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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Esmolol, an ultrashort-acting, selective β1-adrenoceptor antagonist: pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 46 (1994), S. 399-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Esmolol ; β1-Adrenoceptor antagonist ; tricresylphosphate ; pharmacokinetics ; effect kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of esmolol at different rates of infusion (100, 250 and 500 μg·kg−1 BW·min−1) were compared with β-adrenoceptor occupancy (β1 and β2, estimated by a subtype selective radioreceptor assay) and plasma concentrations of esmolol and its acid metabolite were measured by HPLC. Up to a rate of infusion of esmolol of 500 μg·kg−1 BW·min−1 there was a maximal β1-receptor occupancy of 84.7% while β2-receptor occupancy was below the detection limit; confirming the β1 selectivity of esmolol. Exercise-induced increases in heart rate and systolic blood pressure were reduced by esmolol in a dose-dependent manner. The estimated EC50 values of rate of infusion for the reduction in heart rate and systolic blood pressure during exercise were 113 and 134 μg·kg−1 BW · min−1, respectively. Additionally, heart rate and systolic blood pressure were reduced moderately at rest. Because of the short elimination half-life of esmolol caused by the rapid hydrolysis to its acid metabolite, 45 min after end of infusion high plasma concentrations of the metabolite (maximally 80 μg·ml−1) but no esmolol were detectable. Since no in vivo effects have been observed, despite the presence of high plasma concentrations of the metabolite, the metabolite did not participate in the observed effects up to an infusion rate of esmolol of 500 μg·kg−1 BW·min−1. The plasma concentrations of antagonist detected by radioreceptor assay and plasma concentrations of esmolol detected by HPLC showed a good correlation (r=0.97). Since the cardiovascular effects, determined before and 45 min after termination of infusion of esmolol were similar, it can be concluded that the observed effects on heart rate and systolic blood pressure are exclusively mediated by esmolol.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191900
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pharmacokinetics of bendroflumethiazide in hypertensive patients (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Bendroflumethiazide ; pharmacokinetics ; hypertension ; renal clearance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary After four weeks on placebo treatment, 8 hypertensive patients (WHO stage I) were treated for 2 weeks with bendroflumethiazide (bft) 2.5 mg and KCl 1.5 g daily. Subsequently they received bft 5 mg and KCl 1.5 g daily for a further fortnight. At the end of each period of treatment blood pressure was recorded and blood samples and urine were collected for analysis of bft by GLC. Before taking the daily dose of bft, no trace of the drug was found in plasma. Peak levels of bft were seen after 2.3 h and averaged 23 and 50 ng · ml−1 after 2.5 and 5 mg, respectively. After bft 2.5 mg the plasma level was too low for kinetic analysis. The plasma half-life after 5 mg averaged 4.1 h. The mean apparent volume of distribution was 1.18 l · kg−1. Non-renal clearance averaged 200 ml · min−1. The renal clearance of bft was significantly lower (p〈0.05) after 5 mg (48 ml · min−1) than after 2.5 mg bft (93 ml · min−1), although the creatinine clearance remained unchanged. No correlation was found between the plasma level of bft and its effect on blood pressure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609755
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pharmacokinetics and effects of frusemide in patients with the nephrotic syndrome (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 37 (1989), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): frusemide ; nephrotic syndrome ; albumin ; dextran ; pharmacokinetics ; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The renal handling and effects of an intravenous bolus of frusemide with and without plasma volume expansion with dextran or albumin, and with large variations in plasma albumin concentration, have been studied in five patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Decreased renal sensitivity to frusemide was found in only one patient, who also had hypovolaemia and an activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Plasma volume expansion increased the diuresis but not the saluresis, and slightly increased renal sensitivity to frusemide. An increase in albuminuria after albumin infusion did not reduce the sensitivity to frusemide. A decrease in plasma albumin concentration from 33 g·l−1 after albumin infusion to 23 g·l−1 after infusion of dextran caused a substantial increase in the renal clearance (from 84 to 123 ml·min−1), non-renal clearance (from 72 to 138 ml·min−1), and apparent volume of distribution (from 13 to 23 l) of frusemide, probably as a consequence of an increase in the unbound fraction. The rate of urinary excretion of frusemide was highest after albumin infusion, despite the fact that its renal clearance was lowest then.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558227
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Einkristalluntersuchungen an AgF2 (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 588 (1990), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Single Crystal Investigation on AgF2For the first time single crystals of AgF2 (black, metalic bright) have been obtained by heating AgF2 powder under a mixture of HF and F2 in autoclaves at 400°C. It crystallizes orthorhombic in the space group Pbca - D2h15 (Nr. 61) - with a = 556.8(1), b = 583.1(1) and c = 510.1(1) pm; Z = 4.The Madelung Part of Lattice Energy, MAPLE, and the Effective Coordination Number, ECoN, via the Mean Fictive Ionic Radii, MEFIR, are calculated and discussed.
