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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Extinction ; Pimozide ; SCH 23390 ; Metoclopramide ; Reward ; Dopamine ; D1 receptors ; D2 receptors ; Variable interval schedule ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The similarity in the pattern of responding produced by extinction and dopamine (DA) receptor blockers has led to the suggestion that DA neurons may participate in the usual effects of reward on behaviour. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of receptor-subtype specific DA antagonists on food-rewarded operant responding. Rats were trained to lever press for food on a variable interval 30-s schedule. They then received one of the following treatments prior to testing on the next 5 days: saline, nonreinforcement, the DA receptor blocker pimozide (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg), the D1 receptor blocker SCH 23390 (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mg/kg), and the D2 receptor blocker metoclopramide (1.0, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg). Nonreinforcement resulted in both intra- and intersession declines in responding. The drugs produced dose-dependent decreases in overall responding. Additionally, both doses of pimozide and the higher doses of SCH 23390 and metoclopramide altered intrasession patterns of responding when compared to saline, with their greatest effect being in the latter portion of the session. Intersession declines were seen with the highest doses of SCH 23390 and metoclopramide and control studies showed that these declines could not be attributed to a buildup of the drug with repeated dosing. It was concluded that both D1 and D2 receptors participate in the control of behaviour by reward.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 120 (1995), S. 128-133 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Catalepsy ; Rodent model ; Antipsychotic drugs ; Extrapyramidal side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The predictive validity of catalepsy as a rodent model for detecting the extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) of antipsychotic drugs was recently questioned when the novel antipsychotic savoxepine produced little catalepsy in rodents while producing significant EPS in schizophrenic patients. Because catalepsy is viewed as an important model for predicting EPS, we decided to re-evaluate the effects of savoxepine. Savoxepine, clozapine, haloperidol, olanzapine, ORG 5222, raclopride, and risperidone were examined in two tests for catalepsy (grid and bar tests) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The ability to antagonize amphetamine-induced hypermotility was also examined, since this measure is believed to predict clinical efficacy. With the exception of clozapine, all drugs produced dose-dependent catalepsy in both tests. For each drug, the minimum effective dose for producing catalepsy was greater than or equal to the ED50 for antagonizing amphetamine-induced hyperactivity (defined as the dose producing a 50% reduction in hyperactivity). Clozapine resulted in the widest separation of effective doses in the catalepsy and activity models. Raclopride produced the next largest separation while the remaining drugs resulted in only a one-or two-fold dose separation between the two behavioral tests. The results with haloperidol and clozapine are consistent with the clinical effects of these drugs (severe versus mild EPS). The ratios of effective doses in catalepsy and activity for the remaining novel drugs are also consistent with preliminary clinical findings indicating some EPS with each of these compounds. Thus, catalepsy remains a suitable rodent model for detecting compounds with EPS liability in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 9 (1990), S. 475-477 
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: Cold fusion ; Feischmann and Pons ; Jones ; neutrons ; upper limits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Following the announcement of cold nuclear fusion being observed in electrochemical cells by Fleischmann and Pons1 and by Jones,2 we have searched for the characteristic radiations of thed+d andp+d fusion reactions in cells similar to those described in Refs. 1 and 2. No fusion product neutrons or gamma rays have been observed from either palladium or titanium cathodes. From measured D/Pd ratios in the systems with the palladium cathodes, we set upper limits on the fusion rates for our systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 239 (1999), S. 7-18 
