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  • 1990-1994  (16)
  • synthesis  (11)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (5)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 637-640 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; On-column injection ; Plasma samples ; Retinoid analysis ; Acitretin isomers ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The capillary gas chromatographic (CGC) analysis of the der-matological drug trans-acitretin (NeotigasonR) and its cis metabolite is described. Separation of the methyl ester derivatives can be achieved on a 90% biscyanopropylsiloxane phase. The importance of using cold on-column injection and short, thin film capillary columns is discussed. For patients treated with the prodrug of acitretin, etretinate (TigasonR), i.e. the ethyl ester of Neotigason, three compounds have to be separated. Selectivity tuning is required for successful CGC separation. An alternative can be found in the selectivity of ion monitoring mass spectroscopy. Analysis of plasma samples involves liquid-liquid extraction, a derivatization step, and HPLC purification.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 16 (1993), S. 491-494 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Supercritical fluid extraction ; Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons ; Liquid/solid traps ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are recovered from a soil with a high carbon content (ca. 50%) with supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) as well as with conventional Soxhlet extraction. The influence of temperature and modifier volume on SFE efficiency and the effect of a combined liquid/solid trap for analyte collection are investigated in this study. Such traps, which make analyte collection and clean-up possible in one step, are compared with conventional analyte collection in pure organic solvents. A comparison between reproducibility and efficiency of SFE and Soxhlet extraction is presented.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The intact ion yields of phosphotyrosine, phosphothreonine and mono- and diphosphoserine residue-containing peptides have been compared with the non-phosphorylated sequences using plasma desorption mass spectrometry. Equimolar mixtures of the phosphorylated (MP) and non-phosphorylated peptides (M) were also analysed. The positive mass spectra of these mixtures show a higher intensity of the [M + H]+ compared with the [MP + H]+. In the negative mass spectrum, the bias towards the [M - H]- compared with the [MP - H]- was reduced, but the spectra generally did not accurately reflect the stoichiometry.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 27 (1992), S. 1148-1150 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 607 (1992), S. 91-95 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Rhenium complexes ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Hydronium-tris-ethylenediamine-cobalt(rhodium)-μ-trichloro-nonachlorotrirhenate(III)-chloride, H3O[MEn3][Re3Cl12]Cl (M=Co, Rh)The chlorides H3O[MEn3][Re3Cl12]CI (M = Co, 1; Rh, 2) crystallize from hydrochloric acid solutions of ReCl3 and MEn3 · 3H2O as deep red hexagonal columns. They are isotypic and crystallize with the hexagonal system (P6, Z = 1; 1: a = 1010.87(3); c = 794.30(4) pm, R = 0.023, Rw = 0.016; 2: a = 1018.58(3); c = 794.74(4) pm, R = 0.026, Rw = 0.018). The anions [Re3Cl12]3- are connected via H3O+ cation (C.N. 3). The large channels that run in the [001] direction contain, alternatively, the cations [MEn3]3+ and the lonesome Cl--anions
    Notes: Die Chloride H3O[MEn3][Re3CI12]CI(M = Co, 1; Rh, 2) Kristallisieren in Form tiefroter hexagonaler Säulen aus salzsauren Lösungen von ReCI3 und MEn3CI3 · 3H2O aus. Sie sind isotyp und Kristallisieren im hexagonalen System (P6, Z = 1; 1: a = 1010,87(3); C = 794,30(4)pm, Rw = 0,016; : a = 1018,58(3); c = 794,74(4)pm, R = 0,026, Rw = 0,018). Die Anionen [ Re3Cl12]3- werden über H3O+ (C.N. 3) verknüpft; in die entstehenden Kanäle sind längs [001] abwechselnd die Kationen [MEn3]3+ und die einsamen Cl--Ionen eingelagert.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 615 (1992), S. 16-18 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Ytterbium nitrates ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Molecular and Crystal Structure of Ytterbium(III)-triaqua-trinitrate, Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3 crystallizes from a concentrated solution of Yb2O3 in nitric acid in a vacuum desiccator at ambient temperature as colourless single crystals. The crystal structure was determined from single crystal four-circle diffractometer data (R3, Z = 6, a = 1175.5(1), c = 1117.7(2) pm, Vm = 134.25 cm3/mol, R = 3.0%, Rw = 2.9%). The structure may be viewed at as a heavily compressed packing of [Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3] molecules. Yb3+ is coordinated by three bidentate nitrate ligands and three water molecules so that a tricapped trigonal prism (C.N. 9) of oxygen atoms results as the coordination polyhedron.
