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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lymphocytes Bearing the γ/δ T-Cell Receptors in Down's Syndrome (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 35 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Subjects with Down's syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, have an increased susceptibility to infections, malignant diseases and autoimmune phenomena. Various arms of the immune system are severely impaired in trisomie patients. We found that the proportion of blood lymphocytes bearing the γ/δ T-cell receptor (TCR) was significantly higher in adults with trisomy 21 than in age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Interestingly, the increase was mainly due to an over-expansion of cells which bear non-covalently bound γ/δ chains on their surface. This contrasts with the normal blood picture, where the great majority of γ/δ T cells express the disulphide-linked form of the TCR. The fact that trisomie γ/δ T cells are both numerically and phenotypically unbalanced provides further evidence that immunological abnormalities are integral features of DS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb02859.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dose dependence of immunological response to sublingual immunotherapy (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 60 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background:  Sublingual-swallow immunotherapy (SLIT) is an accepted treatment for allergic rhinitis but its optimal dosage is scantly investigated. We studied the dose dependence of clinical efficacy and immunological response to SLIT by administering two different dosages of the same allergen in rhinitic children monosensitized to grass pollen.Methods:  Seventy-one patients with comparable age and symptoms were randomized to receive SLIT by the same grass pollen extract from Stallergénes (Antony, France), 40 of them with the 100 IR and 31 with the 300 IR extract. All patients recorded diary cards for symptoms, medications and side-effects of the treatment, and had measurements of specific IgE and IgG4 in serum by the CAP System FEIA (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) and in nasal secretion by an in situ incubation method with the same reagents of CAP System FEIA.Results:  Symptom/medication scores during the pollen season were significantly higher in patients treated with the lower dosage compared with those treated with the 300 IR dosage. Side-effects occurred with a comparable rate (25.8%vs 27.5%) in the two groups. Serum-specific IgE and IgG4 had no significant changes after 3 months of SLIT in both groups, while a significant seasonal increase of nasal IgE (P = 0.015) and IgG4 (P = 0.019) was found only in patients treated with the lower dosage.Conclusions:  A rise of specific IgG4 and a blunting of seasonal increase of specific IgE in serum was repeatedly reported during subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) with pollen extracts. Our findings show such blunting of specific nasal IgE along with a low symptom/medication score in patients treated with SLIT with the higher dosage, but not a concomitant rise of specific nasal IgG4. This suggests a local immunological effect of SLIT, different from systemic mechanisms of SCIT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00786.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eosinophil cationic protein and specific IgE in serum and nasal mucosa of patients with grass-pollen-allergic rhinitis and asthma (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 56 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: After allergen exposure, IgE-bearing mast cells surface in respiratory mucosa. Eosinophils are also recruited locally by chemotactic mediators; they are the main cell directly involved in the late phase of allergic inflammation. IgE antibody and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) are routinely determined mainly in serum although they exert their pathogenetic role more directly on mucosal surfaces. Methods: We performed a comparative study of IgE antibody to grass and ECP on nasal mucosa and blood samples in order to evaluate the relevance of monitoring allergic inflammation in the target organ. Thirty-one patients and 10 nonatopic controls were enrolled in the protocol. Twenty-six subjects allergic to grass, 11 with rhinitis (group 1) and 15 with asthma and rhinitis (group 2), completed the study. Five patients dropped out. Specific IgE to grass and ECP was determined in nasal mucosa by our method based on in situ incubation. Results: Serum IgE to grass did not increase during the pollen peak, as did nasal IgE, in group 1 from before the pollen peak, from 2.3 to 3.2 kU/l (P=0.02), and in group 2 at the pollen peak, from 4.8 to 12.2 kU/l (P=0.01). Serum ECP did not show any significant variation in group 1, but it increased at pollen peak from 6 to 11.2 µg/l (P=0.01) in group 2. Nasal ECP increased significantly in both groups even before the pollen peak. In group 1, ECP values rose from 15 to 39.9 µg/l (P=0.01). In group 2, ECP increase was much higher than in group 1, from 9 to 213 µg/l (P=0.001). Serum eosinophils, like nasal ECP, showed a significant increase of values from before the pollen peak in both groups, without correlation with serum ECP in rhinitic patients. Conclusions: Both specific IgE and ECP in the nasal mucosa showed a better correlation with allergen exposure than serum evaluations. With an appropriate method, allergic inflammation may be best monitored in the nasal mucosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.056003231.