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The production and half-lives of the heaviest chemical elements, now known through Z=112, are reviewed. Recent experimental evidence for the stabilization of heavy element isotopes due to proximity to deformed nuclear shells at Z=108 andN=162 is compared with the theoretical predictions. The possible existence of isotopes of elements 107–110 with half-lives of seconds or longer, and production reactions and experimental techniques for increasing the overall yields of such isotopes in order to study both their nuclear and chemical properties are discussed. The present status of studies of the chemical properties of Rf, Ha, and Sg is briefly summarized and prospects for extending chemical studies beyond Sg are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract On-line isothermal gas phase chromatography was used to study halides of261104 (T1/2=65 s) and262,263105 (T1/2=34 s and 27 s) produced an atom-at-a time via the reactions248Cm(18O, 5n) and249Bk(18O, 5n, 4n), respectively. Using HBr and HCl gas as halogenating agents, we were able to produce volatile bromides and chlorides of the above mentioned elements and study their behavior compared to their lighter homologs in Groups 4 or 5 of the periodic table. Element 104 formed more volatile bromide than its homolog Hf. In contrast, element 105 bromides were found to be less volatile than the bromides of the group 5 elements Nb and Ta. Both 104 and Hf chlorides were observed to be more volatile than their respective bromides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 30 (1987), S. 219-228 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: ‘A6’ test ; cultivar reaction ; aphid vectors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von 1980 bis 1982 war im Hauptgebiet der Saatkartoffelproduktion in Südafrika eine Mosaikkrankheit an Kartoffeln verbreitet. Das Virus, das die Krankheit verursacht, wurde an Hand seiner Partikelmorphologie und der serologischen Verhältnisse als ein Stamm des Kartoffelvirus Y (PVY) identifiziert. Er wurde als PVY-81 bezeichnet. Der Wirtskreis des PVY-81 war auf Solanaceen und Chenopodiaceen beschränkt. Die durch diesen Stamm induzierten Symptome an Wirtspflanzen ähnelten denjenigen, die durch PVYO verursacht wurden mit Ausnahme der nicht induzierbaren Lokalläsionen auf den abgetrennten Blättern vonSolanum demissum×Solanum tuberosum ‘A6’. Die nekrotische Reaktion auf den inokulierten Blättern der Sorte Koos Smit wurde mit einbezogen, um den ‘A6’-Test zu ersetzen (Abb. 1). Die Reaktion einiger Kartoffelsorten (Tab. 1) auf die Infektion mit diesem Stamm unterschied sich von derjenigen auf PVYO und PVYN. Drei Sorten, King George, Pentland Dell und 890/20 waren offensichtlich resistent gegenüber der Blattlausübertragung (Tab. 2). Das Virus wurde vonMyzus persicae nicht-persistent übertragen. Die Befunde, die sich aus der Erfassung der Blattlauspopulation ergaben, wiesen darauf hin, dass die nicht auf Kartoffeln kolonisierenden Blattläuse wieAcyrthosiphon pisum, Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae undRhopalosiphum padi vermutlich hauptverantwortlich für die Ausbreitung des PVY-81 waren. Eine sehr geringe Anzahl vonM. persicae undMacrosiphum euphorbiae wurden während der gesamten Wachstumszeit in den Fallen gefangen (Tab. 3). Das Pflanzen von gesundem Saatgut und das rechtzeitige Entfernen von Volunteer-Kartoffeln aus der vorhergegangenen Saison hat zur Kontrolle der Krankheit geführt.
    Abstract: Résumé De 1980 à 1982, une mosaïque de la pomme de terre s'est répandue dans une grande région de production de plants de pommes de terre en Afrique du Sud. Le virus responsable de la maladie fut identifié comme souche du virus Y de la pomme de terre (PVY) sur la base de la morphologie de sa particule et des caractéristiques sérologiques. Il fut identifié comme PVY-81. La gamme hôte de PVY-81 était limitée aux Solanaceae et aux Chenopodiaceae. Les symptômes sur plantes-hôtes induites par cette souche sont similaires à ceux causés par PVYO sauf qu'elle n'entrîne pas de lésions locales sur feuilles détachées deSolanum demissum ×S. tuberosum ‘A6’. La réaction nécrotique sur feuilles inoculées de la variété Koos Smit fut incorporée en complément du test A6 (figure 1). La réaction de certaines variétés (tableau 1) à l'infection par cette souche diffère de celle provoquée par PVYO et PVYN. Trois variétés King George, Pentland Dell et 890/20 furent apparamment résistante à la transmission du virus (tableau 2). Le virus fut transmis de façon non persistante parMyzus persicae. Les résultats obtenus par comptage des populations aphidiennes montrent que les espèces qui ne colonnisent pas les pommes de terre telles queAcyrthosiphon pisum, Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae etRhopalosiphum padi sont parmi les plus responsables de la dissémination de PVY-81. Un faible nombre deM. persicae etMacrosiphum euphorbiae a été capturé pendant la période de croissance (tableau 3). La plantation de plants sains et l'enlèvement au bon moment des repousses de la période précédente ont conduit à maitriser la maladie.
    Notes: Summary From 1980 to 1982 a mosaic disease of potatoes was prevalent in a major seed potato production area in South Africa. The virus causing the disease was serologically identified as a strain of potato virus Y (PVY). Its host range and symptoms were similar to those of PVYo and it was designated PVY-81. PVY-81 failed to induce necrotic lesions on leaves ofSolanum demissum×S. tuberosum ‘A6’, but it did so on the potato cultivars BP-1, Buffelspoort and Koos Smit. PVY-81 was non-persistently transmitted byMyzus persicae. Monitoring of aphid migrations showed that aphid species that do not naturally colonize potatoes could have caused the primary spread of the virus into potato fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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