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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New methods to measure the current perpendicular to the plane magnetoresistance of multilayers : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 5823-5825 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The experimental devices presented here enable us to measure variations with magnetic field of electrical resistances in the range (0.1 nΩ, 1 μΩ), for applied magnetic fields up to 3 T, and for temperatures less than 9 K. The setups work with three measurement methods. Two provide direct access to R(H), one in constant current, the other in alternating current. Their absolute sensitivity is about 1 pΩ, and their relative resolution ΔR/R is limited to 0.3%. The third method is a sinusoidal field modulation technique giving the field derivative of the resistance: dR/dH. It is sensitive to variations of the resistance as small as 1 pΩ independent of the absolute resistance of the sample, thus the resulting resolution ΔR/R is, for example, 10−6 for a 1 μΩ sample. With these devices, the magnetoresistance of multilayers can be studied with the current perpendicular to the plane. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362198
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonperturbative ion etching of YBaCuO thin films (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 1219-1221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Conventional Ar ion etching deteriorates the features of YBaCuO superconducting thin films, because of heating and ion damage. We demonstrate here the interest of two other approaches: Ar ion etching with liquid nitrogen cooling and Xe ion etching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356459
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absolute magnetometer based on the high-frequency modulation of the kinetic inductance of a superconducting thin film (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 1334-1341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The high-frequency thermal modulation of a superconducting closed loop just below its critical temperature gives rise to a spectacular divergence of its kinetic inductance. It is shown that this periodic divergence due to that of the London penetration length λ permits very fine magnetic measurements. A superconducting magnetometer has been designed that can detect the absolute intensity of weak magnetic fields, with a noise level of 10−12 T/(square root of)Hz. This absolute level was reached by the double thermal modulation of a superconducting disk around its critical temperature and of a neighboring superconducting closed loop. As a consequence of the Meissner effect, the superconducting disk gives an estimation of the applied perpendicular magnetic field and removes any incertitude about the number of flux quantums inside the loop. Then, the modulation of the temperature of the loop increases the absolute sensitivity. The detection is performed by a very low-loss superconducting LC resonator set at the input of a cryogenic preamplifier. The thermal modulation is performed by pigtailed laser diodes. Practical limitations and further improvements are discussed. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360307
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisotropy and angular variation of the giant magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers (invited) : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 6370-6375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The giant magnetoresistance (GMR) of magnetic multilayers is usually considered as isotropic, i.e., independent of the direction of the sensing current with respect to the applied field. In spin-valve samples of the form NiFe/Cu/NiFe/FeMn it is possible to accurately determine the amplitude of the GMR (without any contribution from the usual anisotropic magnetoresistance) for various direction of the current with respect to the direction of the magnetization of the two ferromagnetic layers, both in the parallel and antiparallel magnetic configurations. In three series of spin-valve samples of the composition F tF/Cu tCu/NiFe/FeMn, we have observed that the GMR amplitude is larger when the current is perpendicular to the magnetizations than when it is parallel to it. This intrinsic anisotropy in the GMR shows a pronounced maximum (relative amplitude of the anisotropy of the order of 10% at the maximum) for a thickness of the ferromagnetic layer of the order of 150 A(ring). In contrast, this anisotropy depends very weakly on the nonmagnetic spacer layer thickness. The results are compared with semiclassical calculations of Rijks et al. [Phys. Rev. B 51, 283 (1995)]. On another respect, we have measured the in-plane (CIP) and perpendicular to the plane (CPP) giant magnetoresistance of antiferromagnetically coupled (NiFe/Ag) multilayers. Particular attention has been paid on the variation of resistivity with the angle Δθ between the magnetization in the successive magnetic layers. While the CIP GMR varies almost linearly with cos(Δθ), the CPP GMR shows strong deviations from linearity especially at large NiFe thicknesses. The results are discussed in terms of relative role of s-like and d-like electrons in CIP and CPP transport. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362003
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A two-axis micromachined silicon actuator with micrometer range electrostatic actuation and picometer sensitive capacitive detection (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 2211-2218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This article presents an innovative micromachined silicon actuator. A 50-μm-thick silicon foil is anodically bonded onto a broached Pyrex substrate. A free standing membrane and four coplanar electrodes in close proximity are then lithographied and etched. The use of phosphorus doped silicon with low electrical resistivity allows the application of an electrostatic force between one electrode and the moving diaphragm. This plane displacement and the induced interelectrode variation are capacitively detected. Due to the very low electrical resistivity of the doped silicon, there is no need to metallize the vertical trenches of the device. No piezoelectric transducer takes place so that the mechanical device is free from any hysteretic or temperature dependance. The range of the possible actuation along the x and y axis is around 5 μm. The actual sensitivity is xn=0.54 Å/Hz1/2 and yn=0.14 Å/Hz1/2. The microengineering steps and the electronic setup devoted to design the actuator and to perform relative capacitive measurements ΔC/C=10−6 from an initial value C(approximate)10−13 F are described. The elaborated tests and performances of the device are presented. As a conclusion, some experimental projects using this subnanometric sensitive device are mentioned. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150608
