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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discussion (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 45 (1993), S. S43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01844203
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protective effects of deflazacort on allergen-specific conjunctival challenge (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 45 (1993), S. S35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: CD54 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [ICAM-1]) ; Conjunctival provocation test ; Deflazacort ; early phase reaction ; inflammatory response ; late phase reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The protective effects of deflazacort, (a new heterocyclic glucocorticoid and derivative of prednisolone, with calcium and glucose-sparing effects) on the inflammatory reaction following an allergen-specific conjunctival provocation test (CPT) were assessed in a doubleblind study, in 24 patients suffering from rhinoconjunctivitis due toParietaria judaica. After an initial screening CPT, patients were randomized to four treatment groups, to receive deflazacort, 6, 30 or 60 mg, once daily or placebo, for 3 days, during the low-pollen season. Clinical evaluations (itching, hyperaemia, lacrimation and eyelid swelling), cytological assessment (number of inflammatory cells, i. e. neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes, sampled by conjunctival scraping) and immunocytochemical evaluation of CD54 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [ICAM-1]) expression on epithelial cells were performed after CPT, at baseline, after 30 minutes (early-phase reaction [EPR]) and after 6 and 24 hours (late-phase reaction [LPR]), before and after treatment. Neither the nature or severity of clinical events nor the total number of inflammatory cells during the EPR changed during treatment with deflazacort. The severity of the clinical events during the LPR were significantly reduced by deflazacort, 30 and 60 mg/dayP 〈 0.01) compared to the placebo-treated group. The total number of inflammatory cells during the LPR was also significantly reduced by deflazacort, 30 and 60 mg/ day (P 〈 0.01) compared to the placebo-treated group. CD54 expression was significantly reduced by deflazacort, 30 and 60 mg/day both during the EPR (P 〈 0.01) and LPR (P 〈 0.01) compared to the placebo-treated group. Deflazacort, 6 mg/day did not significantly alter clinical, cellular or immunocytochemical variables compared to the placebo-treated group. This study shows that deflazacort has a highly protective effect on clinical and cellular LPR events induced by specific CPT. In addition, deflazacort markedly reduces CD54 expression on conjunctival epithelium during both the EPR and LPR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01844202
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Terfenadine exerts antiallergic activity reducing ICAM-1 expression on nasal epithelial cells in patients with pollen allergy (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 25 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: Rhinoconjunetivitis caused by pollen allergy is characterized by typical signs and symptoms and mucosal infiltration by inflammatory cells during the pollen season. It has recently been demonstrated that the adhesion molecule system is deeply involved in cell-to-cell interaction during the inflammatory response which follows allergic reactions.Objective: The aim of the present study (placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized) was the evaluation of the antiallergic activity of Terfenadine in the model of the allergic rhinitis due to natural pollen exposure.Methods: Two groups of patients with pollen allergy were enrolled in this study. Ten patients were treated with Terfenadine (120mg/die) for 7 days and 10 with placebo. Evaluation criteria were: (a) clinical: signs and symptoms (recorded daily in a dian card by patients): (b) cytological: inflammatory cell count (neutrophils, eosinophils, metachromatic cells) from nasal lavage at T0 and T7; (c) immunocytochemical: ICAM-1/CD54 expression on nasal epithelial cells at T0 and T7; and (d) mediators dosage (ECP-MPO) on nasal lavage at T0 and T7.Results: As opposed to the placebo group, patients treated with Terfenadine showed a significant improvement of both symptoms (P〈 0.022) and signs P〈 0.001), a significant reduction of inflammatory cells infiltrate (P〈 0.005), of ECP levels (P 〈 0.002) and ICAM-I expression on nasal epithelial cells (P 〈 0.005).Conlusions: In conclusion, these data demonstrate that Terfenadine exerts antiallergic activity since it is able to reduce inflammatory cell infiltrate and downregulates ICAM-1 expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb00030.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and concomitant asthma (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Allergic rhinitis and asthma often co-exist and appear to produce a continuum of airway disease, but whether the clinical characteristics of asthma in patients with seasonal rhinitis differ from those of persistent asthma has not been examined.Objective The aim of this retrospective study was to characterize the clinical features of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis with concomitant asthma and to compare them with those in patients with persistent asthma.Methods The patient populations for this study were derived from nine prospective, placebo-controlled planned clinical trials of similar design. Six studies (958 patients) enrolled patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and concomitant asthma; three (607 patients) involved patients with persistent asthma. In all studies, patients were excluded from oral corticosteroid therapy in the preceding 3 months, and from inhaled corticosteroids in the preceding month.Results Patients with seasonal rhinitis and asthma had a significantly (P〈0.001) higher total asthma symptom score than those with persistent asthma. In particular, cough was three times more severe. The need for β2-agonist as a rescue medication and the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (FVC) were similar in the two groups whereas forced expiratory fraction 25–75%/FVC was significantly (P〈0.02) reduced in the persistent asthmatics. Asthma and nasal symptom severity scores were correlated in patients with seasonal rhinitis and asthma (P〈0.0001).Conclusions Patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and concomitant asthma appear to differ from those with persistent asthma. A prospective study should be designed to discover whether patients with seasonal rhinitis and asthma may represent a distinct nosological entity, ‘allergic airway disease’.