    Notizen: Erstmals wurden schwarze, metallisch glänzende Einkristalle von AgF2 durch Erhitzen des mikrokristallinen AgF2 dargestellt (Monel-Autoklaven, T ≈ 400°C, HF/F2-Gemisch, 4 d). Die röntgenographische Untersuchung (a = 556,8(1); = 583,1(1); c = 510,1(1) pm; Z = 4; Parameter siehe Text) bestätigt die aus Neutronenbeugungsuntersuchung ermittelte Raumgruppe Pbca - D2h15 (Nr. 61) und ergibt Lageparameter, die mit den damals ermittelten Werten praktisch übereinstimmen. Der Madelunganteil der Gitterenergie, MAPLE, sowie Effektive Koordinationszahlen, ECoN, werden über Mittlere Fiktive Ionenradien, MEFIR, berechnet und diskutiert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19905880110
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    31P- und 195Pt-NMR-Untersuchungen an Diplatin(I)-Komplexen des Typs [Pt2(μ-SPR2)2L2] (L = PR3, PhP(OPh)2, P(OPh)3, CNR)VIII. Mitteilung aus der Reihe Sekundäre Phosphinochalkogenide; VII. Mitteilung s. (1983)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 504 (1983), S. 117-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 31P and 195Pt N.M.R. Investigations on Diplatinum (I) Complexes of the Type [Pt2(μ-SPR2)2L2] (L = PR3, PhP(OPh)2, P(OPh)3, CNR)31P-, 195Pt-chemical shifts and 195Pt-31P- resp. 31P-31P-coupling constants of a series of doubly bridged diplatinum(I) complexes are reported. 31P-coordination chemical shifts of the terminal ligands of complexes of type [Pt2(μ-SPR2)2(P′R3′)2] and some of the various coupling constants are strongly influenced by the π-acceptor strength of these ligands. J(195Pt-195Pt) is found to change the sign among the series of complexes investigated. Thermal singlett triplet exitation giving rise to the paramagnetism of these complexes observed by preliminary EPR-measurements and confirmed by EHT-calculations is deduced from the large values of 2J(P-P′) and 3J(P′P′) as well as the unusually high temperature dependence of some coupling constants and other NMR features. The chemical stability of the doubly bridged core, the coordination shifts of the bridging phosphorus atoms and EHT-calculations suggest a view of aromaticity of the [Pt2(μ-SPR2)2](M-M) unit of these complexes.
