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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 41 (1991), S. 579-583 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Cefixime ; renal failure ; pharmacokinetics ; volunteers ; adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of cefixime following a single oral dose of 200 mg have been investigated in 6 normal subjects and in 22 patients with various degrees of renal insufficiency. Serum and urine samples were collected between 0 and 72 h and were subjected to two methods of analysis: bioassay and HPLC. There was a linear relationship between the two sets of results from 228 samples. This result suggests that none of the metabolites, which may accumulte in uraemic patients, has antibacterial activity. In normal subjects, the peak serum level (Cmax) was 2.50 μg·ml−1 at 2.83 h (tmax); the apparent elimination half-life (t1/2) was 3.73 h; the apparent total body clearance (CL·f−1) was 154 ml·min−1, the mean renal clearance (CLR) was 39.1 ml·min−1 and the apparent fraction of the dose recovered in 24 h urine was 0.22. In uraemic patients, Cmax and tmax were slightly increased and t1/2 was increased to 12–14 h in patients with an endogenous creatinine clearance below 20 ml·min−1. The apparent volume of distribution was decreased. Apparent total and renal clearances were lower in proportion to the degree of renal insufficiency. Linear relationships were found between CL/f, CLR and creatinine clearance (CLCR). The findings suggest that the dose of cefixime needs to be reduced only in patients with severe renal failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: guanfacine ; hypertension ; phenobarbital ; withdrawal syndrome ; enzyme induction ; pharmacokinetics ; renal insufficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The unusual observation of a withdrawal syndrome due to guanfacine in a hypertensive patient with chronic renal failure led to a study of the kinetics of the drug in this patient. The principal pharmacokinetic parameters of guanfacine were greatly altered, with extended biotransformation and a decrease in the half-life compared to the values observed in other cases of severe renal insufficiency. Associated treatment with phenobarbital had had a considerable effect, as shown by the results of a further kinetic study 2 months after withdrawal of the phenobarbital. The findings then were in good agreement with reference values which strongly suggests a consequence of the enzyme inducing effect of phenobarbital. Advice about the dosage regimen in such cases is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 43 (1992), S. 185-187 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Primary hyperaldosteronism ; plasma aldosterone ; low molecular weight heparin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four patients with primary hyperaldosteronism were treated with nadroparin 4100 or 6150 antiXa IU daily for 4 days. Plasma and urine sodium and potassium, and plasma aldosterone and renin were monitored before, during and after the study. After four days of treatment, and for the following two days, plasma aldosterone was decreased (by a mean of 49% on Day 6), and urinary Na/K was increased (3.7-fold). The direction of the changes was reversed on Day 8. The study has confirmed the effect of low molecular weight heparin on aldosterone, and makes it unlikely that it is related to inhibition of angiotensin II stimulation in these patients, as renin could not be detected in their plasma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0009-8981
    Keywords: Calcium-related metabolic disorders ; Hyperparathyroidism ; Hypoparathyroidism ; Ultrafiltrable magnesium
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Histopathology 25 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Pharmakokinetik von Cefadroxil, einem neuen, oralen halbsynthetischen Cephalosporin, wurde an fünf Personen mit normaler Nierenfunktion und 20 Patienten mit Niereninsuffizienz unterschiedlichen Schweregrades geprüft. Alle Personen erhielten 1000 mg per os als Einzeldosis, danach wurde die Eliminationsphase untersucht. Bei gesunden Probanden betrug die Eliminationshalbwertszeit (T1/2) 1,39 ± 0,06 h. Das Verteilungsvolumen wurde mit 0,305 Liter/kg und die Fläche unter der Serumkonzentrations-Zeit-Kurve, AUC, mit 82,94 ± 19,98 mcg.h/ml gemessen. Im Mittel wurden Serumspitzenwerte von 25,72 ± 4,68 mcg.h/ml−1 erreicht, sie traten 1,20 ± 0,45 h nach Einnahme auf. 93,0 ± 3,6% der Dosis wurden während der ersten 24 Stunden im Urin wiedergefunden. Die renale und die Serum-Clearance betrugen im Mittel 166,7 beziehungsweise 172,4 ml/min−1/1,73 m2. Bei Patienten mit Niereninsuffizienz stieg im Falle von schwerem Nierenversagen T1/2 auf 25,49 h. Die renale Störung veränderte das Verteilungsvolumen nicht signifikant. Während einer sechs- bis achtstündigen Hämodialysephase nahm die Serumkonzentration des Antibiotikums um 75,4 ± 5,6% ab. Auf der Basis der vorliegenden pharmakokinetischen Daten könnten Dosierungsschemata vorgeschlagen werden.
    Notes: Summary Pharmacokinetics of cefadroxil, a new oral semisynthetic cephalosporin, was studied in 5 subjects with normal renal function and in 20 patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency. All subjects received 1,000 mgper os in single dose and the elimination phase was studied. In healthy subjects, elimination half-life (T1/2) was 1.39 ± 0.06 h. Apparent volume of distribution was 0.305 liters/kg and area under the serum concentration versus time curve AUC was 82.94 ± 19.98 µg · h/ml. Peak level averaged 25.72 ± 4.68 µg · ml−1 and occurred at 1.20 ± 0.45 h postingestion. 93.0 ± 3.6% of the dose was recovered in urine during the first 24 h. Renal and serum clearance averaged 166.7 and 172.4 ml · min−1/1.73 m2, respectively. In patients with renal insufficiency, T1/2 increased to 25.49 h in severe chronic renal failure. Renal impairment did not significantly modify volume of distribution. During a 6-to 8-hour hemodialysis session, antibiotic serum concentrations decreased by 75.4 ± 5.6%. Dosage schedules could be suggested on the basis of these pharmacokinetic results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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