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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Factors influencing hydrocarbon degradation in three freshwater lakes (1985)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 11 (1985), S. 127-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The mixed microbial flora of 3 lakes in Ohio with differing histories of hydrocarbon pollution was examined in relation to the ability to use hydrocarbons. Weathered kerosene was spiked with naphthalene, pristane, 1,13-tetradecadiene, andn-hexadecane and added to water-sediment mixtures from the 3 lakes, and utilization of the 4 marker hydrocarbons was measured. Each of the marker hydrocarbons was metabolized; naphthalene was the most readily used and pristane was the most resistant. Values for dissolved oxygen suggest that oxygen did not limit hydrocarbon degradation in the water column at any site examined. Nutrient addition studies indicated that nitrogen and phosphorus limited hydrocarbon degradation at all sites examined. Maximum numbers of heterotrophic bacteria were detected when the water temperature was 10°C or higher. The data indicate that temperature limits hydrocarbon degradation in the winter, except at a site which had been impacted by an oil spill and which received chronic inputs of hydrocarbons and nutrients. In samples from that site, all 4 marker hydrocarbons were degraded at 0°C. Results of temperature and nutrient-addition experiments suggest that different seasonal populations of hydrocarbon users are selected at that site, but not at other lake sites.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010485
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Subcellular location of enzymes involved in oxidation of n-alkane by Cladosporium resinae (1999)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 51 (1999), S. 860-864 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract More than 70% of n-hexadecane-grown cells of Cladosporium resinae ATCC 22711 were converted to spheroplasts when they were treated with chitinase and lytic enzyme from Trichoderma harziamum. The light mitochondrial fraction, containing microbodies, mitochondria and vacuoles, was isolated from spheroplasts. Vacuoles in cells were demonstrated by the inability of acridine orange to stain organelles previously treated with 2.5 μM Bafilomycin A1, a vacuolar ATPase inhibitor. Microbodies, mitochondria and vacuoles were separated from the light mitochondrial fraction by self-generated density-gradient ultracentrifugation using iodixanol as gradient medium. NADH-dependent n-alkane monooxygenase activity and fatty alcohol oxidase activity were located in the cytoplasm and mitochondrial fractions respectively.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051474
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of Tri-, Di- and monobutyltin on heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria from surficial estuarine sediments (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 27 (1994), S. 501-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Four heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria—two Bacillus spp., an unidentified gram-positive rod and a gram-negative rod tentatively identified as a Pseudomonas sp.—were isolated from surficial sediments from Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. None of the organisms produced a detectable level of NO 3 − . Nanomolar levels of tributyltin (TBT) and its degradation products dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) were examined for their effects on growth, NH 4 + - uptake and N-oxidation by the organisms. TBT inhibited growth of all four isolates. DBT inhibited growth of Bacillus sp. SC-2 and the unidentified gram-positive rod. Growth of the Pseudomonas sp. was inhibited by exposure to 100 nM MBT. NH 4 + uptake was inhibited, even by butyltin species that did not inhibit growth. Free NH2OH production and NO 2 − production were inhibited by TBT but varied from being inhibited to being stimulated with different DBT or MBT exposure regimes. Nitrite production was affected differently from free NH2OH production for Bacillus sp. SC-2 and the unidentified rod. DBT appears to be particularly toxic to NH2OH oxidation by these four organisms. At the concentration used, TBT was more toxic than DBT or MBT. The results suggest that butyltins have the potential to affect nitrification by heterotrophic bacteria in the aquatic environment at nanomolar levels and that degradation of TBT to DBT and MBT does not necessary detoxify it.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214841
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Characterization of Organotin-Resistant Bacteria from Boston Harbor Sediments (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 35 (1998), S. 412-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. Organotins are widely used in agriculture and industry. They are toxic to a variety of organisms including bacteria, although little is known of their physiology and ecology. Bacteria resistant to six organotins—tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), monobutyltin (MBT), triphenyltin (TPT), diphenyltin (DPT), and monophenyltin (MPT)—were isolated from Boston Harbor sediments, Massachusetts, USA. Bacteria resistant to each of the organotins, except DPT, were isolated directly from estuarine sediments. Viability of the organotin-resistant bacteria on serial transfer in the laboratory ranged from 80 to 91%. Each isolate was screened for resistance to the other organotins. All of 250 isolates were resistant to at least two organotins. No DPT-resistant isolates were found on initial isolation on DPT, although there was DPT resistance among the other organotin-resistant bacteria. Eighty percent of TBT-resistant bacteria were TPT-resistant, suggesting that antifouling paints containing TPT will not be a suitable substitute for TBT in paints designed to inhibit microbial biofilms. Debutylation reduced toxicity in some cases while dephenylation did not. Thus, even though trisubstituted organotins are generally believed to be more toxic than di- or monosubstituted organotins, this may not always be the case, and more than one mechanism of resistance may be involved. All the bacteria were resistant to at least six of eight heavy metals tested, suggesting that resistance to heavy metals may be associated with resistance to organotins.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900396