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Miniature low-temperature high-frequency filters for single electronics (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 3465-3468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Single-electron devices are now very promising for high-accuracy and high-sensitivity electrical measurements, based on the quantification of the macroscopic charge in metallic nanostructures. The ultimate performance of these devices can only be attained by a careful filtering of the measurement circuit at very low temperature (20 mK). A new kind of wide-band high-frequency filter integrated on a copper block has been designed and studied. This original substrate provides a massive and well-thermalized electric ground plane in the vicinity of the filter. Attenuation measurements show that one has to carefully design the filter box in order to avoid the transmission of electromagnetic modes through the filter box. An improved filter showed −95 dB attenuation at 20 GHz, without any increase of the transmission at high frequency. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146442
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A very sensitive microcalorimetry technique for measuring specific heat of μg single crystals (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 1501-1509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A microcalorimetry technique allowing one to measure the specific heat of bulk single crystals of a mass typically 10 μg, with a relative resolution Δc/c of 10−4 is presented. The well known ac steady state technique is employed. The sample holder is a polymer membrane with lithographically patterned thermometer and heaters made out of metallic thin films. The diameter of the useful area is 0.6 mm and the specific heat of the addendum is 1.5 μJ/K at 100 K. The sample is thermally coupled to the membrane through a gold thin film sputtered on its surface. The thermal coupling time constant of the sample is ∼5 ms, allowing to work at frequencies of 10 Hz. The method was applied to small single crystals of YBCO, providing the specific heat jump at the superconducting transition with a relative resolution of 10−2 and a precision of 10−1. The method is optimized at the temperature range 40–160 K, but can easily be modified for lower temperatures. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147938
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A very sensitive technique for measuring the temperature derivative of electrical resistance between 4 and 300 K (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 3953-3958 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A sinusoïdal temperature modulation method has been developed to provide direct access to the derivative of the resistance with respect to temperature dR/dT. This quantity is of a high physical interest since it gives information on the critical behavior of the specific heat of magnetic materials near the critical points. The original aspect of such an experimental device is the high sensitivity of its detection. Indeed it provides a resolution ΔR/R of 10−9 with R=3 mΩ. Finally, we demonstrate the high accuracy of this technique with experimental measurements of dR/dT of a rare-earth single crystal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143244
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thin gold wires as reference for thermoelectric power measurements of small samples from 1.3 K to 350 K (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 2878-2881 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We measured the absolute thermoelectric power (TEP) of a thin gold wire between 1.3 and 350 K. Low-temperature measurements of the electrical resistivity of the wire have been performed and used to determine the Fe concentration and to discuss the low-temperature behavior of the TEP. Comparison with previous measurements on pure gold is given. With this calibration, these thin gold wires are quite suitable as reference for TEP measurements on small samples on which they can be easily bonded with thermosonic or ultrasonic bonders. More specifically these results are very convenient for thermoelectric measurements on high critical temperature superconductors, by using the relation S(T)=5×10−3T+38T−1 (μV K−1) as a reference for the TEP of the gold leads between 80 and 350 K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.353016
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alternating techniques to measure magnetoresistance effects with a sensitivity of 2 pΩ under 3 T down to 60 fΩ in zero field (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2877-2882 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Two methods have been developed to measure variations with magnetic field of electrical resistances in the range 0.1 nΩ–1 μΩ, for applied magnetic fields up to 3 T, and for temperatures less than 9 K. The first method provides direct access to R(H). Its absolute sensitivity is 3×10−14 V/(square root of)Hz with a short circuit at input. It becomes on a 1 μΩ sample: 6×10−14 V/(square root of)Hz in zero field, and 2×10−12 V/(square root of)Hz under 3 T. Averaging the signal over 100 s, the sensitivity is 6×10−15 V in zero field and 2×10−13 V under 3 T. In terms of resistance, using a sensing current of 100 mA, it corresponds to a sensitivity of 6×10−14 Ω in zero field and 2×10−12 Ω in the maximum field. The reproducibility of this method is 0.3%. The second method is a sinusoidal field modulation technique giving the field derivative of the resistance: dR/dH. It has the same absolute sensitivity as the R(H) method and it achieves ultrahigh resolution. It is sensitive to variations of the resistance as small as 6×10−14 Ω in zero field and 2×10−12 Ω in 3 T independent of the absolute resistance of the sample, thus the resulting resolution ΔR/R is, for example, 6×10−8 in zero field and 2×10−6 in the maximum field for a 1 μΩ sample. To demonstrate the high sensitivity of the setups, we measured the magnetoresistance of a magnetic multilayer with the current applied perpendicular to the multilayer plane. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147120
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