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in nasal specific IgE to mites after periods of allergen exposure-avoidance: a comparison with serum levels (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 24 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Variations of serum and nasal specific IgE to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) during alternate periods of antigen avoidance exposure have been evaluated with an open design in a group of allergic children with asthma and rhinitis at the residential house Istituto Pio XII (Misurina, BL, Italy), at 1756 m. in the Italian Dolomites. A method based on direct incubation of allergen coupled substrate on the nasal mucosa has been employed to evaluate the levels of nasal IgE. Serum specific IgE decreased respectively from (median) 117-89.3 kU/l (P 〈 0.001) during an initial period of 3 months of allergen avoidance and from 88.2 to 78.4 kU/l (P 〈 0.0002) during a subsequent period of allergen avoidance. No significant increase in serum specific IgE was, in contrast, observed during two periods, 22 and 9 days, of antigen exposure, changing respectively from 89.3 to 88.2 and from 78.4 to 89 1 kU/l. In contrast, nasal IgE has been significantly influenced by the alternate periods of antigen exposure-avoidance, showing a decrease from 19.75 to 4.01 kU/l (P 〈 0.0001) after the initial period of avoidance, followed by an increase to 9.95 kU/l (P 〈 0.0001) after 22 days of exposure. A significant decrease to a value of 2.37 kU/l (P 〈 0.0001) was also observed during the subsequent period of avoidance, followed again by an increase to 7.87 kU/l (P 〈 0.002) after 9 days of exposure. The evaluation of the kinetics of changes in nasal specific IgE revealed a significant decrease (P 〈 0.01) as soon as antigen avoidance was implemented for 3 days. Nasal specific TgE, therefore, appears to be a more sensitive index of antigen exposure avoidance than serum IgE levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb00250.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new method for IgE detection in nasal mucosa (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 19 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A new method for determining IgE antibodies on mucosal surfaces has been developed with the purpose of overcoming the main problems of nasal secretion sampling and standardization. The method is based on the principle of performing the incubation of the solid-phase coupled allergen with IgE antibody directly on the mucosal surface by means of a proper applicator. About two times higher values of specific IgE have been obtained with 5 min incubation on septal mucosa, behind the internal ostium, than with 3 hr in-vitro incubation with native secretion. In a study of 53 children with allergic rhinitis and asthma and 10 healthy non-atopic controls the sensitivity and specificity of this new method were evident. Because of its reliability and easy execution the new method could be widely used in diagnosis of allergic disease. Further, it seems to offer a good opportunity to study the IgE-mediated reaction in the target organ more extensively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1989.tb02358.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The safety of sublingual-swallow immunotherapy: an analysis of published studies (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background As the main target of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is to reduce at most the occurrence of adverse events (AE), safety represents a critical issue. This aspect deserves particular mention when a higher dose of allergen extract than traditional subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is required to be effective: that may be up to 500 times that employed for SCIT.Objective All published controlled studies concerning SLIT-swallow were analysed to evaluate AE rates.Methods Studies were subdivided in two groups: (i) studies using low allergen dose (LAD), i.e. ranging from 1 to 50 times the dose commonly administered with SCIT, and (ii) studies with high allergen dose (HAD), i.e. ranging from 50 to 500 times the dose administered with SCIT.Results Twenty-five studies were altogether analysed: 13 studies belonged to the low-dose group, 12 belonged to the high-dose group. We considered all patients with at least one AE. Local reactions were significantly more frequent in the LAD group than in the HAD group (P〈0.0001), while there was no difference in the rate of systemic reactions. Severe systemic reactions were never reported.Conclusion This study represents the first analysis of the safety of SLIT concerning the allergen dose employed in the treatment. There is evidence that AE occurrence is substantially not dose-dependent. This fact highlights two main clinical aspects: the elevated tolerability of SLIT in general and the safety of HAD regimen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02240.