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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protective effects of deflazacort on allergen-specific conjunctival challenge (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 45 (1993), S. S35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: CD54 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [ICAM-1]) ; Conjunctival provocation test ; Deflazacort ; early phase reaction ; inflammatory response ; late phase reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The protective effects of deflazacort, (a new heterocyclic glucocorticoid and derivative of prednisolone, with calcium and glucose-sparing effects) on the inflammatory reaction following an allergen-specific conjunctival provocation test (CPT) were assessed in a doubleblind study, in 24 patients suffering from rhinoconjunctivitis due toParietaria judaica. After an initial screening CPT, patients were randomized to four treatment groups, to receive deflazacort, 6, 30 or 60 mg, once daily or placebo, for 3 days, during the low-pollen season. Clinical evaluations (itching, hyperaemia, lacrimation and eyelid swelling), cytological assessment (number of inflammatory cells, i. e. neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes, sampled by conjunctival scraping) and immunocytochemical evaluation of CD54 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [ICAM-1]) expression on epithelial cells were performed after CPT, at baseline, after 30 minutes (early-phase reaction [EPR]) and after 6 and 24 hours (late-phase reaction [LPR]), before and after treatment. Neither the nature or severity of clinical events nor the total number of inflammatory cells during the EPR changed during treatment with deflazacort. The severity of the clinical events during the LPR were significantly reduced by deflazacort, 30 and 60 mg/dayP 〈 0.01) compared to the placebo-treated group. The total number of inflammatory cells during the LPR was also significantly reduced by deflazacort, 30 and 60 mg/ day (P 〈 0.01) compared to the placebo-treated group. CD54 expression was significantly reduced by deflazacort, 30 and 60 mg/day both during the EPR (P 〈 0.01) and LPR (P 〈 0.01) compared to the placebo-treated group. Deflazacort, 6 mg/day did not significantly alter clinical, cellular or immunocytochemical variables compared to the placebo-treated group. This study shows that deflazacort has a highly protective effect on clinical and cellular LPR events induced by specific CPT. In addition, deflazacort markedly reduces CD54 expression on conjunctival epithelium during both the EPR and LPR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01844202
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    T cell activation through different membrane structures (T3/Ti, T11, T44) and frequency analysis of proliferating and interleukin-2 producer T lymphocyte precursors in aged individuals
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 42 (1988), S. 27-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0047-6374
    Keywords: Aging ; Monoclonal antibodies ; T cell activation ; T lymphocyte precursors ; T lymphocytes
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0047-6374(88)90060-7
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Terfenadine exerts antiallergic activity reducing ICAM-1 expression on nasal epithelial cells in patients with pollen allergy (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 25 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: Rhinoconjunetivitis caused by pollen allergy is characterized by typical signs and symptoms and mucosal infiltration by inflammatory cells during the pollen season. It has recently been demonstrated that the adhesion molecule system is deeply involved in cell-to-cell interaction during the inflammatory response which follows allergic reactions.Objective: The aim of the present study (placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized) was the evaluation of the antiallergic activity of Terfenadine in the model of the allergic rhinitis due to natural pollen exposure.Methods: Two groups of patients with pollen allergy were enrolled in this study. Ten patients were treated with Terfenadine (120mg/die) for 7 days and 10 with placebo. Evaluation criteria were: (a) clinical: signs and symptoms (recorded daily in a dian card by patients): (b) cytological: inflammatory cell count (neutrophils, eosinophils, metachromatic cells) from nasal lavage at T0 and T7; (c) immunocytochemical: ICAM-1/CD54 expression on nasal epithelial cells at T0 and T7; and (d) mediators dosage (ECP-MPO) on nasal lavage at T0 and T7.Results: As opposed to the placebo group, patients treated with Terfenadine showed a significant improvement of both symptoms (P〈 0.022) and signs P〈 0.001), a significant reduction of inflammatory cells infiltrate (P〈 0.005), of ECP levels (P 〈 0.002) and ICAM-I expression on nasal epithelial cells (P 〈 0.005).Conlusions: In conclusion, these data demonstrate that Terfenadine exerts antiallergic activity since it is able to reduce inflammatory cell infiltrate and downregulates ICAM-1 expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb00030.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Azelastine eye drops reduce and prevent allergic conjunctival reaction and exert anti-allergic activity (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 27 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Azelastine is a selective H1-receptor antagonist, which has previously been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. We have recently demonstrated that nasal azelastine inhibits the clinical and intlammatory events following nasal allergen challenge. Particularly, we focused our attention on ICAM-1 expression on epithelial cells, since it is the natural ligand of LFA-1, an adhesion molecule expressed by leucocytes, including eosinophils.Objective Since azelastine ocular drops are now available, the aim of the present study was the evaluation of the anti-allergic activity in the model of allergen specific conjunctival challenge (ASCC).Methods Twenty outpatients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis due to Parietaria Judaica (Wall Parietary) were included outside the pollen season. The study was designed as randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind and parallel group, developed in two parts. The fonner investigated