    Notes: Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3 kristallisiert aus einer konzentrierten Lösung von Yb2O3 in Salpetersäure im Vakuumexsikkator bei Raumtemperatur in Form farbloser Einkristalle aus. Die Kristallstruktur wurde aus Einkristall-Vierkreis-Diffraktometer-Daten bestimmt (R3, Z = 6, a = 1175,5(1), c = 1117,7(2) pm, Vm = 134,25 cm3/mol, R = 3,0%, Rw = 2,9%). Sie kann als stark gestauchte Kugelpackung von [Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3]- Molekülen aufgefaßt werden. In diesen ist Yb3+ von drei zweizähnigen Nitratliganden und drei Wassermolekülen in Form eines dreifach bekappten trigonalen Prismas (C. N. 9) von Sauerstoffatomen umgeben.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 619 (1993), S. 652-660 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Ternary chlorides ; synthesis ; crystal structures ; ionic conductivity ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ternary Halides of the A3MX6 Type. II. The System Ag3-xNaxYCl6: Synthesis, Structures, Ionic Conductivity.The influence of the substitution of Ag+ by Na+ ions on the crystal structure and the ionic conductivity of Ag3YCl6 (stuffed LiSbF6-type structure) has been investigated. The system Ag3-xNaxYCl6 forms a complete solid solution. The stuffed LiSbF6-type structure is stable for all compositions. For compounds with Na+ contents of x 〉 1.67, the cryolite-type structure is observed as the high-temperature form. The transition temperature decreases steadily with increasing Na+ content. The “end member” phase Na3YCl6 transforms at 243 K from the monoclinic cryolite-type structure to the stuffed LiSbF6-type structure (trigonal, R3; a = 697.3(1), c = 1 868.4(14) pm, Z = 3; R = 0.094; Rw = 0.069). The crystal structures of Ag1.3Na1.7YCl6 (trigonal, R3; a = 691.5(2), c = 1 853.7(6) pm, Z = 3; R = 0.099, Rw = 0.081) and AgNa2YCl6 (trigonal, R3; a = 691.7(1), c = 1 853.9(5) pm, Z = 3; R = 0.099, Rw = 0.064) have also been determined. Both chlorides crystallize like Ag3YCl6 and Na3YCl6-I in the stuffed LiSbF6-type structure. The monovalent cations, Ag+ and Na+, are distributed over the five octahedral voids that are occupied by the Ag+ ions alone in Ag3YCl6. The ionic conductivity for compounds within the solid solution Ag3-xNaxYCl6 decreases with increasing Na+ content. The values for Na3YCl6 (σ = 1 · 10-6 Ω-1 cm-1 at T = 500 K) are by 2.5 to 3.5 orders of magnitude smaller than those for Ag3YCl6 (σ = 6 · 10-4 Ω-1 cm-1 at T = 500 K).
    Notes: Es wurde der Einfluß der Substitution von Ag+ durch Na+ auf die Kristallstruktur und die Ionenleitfähigkeit von Ag3YCl6 (aufgefüllter LiSbF6-Typ) untersucht. Das System Ag3-xNaxYCl6 zeigt vollständige Mischkristallbildung. Der aufgefüllte LiSbF6-Typ tritt über den gesamten Bereich auf. Erst bei Verbindungen mit einem Na+-Gehalt von x 〉 1,67 tritt der Kryolith-Typ als Hochtemperaturform auf, wobei mit steigendem Na+-Gehalt die Phasenumwandlungstemperatur stetig abnimmt. Die „Randphase“ Na3YCl6 wandelt bei 243 K vom monoklinen Kryolith-Typ in den aufgefüllten LiSbF6-Typ (trigonal, R3; a = 697,3(1), c = 1 868,4(14) pm, Z = 3; R = 0,094, Rw = 0,069) um. Es wurden ferner die Kristallstrukturen von Ag1,3Na1,7YCl6 (trigonal, R3; a = 691,5(2), c = 1 853,7(6) pm, Z = 3; R = 0,099, Rw = 0,081) und AgNa2YCl6 (trigonal, R3; a = 691,7(1), c = 1 853,9(5) pm, Z = 3; R = 0,099, Rw = 0,064) bestimmt. Beide Chloride kristallisieren, ebenso wie Ag3YCl6-I bzw. Na3YCl6-I, im aufgefüllten LiSbF6-Typ. Die einwertigen Kationen, Ag+ und Na+, sind jeweils statistisch auf die fünf Oktaederlücken verteilt, die in Ag3YCl6 von Ag+-Ionen eingenommen werden. Die Ionen-Leitfähigkeit von Verbindungen im Mischkristallsystem Ag3-xNaxYCl6 nimmt mit steigendem Na+-Gehalt ab. Die Werte für Na3YCl6 (σ = 1 · 10-6 Ω-1 cm-1 bei T = 500 K) sind etwa 2,5-3,5 Größenordnungen kleiner als jene für Ag3YCl6 (σ = 6 · 10-4 Ω-1 cm-1 bei T = 500 K).