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01969.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term follow-up of nasal immunotherapy to Parietaria: clinical and local immunological effects (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 27 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Local nasal immunotherapy (LNIT) with extracts in powder has been detnonstrated clinically effective and devoid of side-effects in several controlled trials; nevertheless, no data concerning the long-term effects of LNIT are presently available.Methods In a recent double-blind, placebo-controlled study of LNIT to Parietaria pollen we observed, by means of specific nasal provocation test (SNPT) that LNIT is able to modify the local allergic inflammatory response. In the present study we followed up the same patients in open fashion for 2 further years.Results The results confirmed the clinical efficacy of LNIT and showed that it is strictly dependent on pre-seasonal administration: in fact, after LNIT discontinuation a clinical relapse was observed. A certain long-lasting protective effect on SNPT parameters (nasal symptoms and neutrophils infiltration) was also observed, whereas an increase of eosinophils count and ICAM-1 expression on nasal epithelial cells appeared as possible markers of clinical relapse.Conclusion The present study suggests that pre-seasonal LNIT can be taken in consideration in selected subjects as prophylactic treatment for pollen-induced rhinitis. In addition, the results obtained provide informations about the duration of clinical efficacy and add data about the local allergic inflammation and its modulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb01231.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Azelastine eye drops reduce and prevent allergic conjunctival reaction and exert anti-allergic activity (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 27 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Azelastine is a selective H1-receptor antagonist, which has previously been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. We have recently demonstrated that nasal azelastine inhibits the clinical and intlammatory events following nasal allergen challenge. Particularly, we focused our attention on ICAM-1 expression on epithelial cells, since it is the natural ligand of LFA-1, an adhesion molecule expressed by leucocytes, including eosinophils.Objective Since azelastine ocular drops are now available, the aim of the present study was the evaluation of the anti-allergic activity in the model of allergen specific conjunctival challenge (ASCC).Methods Twenty outpatients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis due to Parietaria Judaica (Wall Parietary) were included outside the pollen season. The study was designed as randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind and parallel group, developed in two parts. The fonner investigated the onset of effect of a single dose of azelastine eye drops administered 20min after clinical response due to ASCC. The latter evaluated the clinical and inflammatory parameters following ASCC after 7-days treatment with azelastine. Clinical parameters (hyperaemia, itching, lacrimation and eyelid swelling) were evaluated at baseline, 5, 10, 20 and 30 min (i.e. early phase reaction-EPR) and 6h (i.e. late phase reaction-LPR) after ASCC. Cytological assessment (number of neutrophils, eosinophils. monocytes and lymphocytes) and ICAM-1 expression on conjunctival epithelial cells were evaluated at baseline, 30 min (i.e. early phase reaction-EPR) and 6h (i.e. late phase reaction-LPR) after ASCC.Results When administered 30 min after ASCC, azetastine produced a clinical effect ranging between 10 and 20 min after eye drops administration (P 〈 0.01). After 7 days of treatment, 30 min after ASCC, azelastine induced a reduction of symptom scores during EPR and LPR (P〈0.01), a reduction of inflammatory cell infiltration during both EPR (P 0.01) and LPR (P 0.01), and a reduction of ICAM-1 expression during EPR and LPR (both P 0.01). Placebo did not modify any of the studied parameters.Conclusion Azelastine eye drops exert anti-allergic activity, inducing a rapid improvement of clinical events when administered after ASCC, and reducing both sytiiptoms and cellular infiltration when administered before ASCC. Finally, azelastine down-regulates ICAM-1 expression on epithelial conjunctival cells, confirming the results obtained at nasal level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00691.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-lasting effect of sublingual immunotherapy in children with asthma due to house dust mite: a 10-year prospective study (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 33 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Subcutaneous immunotherapy for respiratory allergy has shown a long-lasting efficacy after its discontinuation, whereas this evidence is still lacking for sublingual immunotherapy, despite the fact that it is widely used.Objective We aimed to evaluate whether a long-lasting effect of SLIT occurs, in a prospective parallel group controlled study.Methods Sixty children (mean age 8.5 years) suffering from allergic asthma/rhinitis due to mites were subdivided into two matched groups: 35 underwent a 4- to 5-year course of SLIT with standardized extract and 25 received only drug therapy. The patients were evaluated at three time points (baseline, end of SLIT and 4 to 5 years after SLIT discontinuation) regarding presence of asthma, use of anti-asthma drugs, skin prick tests and specific IgE.Results We found that in the SLIT group there was a significant difference vs. baseline for the presence of asthma (P ≤ 0.001) and the use of asthma medications (P ≤ 0.01), whereas no difference was observed in the control group. The mean peak expiratory flow result was significantly higher in the active group than in the control group after 10 years. No change was seen as far as new sensitizations were concerned. Specific IgE showed a near-significant increase (baseline vs. 10 years, P = 0.06) only in the control group.Conclusion Our study demonstrates that sublingual immunotherapy is effective in children and that it maintains the clinical efficacy for 4 to 5 years after discontinuation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01587.