the onset of effect of a single dose of azelastine eye drops administered 20min after clinical response due to ASCC. The latter evaluated the clinical and inflammatory parameters following ASCC after 7-days treatment with azelastine. Clinical parameters (hyperaemia, itching, lacrimation and eyelid swelling) were evaluated at baseline, 5, 10, 20 and 30 min (i.e. early phase reaction-EPR) and 6h (i.e. late phase reaction-LPR) after ASCC. Cytological assessment (number of neutrophils, eosinophils. monocytes and lymphocytes) and ICAM-1 expression on conjunctival epithelial cells were evaluated at baseline, 30 min (i.e. early phase reaction-EPR) and 6h (i.e. late phase reaction-LPR) after ASCC.Results When administered 30 min after ASCC, azetastine produced a clinical effect ranging between 10 and 20 min after eye drops administration (P 〈 0.01). After 7 days of treatment, 30 min after ASCC, azelastine induced a reduction of symptom scores during EPR and LPR (P〈0.01), a reduction of inflammatory cell infiltration during both EPR (P 0.01) and LPR (P 0.01), and a reduction of ICAM-1 expression during EPR and LPR (both P 0.01). Placebo did not modify any of the studied parameters.Conclusion Azelastine eye drops exert anti-allergic activity, inducing a rapid improvement of clinical events when administered after ASCC, and reducing both sytiiptoms and cellular infiltration when administered before ASCC. Finally, azelastine down-regulates ICAM-1 expression on epithelial conjunctival cells, confirming the results obtained at nasal level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00691.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The safety of sublingual-swallow immunotherapy: an analysis of published studies (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background As the main target of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is to reduce at most the occurrence of adverse events (AE), safety represents a critical issue. This aspect deserves particular mention when a higher dose of allergen extract than traditional subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is required to be effective: that may be up to 500 times that employed for SCIT.Objective All published controlled studies concerning SLIT-swallow were analysed to evaluate AE rates.Methods Studies were subdivided in two groups: (i) studies using low allergen dose (LAD), i.e. ranging from 1 to 50 times the dose commonly administered with SCIT, and (ii) studies with high allergen dose (HAD), i.e. ranging from 50 to 500 times the dose administered with SCIT.Results Twenty-five studies were altogether analysed: 13 studies belonged to the low-dose group, 12 belonged to the high-dose group. We considered all patients with at least one AE. Local reactions were significantly more frequent in the LAD group than in the HAD group (P〈0.0001), while there was no difference in the rate of systemic reactions. Severe systemic reactions were never reported.Conclusion This study represents the first analysis of the safety of SLIT concerning the allergen dose employed in the treatment. There is evidence that AE occurrence is substantially not dose-dependent. This fact highlights two main clinical aspects: the elevated tolerability of SLIT in general and the safety of HAD regimen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02240.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Levocetirizine improves nasal obstruction and modulates cytokine pattern in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a pilot study (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Allergic rhinitis is characterized by an IgE-dependent inflammation. Nasal obstruction is related to allergic inflammation. Some antihistamines have been demonstrated to be capable of improving this nasal symptom.Objective The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate nasal symptoms, nasal airflow, inflammatory cells, and cytokine pattern in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR), before and after treatment with levocetirizine, desloratadine, or placebo.Methods Thirty patients with SAR were evaluated, 27 males and three females (mean age 26.9±5.4 years). All of them received levocetirizine (5 mg/day), desloratadine (5 mg/day), or placebo for 2 weeks. The study was double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, and randomized. Total symptom score (TSS) (including: rhinorrhea, nasal itching, sneezing, and nasal obstruction) was assessed before and after treatment. Rhinomanometry, nasal lavage, and nasal scraping were performed in all subjects before and after treatment. Inflammatory cells were counted by conventional staining; IL-4 and IL-8 were measured by immunoassay on fluids recovered from nasal lavage.Results Levocetirizine treatment induced significant symptom relief (P=0.0009) and improved nasal airflow (P=0.038). Desloratadine also relieved TSS (P=0.01), but did not affect nasal airflow. Levocetirizine significantly reduced eosinophils (P=0.029), neutrophils (P=0.005), IL-4 (P=0.041), and IL-8 (P=0.02), whereas desloratadine diminished IL-4 only (P=0.044). Placebo treatment did not significantly affect any evaluated parameters.Conclusions This pilot study demonstrates the effectiveness of levocetirizine in: (i) relieving nasal symptoms, (ii) improving nasal airflow, (iii) reducing leucocyte infiltration, and (iv) diminishing cytokine levels. These findings are the first evidence of the effectiveness of levocetirizine in SAR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01960.