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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Possible coexistence of amino acid (γ-aminobutyric acid), amine (dopamine) and peptide (substance P); neurons containing immunoreactivities for glutamic acid decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase and substance P in the hamster main olfactory bulb (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 71 (1988), S. 633-642 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Coexistence ; GABA ; Catecholamine ; Substance P ; Olfactory bulb
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The coexistence of immunoreactivities for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and substance P (SP) was revealed in the hamster main olfactory bulb, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical method. Adjacent 40 μm thick Vibratome sections were incubated in different antisera and those cells which were bisected by the plane of sectioning were identified at the paired surfaces of two consecutive sections. The coexistence of the immunoreactivities for 1) TH and GAD, 2) TH and SP and 3) GAD and SP in the same cells could thus be determined by observing the immunoreactivity of the two halves of the cell incubated in two different antisera. About 70% of TH-like immunoreactive (TH-LI) neurons in the periglomerular region also contained GAD-like immunoreactivity, whereas about 45% of GAD-LI ones were also TH-like immunoreactive. Furthermore, almost all (more than 95%) of SP-LI neurons contained both GAD-like and TH-like immunoreactivities. These observations indicate that in the periglomerular region of the hamster main olfactory bulb, some neurons (about 9% of all neurons containing TH-like and/or GAD-like immunoreactivities) may contain three different categories of neuroactive substances, that is, amino acid (GABA), amine (dopamine) and peptide (SP).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248757
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Postnatal X-ray irradiation effects on glomerular layer of rat olfactory bulb: quantitative and immunocytochemical analysis (1992)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 90 (1992), S. 103-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): X-ray irradiation ; GABA ; Catecholamine ; Calcium binding proteins ; Olfactory bulb ; Development ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In the rat olfactory bulb, the majority of interneurons in the glomerular layer (GL) are supposed to be generated during first postnatal week. Low and repeated doses of X-rays (200 rad x 4 and 200 rad x 6) were used during this period to impair the development of interneurons. The resulting effects on olfactory bulb neurons were examined stereologically and immunocytochemically in animals of 4 and 12 weeks of age. Quantitative analysis showed that, 1) the volume of the GL decreased to 55% (1200 rad) – 70% (800 rad) of control, 2) numerical cell densities in GL decreased to 40% (1200 rad) – 60% (800 rad) of control, thus resulting in 3) a decrease of the total cell number in GL to 20% (1200 rad) – 40% (800 rad) of control in irradiated olfactory bulbs of animals 4 weeks old. In comparison, mitral cells, which are generated prenatally, were much less affected (total cell number: 70–80% of control), indicating a selective loss of cells generated during the first postnatal week in GL. Effects on somata and processes immunoreactive for GABA, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), calbindin D-28K and parvalbumin (PV) were examined in irradiated bulbs of both 4 and 12 week-old rats. All of these immunoreactive elements showed a drastic decrease in all layers. Semiquantitative analysis showed that in the GL, calbindin D-28K immunoreactive (calbindin D-28K(+)) neurons decreased more extensively than TH immunoreactive (TH(+)) and GABA-like immunoreactive (GABA(+)) neurons; that is, TH(+) and GABA(+) neurons decreased to 20% (1200 rad) – 40% (800 rad) of control, whereas calbindin D-28K(+) neurons decreased to 10% (1200 rad) – 30% (800 rad) of control in the GL of irradiated bulbs. These findings indicated that larger proportions of calbindin D-28K(+) neurons might be generated during the first postnatal week than those of GABA(+) and TH(+) neurons. Furthermore, in irradiated bulbs the proportion of GABA(-)TH(+) cells in TH(+) cells increased to about twice of control, and the estimated total numbers of GABA(-)TH(+) cells in irradiated rats were 95% (800 rad) and 40% (1200 rad) of control. These observations suggest that the majority of GABA(-)TH(+) neurons were less affected by X-ray irradiation during the first postnatal week and thus that they might be generated in the prenatal period. Since during the first 2 postnatal weeks, neurons showing GABA(-)TH(+) were not seen in GL (Kosaka et al. 1987a), the majority of GABA(-)TH(+) neurons in adult olfactory bulb were assumed to change their phenotype at some postnatal developmental period.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229261
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive neurons in the olfactory bulb of the snake, Elaphe quadrivirgata, with special reference to the colocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase- and GABA-like immunoreactivities (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 87 (1991), S. 353-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Catecholamine ; GABA ; Coexistence ; Olfactory bulb ; Snake ; Comparative neuroanatomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The distribution and structural features of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive (TH-LI) neurons were studied in the olfactory bulb of a snake, Elaphe quadrivirgata, by using pre-and post-embedding immunocytochemistry at the light microscopic level. In contrast to rodent olfactory bulbs previously reported, many TH-LI neurons were seen not only in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) but also in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). With regard to the