    Notizen: Es werden 31P-, 195Pt-chemische Verschiebungen und 195Pt31P-Kopplungskonstanten einer Reihe von doppelt verbrückten Diplatin(I)-Komplexen mitgeteilt. 31P-koordinationschemische Verschiebungen der ternären Liganden von Komplexen des Typs [Pt2(μ-SPR2)2(P′R3′)2] und verschiedene Kopplungskonstanten werden stark von der π-Akzeptor-Stärke dieser Liganden beeinflußt. J(195P-195Pt) wird innerhalb der Reihe der untersuchten Komplexe mit wechselndem Vorzeichen gefunden. Aus den großen Werten von 2J(Pt-P′) und 3J(P′P′) sowie der ungewöhnlich starken Temperaturabhängigkeit einiger Kopplungskonstanten und anderen NMR-Eigenschaften wird auf Paramagnetismus dieser Komplexe aufgrund thermischer Singlett-Triplett-Anregung geschlossen, der in vorläufigen EPR-Messungen gefunden und durch EHT-Rechnungen gestützt wird. Die chemische Stabilität des doppelt verbrückten Kerns, die koordinationschemischen Verschiebungen der Brückenphosphoratome und EHT-Rechnungen weisen auf Aromatizität der [Pt2(μ-SPR2)2](M-M)-Einheit dieser Komplexe hin.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19835040915
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Atracurium infusions in patients with fulminant hepatic failure awaiting liver transplantation (1993)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 19 (1993), S. S94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Schlagwort(e): Neuromuscular relaxants ; atracurium ; laudanosine ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; liver failure renal failure ; dialysis ; intensive care ; critical illness
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the neuromoscular blocking agent atracurium besylate in patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). Design: Open study of patients receiving atracurium infusions to facilitate mechanical ventilation. Setting: Intensive care unit in a tertiary referral university teaching hospital. Patients: Ten encephalopathic patients with FHF reuiring mechanical ventilation while awaiting orthotopic liver transplantation. Three patients died before transplantation could be performed, three died after transplantation, and four survived following successful transplantation. Methods: Plasma, urine and dialysate fluid were analysed for atracurium and its metabolites using HPLC. Neuromuscular blockade was measured using transcutmeous ulnar nerve stimulation and an accelerometer. Electroencephalography and liver function tests were performed daily. Results: Patients received atracurium infusions for a period ranging from 38 to 217 h. Six patients required continuous arteriovenous haemodiafiltration (CAVHD) to replace renal function. Atracurium mean steady state clearence was 8.6 ml/min/kg, and train-of-four recovery ratio, to 75% took 63 min (range 32–108). Laudanosine clearance was markedly reduced in the non-survivors; the half-life was 38.5 hrs compared with 5.3 h in the 4 patients who underwent successful transplantation. Laudanosine accumulation could be observed in all patients before transplantation, but kinetics returned to normal after successful transplantation. The highest laudanosine level recorded was 6,860 ng/ml. There was no evidence of adverse central neurological effects attributable to laudanosine. CAVHD did not contribute significantly to clearance of atracurium or its metabolites. Conclusions: Atracurium kinetics and dynamics are nearnormal even in patients with fulminant hepatic failure and renal failure; laudanosine accumulation will occur, but this is not associated with measurable central neurological effects. Implantation of a functioning liver graft results in clearance of laudanosine, which seems to be independent of renal function. Atracurium is an appropriate choice for producing neuromuscular blockade for periods of several days in patients with fulminant hepatic failure and renal impairment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01708809
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pharmacokinetics of 5-aminosalicylic acid from controlled-release capsules in man (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 48 (1995), S. 273-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Mesalamine ; 5-aminosalicylic acid ; controlled release capsules ; pharmacokinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract One gram single dose of Pentasa controlled-release capsules was administered to 24 healthy volunteers under fasting condition. Mean plasma 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and acetyl 5-ASA concentrations peaked at 0.53 μg · ml−1 and 1.33 μg · ml−1 from 3 to 4 hours following dosing, respectively. The half-lives of both compounds could not be determined as absorption of 5-ASA was continuous throughout the gastrointestinal tract. An average of 29.4% (CV: 27%) of the dose was excreted in the urine primarily as acetyl 5-ASA. Up to 91.1% of the dose was released from the capsules. Forty percent of the dose (CV: 40%) was eliminated in the feces, with 8.9% of the dose remained as formulation bounded 5-ASA, indicating that controlled-release capsules continue to release drug throughout the GI tract. 5-ASA contributed 46.7% of the salicylates eliminated in the feces and acetyl 5-ASA accounted for the balance. Controlled-release capsules produced three times more total salicylates and 10 times more total and free 5-ASA in the feces than did 5-ASA suspension. Thus, while lower systemic levels of salicylates were absorbed, greater therapeutic quantities of 5-ASA were available in the bowel.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00198311