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytokine pattern in allergic and non-allergic chronic rhinosinusitis in asthmatic children (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 32 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Rhinosinusitis represents one of the most common chronic diseases. The association of rhinosinusitis with asthma has been frequently reported. Eosinophils and Th2 cells play a pathogenic mechanism in asthma.Objective The aims of the study were to evaluate the cytokine pattern in chronic rhinosinusitis in asthmatic children and to compare the findings in allergic vs. non-allergic asthmatics.Methods Thirty-five asthmatic children were evaluated, 19 males and 16 females, with an average age of 8.7 years. All children were asthmatic and suffered from chronic rhinosinusitis. Twenty were allergic and 15 were non-allergic. Ten healthy children were studied as normal controls. Evaluated parameters were the levels of the following cytokines: IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF-α. Cytokines were recovered from rhinosinusal lavage and measured by immunoassays. Nasal cytology was also performed in all subjects and inflammatory cells were counted by conventional staining.Results Allergic subjects showed a significant increase of IL-4 (P 〈 0.01) and TNF-α (P 〈 0.05) and a significant decrease of IL-12 (P 〈 0.05) and of IFN-γ (P 〈 0.0001), whereas IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 were not significantly increased. Non-allergic children showed a significant increase of IL-4 (P 〈 0.05) and a significant decrease of IFN-γ (P 〈 0.0001), IL-12 was not significantly decreased, and IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 were not significantly increased. A significant inflammatory infiltrate was present in all asthmatic children. Significant correlations were demonstrated between IL-4 and IL-12 (P 〈 0.001), IL-12 and IFN-γ (P 〈 0.001), IL-8 and neutrophils (P 〈 0.01), and TNF-α and monocytes/macrophages (P 〈 0.05), in allergic asthmatics. IL-4 and IL-12 were significantly correlated (P 〈 0.05) as well as IL-8 and neutrophils (P 〈 0.01) in non-allergic asthmatics.Conclusion This study shows that allergic asthmatic children with chronic rhinosinusitis have a typical Th2 cytokine pattern, but also non-allergic asthmatic children share a similar pattern. These findings would suggest the existence of a common pathophysiological mechanism shared by upper and lower airways and are consistent with the concept of united airways disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01315.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of H1 antihistamines on adhesion molecules: a possible rationale for long-term treatment (1999)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 29 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the allergic reaction has increased rapidly and has revealed a complex network of cells, mediators and cytokines. The intercellular adhesion system (and the ICAM-1 molecule in particular) appeared to play a pivotal role in the accumulation of inflammatory cells at the site of allergic reaction. The new antihistamines have been demonstrated to be capable of affecting several phenomena of the allergic inflammation, including mediator release, cellular activation and adhesion molecule expression. Taking into consideration the central role of adhesion molecules, the modulation of their expression may represent an important therapeutic target. The nasal and the conjunctival challenges represent two useful models for the in vivo study of the antiallergic activity of drugs, as they allow investigation of a wide variety of parameters: inflammatory infiltrate, ICAM-1 expression, concentration of soluble mediators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00011.x-i1
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ hybridization analysis of ICAM-1 (CD54) mRNA on conjunctival epithelium during allergic inflammation (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 27 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background The intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1 has been detected by immunohistochemical methods on epithelial cells of the conjunctiva and nose during allergic inflammation.Objective The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether ICAM-1 expression on conjunctival epithelium derives from endogenous synthesis or is merely due to passive uptake of soluble ICAM-1 released from inflammatory cells.Methods In situ hybridization was performed using a 3’end dygoxygenin-labelled specific DNA oligonucleotide probe on fixed conjunctival smears from allergic subjects challenged with, or naturally exposed to the allergen, and from healthy subjects. Immunocytochemistry for ICAM-1 was performed by alkaline phosphatase antialkaline phosphatase.Results Results In allergic patients, both naturally exposed to the allergen and after specific challenge, a clear hybridization pattern on epithelial cells was apparent. Out of allergen exposure, some symptomfree pollinosic subjects, as well as a few healthy volunteers showed mild ICAM-1 mRNA cytoplasmic staining in the absence of immunohistochemically detectable ICAM-1. This finding may explain the very early appearance of ICAM-1 on conjunctival epithelium following specific challenge in allergic individuals.Conclusions These results indicate that the presence of ICAM-1 on conjunctival epithelium during allergic inflammation derives from endogenous synthesis and not from uptake of soluble ICAM-l.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.1997.1220799.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cetirizine treatment of rhinitis in children with pollen allergy: evidence of its antiallergic activity (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 27 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Cetirizine is an antihistamine, largely used in the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, which also exerts anti-allergic activity.Objectives To evaluate cetirizine as treatment for children with rhinitis due to pollen allergy, and to evaluate its anti-allergic activity in such a clinical condition.Methods The study was designed as parallel groups, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized. Twenty allergic children were enroled and subdivided in two groups, receiving a 4 week treatment during the pollen season. The following parameters were monitored: clinical symptoms evaluated by the allergist before and after treatment and by the patients through a daily diary card, inflammatory cells count, expression of ICAM-1 on nasal epithelial cells, inflammatory mediator levels in nasal Iavage and peripheral blood before and after treatment, and pollen counts.Results This study shows that cetirizine treatment is able to reduce: clinical symptoms (P 〈 0.01), inflammatory cell infiltrate (P 〈 0.03), ICAM-1 expression on epithelial cells (P 〈 0.05), and soluble ICAM-1 (P 〈 0.05) and ECP (P 〈 0.05) in nasal lavage.Conclusion Cetirizine is able to clinically improve nasal symptoms due to pollen allergy and to reduce allergic inflammation, which is related to allergen exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb01153.x
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