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 610 (1992), S. 15-19 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Mixed ternary ReIII-halides ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; infrared spectroscopy ; thermal behaviour ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Thermal Behaviour of Cs1,5[Re3I3Cl7,5(H2O)1,5]Dark brown tetrahedra of Cs1,5[Re3I3Cl7,5(H2O)1,5] crystallize on slow cooling of a hot saturated solution of ReI3 and CsCl in conc. hydrochlorid acid. The crystal structure (cubic, P43m (No. 215), a = 1241.06(3)pm, Vm = 287.8(1) cm3mol-1, Z = 4, R = 0.067, Rw = 0.037) is built up from isolated building units [Re3I3Cl7,5(H2O)1,5]1,5- with statistical distribution of chloride ions and water molecules in the in plane, terminal positions. Consistent with the result based on the X-ray analysis, the IR-spectrum shows one band for the OH stretching frequencies of the water molecules coordinated to the Re3 triangle at 3240 cm-1. The anions are arranged in the fashion of a cubic closest packing with the cesium ions occupying all octahedral and one quarter of the tetrahedral interstices. Temperature-dependent Guinier-Simon photographs in connection with DTA/TG investigations reveal that Cs1,5[Re3I3Cl7,5(H2O)1,5] releases water at 190°C accompanied with a structural transition and the dehydration product decomposes at 370°C to Cs2ReCl6-xIx, Re3I3+yCl6-y and rhenium metal.
    Notes: Tiefdunkelbraune Tetraeder von Cs1,5[Re3I3Cl7,5(H2O)1,5] Kristallisieren beim langsamen Eindunsten einer heißen, gesättigten Lösung von ReI3 und CsCl in konz. Salzsäure. In der Kristallstruktur (kubisch, P43m (Nr. 215), a = 1241,06(3) pm, Vm = 287,8(1) cm3mol-1, Z = 4, R = 0,067, Rw = 0,037) sind isolierte Baugruppen [Re3I3Cl7,5(H2O)1,5]1,5- mit statistischer Verteilung von Chlorid-Ionen und Wassermolekülen in den in plane, terminal-Positionen strukturbestimmend. übereinstimmend mit diesem röntgenographischen Befund beobachtet man im IR-Spektrum eine Bande für die Valenzschwingungen des Koordinationswassers bei 3240 cm-1. Die Anionen sind nach dem Motiv einer kubisch-dichtesten Packung angeordnet, die Caesium-Ionen besetzen in ihr sämtliche Oktaeder- und ein Viertel der Tetraederlücken. Heiz-Guinier-Simon-Aufnahmen und DTA/TG-Untersuchungen zeigen, daß Cs1,5[Re3I3Cl7,5(H2O)1,5] bei 190°C zunächst Koordinationswasser unter Änderung der Struktur abgibt und sich bei 370°C zu Cs2ReCl6-xIx, Re3I3+yCl6-y und Rhenium zersetzt.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 618 (1992), S. 26-29 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Rhenium complexes ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; thermal behaviour ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis, Structure and Thermolysis of NH4[Re3Br10]NH4[Re3Br10] crystallizes as dark brown single crystals upon slow cooling of a hot, saturated hydrobromic-acid solution of [Re3Br9(H2O)2] after the addition of NH4Br. The crystal structure (monoclinic, C2/m (Nr. 12); Z = 4; a = 1461.6(7), b = 1 085.6(4), c = 1030.3(7) pm, β = 92.63(4)°, Vm = 245.9(4)cm3/mol; R = 0.097, Rw = 0.043) contains [Re3Br12]- units that share two common edges. These chains run along [010] and are held together by NH4+ ions. Each NH4+ is surrounded by eight Br- from four different chains. The first step of the thermal decomposition at 290°C is the disproportionation to ReBr3 (ReCl3 type), rhenium metal and (NH4)2[ReBr6]. Secondly, the internal reduction of (NH4)2[ReBr6] at 390°C to rhenium metal takes place.