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    On the fate of furosemide in man (1975)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 9 (1975), S. 57-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Furosemide ; gastrointestinal absorption ; diuretics ; glucuronides ; pharmacokinetics ; metabolism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 35S-furosemide was administered orally (n=7) or i.v. (n=2) to healthy subjects. The average gastrointestinal uptake estimated by comparison of the urinary recovery of label and the areas under the plasma curves after the two routes of administration was 65%. The half life of radioactivity in the plasma after oral35S-furosemide was 90 ± 17 min (estimated on the slope between 2 and 6 h); the corresponding figure after35S-furosemide i.v. was 47–53 min (slope 0.5–4 h). There was probably a slower phase after 4–6 h. Fractionation of labelled material in urine from two subjects demonstrated that approximately two thirds of the label recovered at 24 h had the same chromatographic properties as furosemide. A major part of the metabolite(s) was probably furosemide glucuronide. There was no evidence that 4-chloro-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid was formed in man. The total urinary recovery of label (5–7 d) after oral and intravenous administration was 55.1±3.2 (mean±SD) and 82–84%, respectively. After35S-furosemide i.v., 6–9% of the label was recovered in faeces, and it could not be accounted for solely by biliary excretion of furosemide.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613429
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Relationship between renal function and disposition of oral cefixime (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 41 (1991), S. 579-583 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Cefixime ; renal failure ; pharmacokinetics ; volunteers ; adverse effects
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pharmacokinetics of cefixime following a single oral dose of 200 mg have been investigated in 6 normal subjects and in 22 patients with various degrees of renal insufficiency. Serum and urine samples were collected between 0 and 72 h and were subjected to two methods of analysis: bioassay and HPLC. There was a linear relationship between the two sets of results from 228 samples. This result suggests that none of the metabolites, which may accumulte in uraemic patients, has antibacterial activity. In normal subjects, the peak serum level (Cmax) was 2.50 μg·ml−1 at 2.83 h (tmax); the apparent elimination half-life (t1/2) was 3.73 h; the apparent total body clearance (CL·f−1) was 154 ml·min−1, the mean renal clearance (CLR) was 39.1 ml·min−1 and the apparent fraction of the dose recovered in 24 h urine was 0.22. In uraemic patients, Cmax and tmax were slightly increased and t1/2 was increased to 12–14 h in patients with an endogenous creatinine clearance below 20 ml·min−1. The apparent volume of distribution was decreased. Apparent total and renal clearances were lower in proportion to the degree of renal insufficiency. Linear relationships were found between CL/f, CLR and creatinine clearance (CLCR). The findings suggest that the dose of cefixime needs to be reduced only in patients with severe renal failure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314988
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of hydralazine on steady-state plasma concentrations of metoprolol in pregnant hypertensive women (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 131-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): metoprolol ; hydralazine ; hypertension ; pregnancy ; pharmacokinetics ; drug interactions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary We have studied the plasma concentrations levels of metoprolol after its twice daily administration in a dose of 50 mg for 4 days in ten, hypertensive pregnant women to the during monotherapy and in combination with 25 mg of hydralazine given twice daily. Hydralazine increased the median AUC and Cmax of metoprolol by 38% and 88% respectively, and decreased the tmax from 1.5 h to 1.0 h. Hydralazine had no effect on the plasma concentrations of alpha-OH-metoprolol. These results suggest that the effect of hydralazine on metoprolol plasma concentrations is primarily due to a reduction in first-pass elimination.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609241
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