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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Failure of glucagon to stimulate ketone body production during acute insulin deficiency or insulin replacement in man (1982)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 23 (1982), S. 94-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Ketone body turnover ; ketogenesis ; acetone ; lipolysis ; insulin ; diabetes ; glucagon ; somatostatin ; non-esterified fatty acids ; glycerol ; glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To assess the role of glucagon and insulin in the acute regulation of ketone body kinetics in man, somatostatin was administered with various combinations of these hormones by replacement infusions in groups of six to seven normal subjects. Somatostatin-induced insulin and glucagon deficiency produced a threefold increase in total ketone body concentrations within 2 h. This increase was the combined result of enhanced production (71%), and decreased metabolic clearance (32%), as determined by14C-acetoacetate infusions. An associated elevation of non-esterified fatty acids (66%) and glycerol levels occurred. Glucagon replacement (2 ng · kg-1 · min-1) during insulin deficiency failed to enhance ketogenesis or lipolysis but lowered theβ-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate concentration ratios. Hyperglycaemia, observed during glucagon administration and insulin deficiency, did not diminish ketone body production or lipolysis. In contrast, insulin replacement (150 μU · kg-1 · min-1) diminished lipolysis, lowered ketone production, and elevated the metabolic clearance rate of ketone bodies. Glucagon infusions (2 and 4 ng · kg-1 · min-1) during somatostatin and insulin replacement did not accelerate ketone body production or raise non-esterified fatty acid levels, but produced a dose-dependent elevation of blood glucose levels. The results suggest that glucagon is not an important ketogenic hormone under the conditions studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01271167
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of physiological elevation of plasma growth hormone levels on ketone body kinetics and lipolysis in normal and acutely insulin-deficient man (1984)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 26 (1984), S. 103-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Growth hormone ; ketone bodies ; ketogenesis ; nonesterified fatty acids ; glycerol ; diabetes ; insulin ; glucagon ; somatostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of physiological elevation of growth hormone levels on ketone body kinetics was determined using a 14C-ketone body tracer technique in normal and acutely insulin-deficient man. Changes of ketone body production and metabolic clearance rates during growth hormone infusion (plasma levels of approximately 25 μg/l) were measured during basal conditions and during heparin-induced elevation of non-esterified fatty acid levels. Growth hormone administration to six subjects fasted overnight resulted in an increase in ketone body production which exceeded that observed in nine control subjects (5.5±0.5 versus 3.1±0.1μmol·kg-1·min-1, p〈0.025) after elevation of plasma non-esterified fatty acids. Growth hormone infusion increased glycerol and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations indicating enhanced lipolysis. During somatostatin-induced acute insulin deficiency (n=7), growth hormone enhanced the increase in total ketone body production observed in six subjects receiving somatostatin alone (8.4±0.8 versus 4.1±0.7μmol·kg-1·min-1, p〈0.01). Total ketone body metabolic clearance decreased by 50% during somatostatin and remained uninfluenced by growth hormone. Non-esterified fatty acids and glycerol levels increased during somatostatin, and growth hormone failed to alter nonesterified fatty acid levels significantly. The results demonstrate a stimulatory effect of high physiological growth hormone levels on ketogenesis which is largely explained by an enhancement of lipolysis and thus increase in substrate supply for ketogenesis. Growth hormone administration during acute insulin deficiency enhanced ketogenesis in the absence of alterations in plasma non-esterified fatty acid levels, suggesting a direct hepatic ketogenic effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281115
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of cortisol and epinephrine in the regulation of leucine kinetics in man (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 176-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cortisol ; epinephrine ; leucine kinetics ; leucine oxidation ; branched chain amino acids ; protein turnover ; stress hormones ; free fatty acids ; glucose ; somatostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To assess the interaction of the two major stress hormones epinephrine and cortisol in the regulation of leucine kinetics in man, epinephrine (50 ng/kg/min) was infused either alone or in combination with cortisol (2 μg/kg/min) into two groups of 6 postabsorptive normal male subjects during 180 min. Plasma leucine concentrations decreased by 28% (p〈0.05) from baseline during epinephrine treatment (plasma levels 515 pg/ml); this was due to a decrease of leucine appearance (determined by 1-13C-leucine infusions) by 23% (p〈0.025); leucine oxidation decreased by 29% (p〈0.05). However, when plasma cortisol concentrations were elevated to supraphysiological levels (16.3 μmol/l) during epinephrine administration, the decreases of leucine plasma concentrations, appearance and oxidation were abolished. Plasma glucose and FFA concentrations were similarly elevated during both kinds of treatment. Since leucine appearance represents a measurement of total body protein breakdown and leucine disappearance into non-oxidative pathways reflects protein synthesis, the data indicate that plasma epinephrine concentrations during severe stress exert a protein anabolic effect in man which may counteract catabolic properties of elevated plasma cortisol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952207
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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