    Notes: Aus heißer, gesättigter, bromwasserstoffsaurer Lösung von [Re3Br9(H2O)2] erhält man nach Zugabe von NH4Br beim langsamen Abkühlen dunkelbraune Einkristalle von NH4[Re3Br10]. In der Kristallstruktur (monoklin, C2/m (Nr. 12); Z = 4; a = 1 461,6(7); b = 1 085,6(4); c = 1030,3(7) pm, β = 92,63(4)°, Vm = 245,9(4) cm3/mol; R = 0,097, Rw = 0,043) erstrecken sich entlang [010] doppelt kantenverknüpfte [Re3Br12]--Baueinheiten. Diese Stränge werden durch NH4+-Ionen zusammengehalten, wobei jedes NH4+ von acht Br- aus vier unterschiedlichen Strängen umgeben ist. Der thermische Abbau erfolgt im wesentlichen in zwei Schritten: Bei 290°C entsteht durch Disproportionierung ReBr3 im ReCl3-Typ bzw. Rhenium-Metall neben (NH4)2[ReBr6], das bei 390°C durch “innere Reduktion” zu Rhenium-Metall abgebaut wird.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 619 (1993), S. 1603-1608 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Lanthanum acetate ; ammonium lanthanum acetate ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; thermal behaviour ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Anhydrous Lanthanum Acetate, La(CH3COO)3, and its Precursor, ·NH4)3[La(CH3COO)6] · 1/2 H2O: Synthesis, Structures, Thermal BehaviourSingle crystals of (NH4)3[La(CH3COO)6] · ½ H2O are obtained by refluxing La2O3in (CH3COO)3 · 1.5 H2O with an excess of NH4CH3COO in methanol. The crystal structure (trigonal, R3, Z = 6, a = 1 365.0(3) pm, c = 2 360(1) pm, R = 0.088, Rw = 0.061 exhibits the coordination number of nine for La3+, which is surrounded by three chelating-type bidentate and three unidentate acetate groups. Characteristic are monomeric units of [La(CH3COO)6]3- which are connected to a three-dimensional network by hydrogen bonds with the NH4+ ions. Thermal decomposition consists of four steps with La(CH3COO)3, La2(CO3)3 and La2O2CO3 as intermediates and La2O3 as the final Product. Single crystals of La(CH3COO)3 are obtained from La2O3 in a melt of NH4CH3COO (molar ratio 1:12) in a sealed glass ampoule. The crystal structure (trigonal, R3, Z = 18, a = 2 203.0(5) pm; c = 987.1(3) pm, R = 0.027, Rw = 0.023) shows the coordination number of ten for La3+. These are three-dimensionally connected by oxygen atoms of the acetate groups with two tetradentate double-bridging and one Z,Z-type-bridging bidentate acetate group.
    Notes: (NH4)3[La(CH3COO)6] · 1/2 H2O erhält man in Form von Einkristallen durch Erhitzen von La2O3 bzw. La(CH3COO)3 · 1,5 H2O mit einem Überschuß von Ammoniumacetat in Methanol. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse (trigonal, R3, Z = 6, a = 1 365,0(3) pm, a = 2 360(1) pm, R = 0,088, Rw = 0,061 zeigt, daß La3+ von jeweils drei „chelating-type bidentate“- bzw. „unidentate“-Acetatgruppen umgeben ist (Koordinationszahl neun). Die Kristallstruktur wird von monomeren anionischen Baueinheiten [La(CH3COO)6]3- bestimmt, welche über Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen mit den NH4+-Ionen zu einer dreidimensionalen Struktur verknüpft sind. Der thermische Abbau verläuft in vier Stufen über La(CH3COO)3, La2(CO3)3 und La2O2CO3 zu La2O3. Einkristalle von La(CH3COO)3 erhält man aus einer Schmelze von La2O3 in NH4CH3COO (molares Verhältnis 1:12) in einer abgeschmolzenen Glasampulle. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse (trigonal, R3, Z = 18, a = 2 203,0(5) pm; c = 987,1(3) pm, R = 0,027, Rw = 0,023) ergibt für La3+ die Koordinationszahl zehn. Die La3+-Ionen sind dreidimensional über die Sauerstoffatome der Acetatgruppen verknüpft, Pro La3+ zwei „tetradentate double-bridging“-Acetatgruppen und eine „Z,Z-type-bridging bidentate“-Acetatgruppe.
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