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Action of Inorganic Tin and Organotins on a Hydrocarbon-Using Yeast, Candida maltosa (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 36 (1999), S. 7-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. Two inorganic tin compounds, as well as mono- and tri-substituted methyl-, butyl-, and phenyltins were examined for their interactions with a hydrocarbon-using strain of Candida maltosa. Neither of the inorganic tins (SnII and SnIV) inhibited growth at concentrations up to 0.8 mM while binding to the yeast cells occurred to levels of 0.3 and 0.23 mM Sn/g cells, respectively. Neither inorganic tin caused leakage of potassium from the yeast cells. Among the organotins, tributyl- and triphenyltins caused total viability loss and near maximum potassium loss at initial concentrations of 0.08 mM. For these compounds binding to the cells increased with increasing initial concentrations to maximum values of 0.51 and 0.65 mM Sn/g cells respectively. The other organotin compounds were not inhibitory and did not cause potassium leakage from the cells. Tin from them became cell associated only in the cases of monobutyl- and monophenyl tin, which were bound at markedly lower levels (〈0.1 mM Sn/g cells). These results are consistent with the conclusion that the inhibitory compounds can act on the yeast cell membrane but, although binding to the cells is a prerequisite for growth inhibition and cell leakage, no simple correlation was established between binding levels and toxicity effects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900436
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Organotin compounds and aquatic bacteria: A review (1995)
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 49 (1995), S. 663-677 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Organotins are toxic to microorganisms. Trisubstituted organotins (R3SnX) are considered more toxic than disubstituted (R2SnX2) or monosubstituted (RSnX3) compounds, and tetrasubstituted compounds (R4Sn) are not considered toxic. In the R3Sn series propyl-, butyl-, pentyl-, phenyl- and cyclohexyltins are the most toxic to microorganisms. Toxicity towards aerobes in the R3Sn series is related to total molecular surface area and to the octanol: water partition coefficient,Kow, which is a measure of hydrophobicity. Care must be taken when testing the toxicity of tin compounds in the laboratory, for a number of biological, chemical and physical factors can influence the apparent toxicity. Although TBT is generally the most toxic of the butyltins, there are instances where monobutyltin (MBT) is as toxic, or more toxic, than TBT to microorganisms. Thus, debutylation in the sequence TBT→DBT→MBT→Sn does not detoxity TBT for all microorganisms. Some microorganisms can methylate inorganic or organic tins under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Methylation can also occur by chemical means and the relative contributions of biotic and abiotic mechanisms are not clear. It is difficult to isolate a pure culture which can methylate tin compounds aerobically, and it is difficult to isolate a pure culture which degrades TBT, suggesting that microbial consortiums may be involved in transformations of organotins in the aquatic environment. Methylation and debutylation alter the adsorbtivity and solubility of tin compounds; thus microorganisms can influence the environmental mobility of tin. TBT-resistant microorganisms can be isolated, and in some of them resistance to TBT can be plasmid-mediated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02368390
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Screening environmental samples for source-specific bacteriophage hosts using a method for the simultaneous pouring of 12 petri plates (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 24 (2000), S. 124-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Keywords: viral tracers; fecal indicator sources; bacteriophages; coliphages; dog feces; sewage; pour plate method
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A simple apparatus was developed to allow 12 petri plates to be poured simultaneously by hand. It was used when screening bacterial isolates from sewage and dog feces for their ability to detect phages from these sources. This was done to assess the ease with which source-specific phage hosts can be isolated from these sources of fecal pollution. Host bacteria that consistently detected phages from sewage were easily isolated from sewage. These bacterial isolates did not detect phages from dog feces. Host bacteria were not isolated from dog feces even after screening hundreds of colonies from fecal samples from six dogs. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 24, 124–126.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900786