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-lasting effect of sublingual immunotherapy in children with asthma due to house dust mite: a 10-year prospective study (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 33 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Subcutaneous immunotherapy for respiratory allergy has shown a long-lasting efficacy after its discontinuation, whereas this evidence is still lacking for sublingual immunotherapy, despite the fact that it is widely used.Objective We aimed to evaluate whether a long-lasting effect of SLIT occurs, in a prospective parallel group controlled study.Methods Sixty children (mean age 8.5 years) suffering from allergic asthma/rhinitis due to mites were subdivided into two matched groups: 35 underwent a 4- to 5-year course of SLIT with standardized extract and 25 received only drug therapy. The patients were evaluated at three time points (baseline, end of SLIT and 4 to 5 years after SLIT discontinuation) regarding presence of asthma, use of anti-asthma drugs, skin prick tests and specific IgE.Results We found that in the SLIT group there was a significant difference vs. baseline for the presence of asthma (P ≤ 0.001) and the use of asthma medications (P ≤ 0.01), whereas no difference was observed in the control group. The mean peak expiratory flow result was significantly higher in the active group than in the control group after 10 years. No change was seen as far as new sensitizations were concerned. Specific IgE showed a near-significant increase (baseline vs. 10 years, P = 0.06) only in the control group.Conclusion Our study demonstrates that sublingual immunotherapy is effective in children and that it maintains the clinical efficacy for 4 to 5 years after discontinuation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01587.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specific IgE to food and inhalant allergens in intestinal washings of children affected by atopic eczema (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 15 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Serum and rectal total and specific IgE were measured in eleven children with atopic dermatitis and eight with atopic dermatitis and associated wheezing. Specific IgE to food and inhalant allergens in rectal washings were found in fourteen patients. Of the seventy-six allergens which gave positive results, twenty were positive in both serum and intestine, thirty in serum alone and twenty-six in intestines alone. Specific intestinal IgE were confirmed by food challenge in three out of four patients whose skin-prick test and serum RAST were both negative. Local production of these antibodies was demonstrated by the ‘double ratio’ of Dcuschl and Johansson [1], and the ‘specific activity ratio’ of Platts-Mills [2]. Positive ratios (〉 1) were obtained with both formulas for twelve of fourteen allergens tested. These data suggest that gut-associated lymphoid tissue may play a role in the pathogenesis of atopic disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1985.tb03002.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allergic rhinitis in children: effects of flunisolide and disodium cromoglycate on nasal eosinophil cationic protein (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 27 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is one of the major, cytotoxic molecules produced by eosinophils, which can be used as a marker of allergic inflammation.Objective In this placebo-controlled study we measured nasal and serum ECP levels to verify their possible role in monitoring the efficacy of anti-inflammatory therapy in allergic chronic rhinitis in 38 children aged from 4 to 14 yr, allergic to house dust mites.Method Nasal ECP, by the method of direct incubation on nasal mucosa, and serum ECP were determined before and after 3 weeks of treatment with flunisolide nasal spray 50 μg twice/daily (13 cases, Group 1), disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) 10.4mg three times/day (15 cases, Group 2) and placebo (10 cases, Group 3). The effectiveness of therapy was evaluated clinically and correlated to serum and nasal ECP values.Results Before treatment no significant difference emerged in the clinical scores of the three groups of patients. Before and after treatment serum ECP levels were not statistically different from normal controls. Before treatment nasal ECP was significantly higher in all patients compared with controls (P 〈 0.001). Nasal ECP decreased significantly in flunisolide-treated patients (P 〈 0.01) (before therapy: median 111 μg/L, range from 33.6 to 200 μg/L; after therapy: median 36.8 μg/L, range from 2.6 to 196 μg/D, but not in DSCG-treated patients, (before therapy: median 66.2 μg/L, range from 32.3 to 200 μg/L; after therapy: median 60.4 μg/L, range from 7.9 to l44 μg/L). No significant variation was present in the placebo group. Clinical improvement was statistically significant after flunisolide therapy (P 〈 0.05), less evident after DSCG (P = 0.06).Conclusion Serum ECP in chronic allergic rhinitis has been shown to be not useful in monitoring allergic inflammation, but nasal ECP, determined by mucosal incubation, may be used to evaluate the activity of eosinophils and monitor the anti-inflammatory efficacy of therapy in chronic rhinitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00705.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amino acid sequence of α-chain of hemoglobin IV from trout (Salmo irideus)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Protein Structure and Molecular 995 (1989), S. 255-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0167-4838
    Keywords: (Trout) ; Amino acid sequence ; Hemoglobin IV
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-4838(89)90043-5
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