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytokine pattern in allergic and non-allergic chronic rhinosinusitis in asthmatic children (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 32 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Rhinosinusitis represents one of the most common chronic diseases. The association of rhinosinusitis with asthma has been frequently reported. Eosinophils and Th2 cells play a pathogenic mechanism in asthma.Objective The aims of the study were to evaluate the cytokine pattern in chronic rhinosinusitis in asthmatic children and to compare the findings in allergic vs. non-allergic asthmatics.Methods Thirty-five asthmatic children were evaluated, 19 males and 16 females, with an average age of 8.7 years. All children were asthmatic and suffered from chronic rhinosinusitis. Twenty were allergic and 15 were non-allergic. Ten healthy children were studied as normal controls. Evaluated parameters were the levels of the following cytokines: IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF-α. Cytokines were recovered from rhinosinusal lavage and measured by immunoassays. Nasal cytology was also performed in all subjects and inflammatory cells were counted by conventional staining.Results Allergic subjects showed a significant increase of IL-4 (P 〈 0.01) and TNF-α (P 〈 0.05) and a significant decrease of IL-12 (P 〈 0.05) and of IFN-γ (P 〈 0.0001), whereas IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 were not significantly increased. Non-allergic children showed a significant increase of IL-4 (P 〈 0.05) and a significant decrease of IFN-γ (P 〈 0.0001), IL-12 was not significantly decreased, and IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 were not significantly increased. A significant inflammatory infiltrate was present in all asthmatic children. Significant correlations were demonstrated between IL-4 and IL-12 (P 〈 0.001), IL-12 and IFN-γ (P 〈 0.001), IL-8 and neutrophils (P 〈 0.01), and TNF-α and monocytes/macrophages (P 〈 0.05), in allergic asthmatics. IL-4 and IL-12 were significantly correlated (P 〈 0.05) as well as IL-8 and neutrophils (P 〈 0.01) in non-allergic asthmatics.Conclusion This study shows that allergic asthmatic children with chronic rhinosinusitis have a typical Th2 cytokine pattern, but also non-allergic asthmatic children share a similar pattern. These findings would suggest the existence of a common pathophysiological mechanism shared by upper and lower airways and are consistent with the concept of united airways disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01315.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of H1 antihistamines on adhesion molecules: a possible rationale for long-term treatment (1999)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 29 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the allergic reaction has increased rapidly and has revealed a complex network of cells, mediators and cytokines. The intercellular adhesion system (and the ICAM-1 molecule in particular) appeared to play a pivotal role in the accumulation of inflammatory cells at the site of allergic reaction. The new antihistamines have been demonstrated to be capable of affecting several phenomena of the allergic inflammation, including mediator release, cellular activation and adhesion molecule expression. Taking into consideration the central role of adhesion molecules, the modulation of their expression may represent an important therapeutic target. The nasal and the conjunctival challenges represent two useful models for the in vivo study of the antiallergic activity of drugs, as they allow investigation of a wide variety of parameters: inflammatory infiltrate, ICAM-1 expression, concentration of soluble mediators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00011.x-i1
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ hybridization analysis of ICAM-1 (CD54) mRNA on conjunctival epithelium during allergic inflammation (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 27 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background The intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1 has been detected by immunohistochemical methods on epithelial cells of the conjunctiva and nose during allergic inflammation.Objective The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether ICAM-1 expression on conjunctival epithelium derives from endogenous synthesis or is merely due to passive uptake of soluble ICAM-1 released from inflammatory cells.Methods In situ hybridization was performed using a 3’end dygoxygenin-labelled specific DNA oligonucleotide probe on fixed conjunctival smears from allergic subjects challenged with, or naturally exposed to the allergen, and from healthy subjects. Immunocytochemistry for ICAM-1 was performed by alkaline phosphatase antialkaline phosphatase.Results Results In allergic patients, both naturally exposed to the allergen and after specific challenge, a clear hybridization pattern on epithelial cells was apparent. Out of allergen exposure, some symptomfree pollinosic subjects, as well as a few healthy volunteers showed mild ICAM-1 mRNA cytoplasmic staining in the absence of immunohistochemically detectable ICAM-1. This finding may explain the very early appearance of ICAM-1 on conjunctival epithelium following specific challenge in allergic individuals.Conclusions These results indicate that the presence of ICAM-1 on conjunctival epithelium during allergic inflammation derives from endogenous synthesis and not from uptake of soluble ICAM-l.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.1997.1220799.x
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