TH-like immunoreactivity, there appeared no appreciable differences between MOB and AOB. As in mammalian MOB, the majority of TH-LI neurons were clustered in the periglomerular region and appeared to send their dendritic branches into glomeruli, which as a whole make an intense TH-LI band in the glomerular layer (GML). In the external plexiform/mitral cell layer (EPL/ML) of MOB and AOB as well as in the outer sublamina of the internal plexiform layer (OSL) of AOB, an appreciable number of TH-LI neurons were scattered, extending dendritic processes which appeared to make a loose meshwork. TH-LI neurons in EPL/ML (including OSL) appeared to consist of at least two morphologically different types. The first had a small perikaryon and one or two smooth dendrites which usually extended to GML and were frequently confirmed to enter into glomeruli. The second had a larger perikaryon and 2–3 dendrites which branched into several varicose processes extending in EPL/ML/OSL but appeared not to enter into glomeruli. The TH-like immunoreactivity was rarely seen in the internal plexiform layer and internal granule cell layer. The colocalization of GABA-like and TH-like immunoreactivities was further studied. Almost all TH-LI neurons in both EPL/ ML/OSL and GML contained GABA-like immunoreactivity irrespectively of the type of TH-LI cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231852
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Specific localization of the guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase I-immunoreactivity in the human brain (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 106 (1999), S. 607-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Schlagwort(e): Keywords: Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase ; brain ; colocalization ; GTP cyclohydrolase I ; human ; immunohistochemistry ; tetrahydrobiopterin ; tyrosine hydroxylase.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary. Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase I (GCH) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme for biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, the cofactor of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Our previous study reported the presence of GCH in several neuronal groups in animal brains using a newly raised anti-GCH antibody. The present study aims at elucidating whether GCH and TH coexist in the same neurons of the human brain with the aid of immunohistochemical dual labeling. GCH-immunoreactivity was observed in the cell bodies and fibers of monoaminergic neurons of the human brain. Neurons which contain both enzymes are seen in the human substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe, and zona incerta. In these regions, almost all the cells also show immunoreactivity for aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), the second step enzyme for catecholamine synthesis, indicating that these neurons are catecholaminergic. However, some neurons in the dorsal and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei are stained only for GCH or TH. They appear to constitute an independent cell group in the human brain. The present observation suggests that L-dopa is not produced in the cells immunoreactive for TH but not for GCH, and that TH in these cells which lack GCH may have an unidentified role other than dopa synthesis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007020050183
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Immunocytochemical localization of GTP cyclohydrolase I in the brain, adrenal gland, and liver of mice (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 102 (1995), S. 175-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Schlagwort(e): GTP cyclohydrolase I ; tyrosine hydroxylase ; tryptophan hydroxylase ; phenylalanine hydroxylase ; tetrahydrobiopterin ; liver ; adrenal medulla ; brain ; mouse ; immunocytochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme for the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), the cofactor of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan hydroxylases, the enzymes that synthesize tyrosine, catecholamines (dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline), and serotonin, respectively. We produced for the first time polyclonal antibody with highly sensitive immunoreactivity against an oligopeptide of rat enzyme, GFPERELPRPGA, by immunization of rabbits with the peptide conjugated to hemocyanin by glutaraldehyde. The specificity of the antibody was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Using this antibody specific for GCH, we observed strong GCH immunostaining in the liver cells, in the dopamine-, noradrenaline-, adrenaline-, or serotonin-containing cells of the brain, and in the adrenal gland of mice. Immunocytochemical studies revealed GCH to be localized in monoamine-containing perikarya in the periglomerular cells of the olfactory bulb, zona incerta, arcuate nucleus, ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra pars compacta, locus ceruleus, nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema, and ventrolateral area of the medulla oblongata. GCH immunostaining was particularly strong in serotoninergic nuclei, such as dorsal and median raphe nuclei, nucleus raphe pallidus, and nucleus raphe magnus. By immunoelectron micoscopy, GCH-labeled cytoplasm and microtubules in the processes were observed ultrastructurally, but no staining was found in the mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus. Immunostaining was observed neither in the group D neurons that contain only aromatic amino acid decarboxylase without tyrosine hydroxylase, nor in glial cells and endothelial cells. These results indicate the abundant presence of GCH in catecholaminergic and serotoninergic neurons as well as in the adrenal medulla and liver, where BH4 is synthesized as the cofactor of tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine hydroxylases.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01281153
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