Im Gegensatz zu den Ca(NO3)2-Lösungen kann aber bei mittleren Potentialwerten um UH = 0,5 V ein Beständigkeitsfeld für interkristalline Korrosionsarten vorliegen, das durch relativ hohe stationäre Stromdichten gekennzeichnet ist. Bei den Werkstoffen, die dieses Beständigkeitsfeld nicht aufweisen, sind die stationären Stromdichten deutlich geringer.Die elektrochemischen Eigenschaften des Systems Stahl/Nitrallösungen sind äußerst kompliziert, wobei das Ruhepotential im Bereich eines Durchbruchspotentials zwischen passiver und transpassiver Korrosion liegt. Bei anodischer Polarisation können Bereiche für Anfälligkeit und Beständigkeit gegen interkristalline Korrosionsarten abwechseln.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 238-244 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Film boiling above a horizontal surface has been investigated theoretically and experimentally at standard gravity and 1 atm. Theoretical film boiling results for conventional fluids have been extended, on the basis of interfacial instability due to gravity, to include liquefied gases properties, such as low viscosity and small surface tension. In the experiments, primarily ordinary liquid helium I has been studied to extend the range of the film boiling Rayleigh numbers (based upon Laplace's reference length) from about 107 (reported for room temperature liquids) to values of the order of magnitude unity. The heat transfer data taken at surface excess temperatures ΔT (above the boiling point) between 80° and 300°K. have been correlated with a theoretical model which presumes the absence of any scaling length (Laplace length) associated with surface tension. At low ΔT the experimental results have been found to agree with a model which presumes a negligible influence of a scaling length due to surface tension and absence of detectable viscosity effects.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 46 (1992), S. 201-211 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Surface degradation of implanted poly(ether urethane)s was studied quantitatively with a micro-ATR-FTIR technique. Substantial degradation was observed particularly in the soft segment at the α-carbon adjacent to the ether linkage. The degradation caused changes in the concentration profiles of the soft-segment groups in the depth direction, and the affected depth was up to 10 microns after implantation for 10 weeks. Inhibition of degradation by antioxidants indicated the oxidative nature of degradation. An in vivo poly(ether urethane) degradation mechanism was proposed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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