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of marine paints on microbial biofilm development on three materials (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 20 (1998), S. 275-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Keywords: microbial biofilms; modified Robbins device (MRD); antifouling paint; tributyltin (TBT); copper
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The development of biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO-1 was studied using modified Robbins devices. Biofilm development was measured using viable counts, acridine orange direct counts (AODC), and a colorimetric method for exopolysaccharide (EPS). Biofilms reached their maximum population 24–72 h after inoculation on coupons with no paint or on coupons coated with marine paint VC-18 without additives. Biofilms on stainless steel contained higher numbers of total cells and of viable cells than biofilms on fiberglass or aluminum. Coating the surfaces with marine paint VC-18 resulted in decreased numbers of cells on stainless steel but had little effect on numbers of cells on fiberglass or aluminum. Addition to the paint of Cu or tributyltin (TBT), the active components in two types of antifouling paints, inhibited the initial development of biofilms. However, by 72–96 h, most biofilms contained the same number of cells as surfaces without additives as shown by both viable counts and AODC. Biofilms that formed on surfaces coated with Cu- or TBT-containing paint did not synthesize more EPS, suggesting that P. aeruginosa PAO-1 does not respond to these compounds by synthesizing more EPS, which could bind the metal and protect the cells. Rather, these biofilms may contain Cu- or TBT-resistant cells. TBT-resistant cells made up 1–10% of the viable counts in biofilms on uncoated stainless steel, but in biofilms on stainless steel coated with marine paint containing TBT, TBT-resistant cells made up as much as 50% of the population. For non-coated stainless steel surfaces, Cu-resistant cells initially made up the majority of the population, but after 48 h they made up less than 1% of the population. On Cu-coated stainless steel, Cu-resistant cells predominated through 48 h, but after 48 h they comprised less than 10% of the population. These results suggest that the growth of TBT-resistant and Cu-resistant cells contributes to biofilms of P. aeruginosa PAO-1 at early stages of development but not at later stages.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900523
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Coliphages and indicator bacteria in birds around Boston Harbor (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1998), S. 28-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Keywords: indicator bacteria; coliphages; Boston Harbor; birds; pigeon; herring gull; Canada geese
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Droppings from feral populations of pigeons, geese and herring gulls from the urban/suburban environment around Boston Harbor, MA, USA contained up to 106 somatic coliphages, 108 enterococci, 109 thermotolerant coliforms and 102 F-specific coliphages per gram of feces. Somatic coliphages, enterococci and thermotolerant coliforms were common in the feces of all three kinds of birds but F-specific coliphages were found in droppings from only three of 32 gulls. Thus these sources of bacterial and viral indicators should be considered when dealing with the ecology of fecal pollution indicators. Moreover, microbial indicators of fecal or sewage pollution originating from bird droppings may be mistaken for indicators that come from humans. This may cause an overestimate of the hazard from human pathogens in water and confound attempts to locate sources of fecal or sewage pollution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900550
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The passage and propagation of fecal indicator phages in birds (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 24 (2000), S. 127-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Keywords: viral tracers; fecal indicator sources; viral transmission; coliphages; phage MS2; birds; pigeons; Canada geese
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The presence of F-specific phages in the diet of birds influenced the presence of these fecal indicators in their feces. F-specific phage concentrations in the feces of Canada geese and pigeons, which are normally low, increased greatly the same day coliphage MS2 was added to their diets. F-specific phage concentrations decreased to the original low levels a week after the phage-spiked feed was removed. Geese kept in pens that were cleaned regularly to reduce fecal-oral contamination had significantly lower somatic coliphage concentrations in their feces than wild geese had in their feces. Somatic coliphage concentrations in feces of feral pigeons were typically low with an occasional fecal sample having high numbers of either one of the two types of phages seen in this population of birds. Sometimes many birds had high numbers of only one type of phage in their feces. This lasted only a day and was probably due to fecal contamination of the feeding pans by the pigeons. The degree to which birds are a source of phage indicators of fecal pollution can change in a short period of time. Thus the presence of contaminated feeding sites should be considered before ruling out animals as a possible source of fecal indicators. F-specific phages may be useful tracers for modeling viral transmission and tracking feeding habits in birds. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 24, 127–131.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900785
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