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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 144 (1985), S. 167-170 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Cystic fibrosis ; Trypsin ; Lipase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Serum immunoreactive trypsin (IRT) and pancreatic lipase have been measured in 59 patients with cystic fibrosis (age 1 month-27 years). Follow-up values were obtained from 49 patients. Their serum enzyme levels were compared to those of 120 healthy children of all age groups. Faecal fat excretion was determined in selected patients (n=23) to elucidate the relationship between serum enzyme levels and pancreatic exocrine function. In cystic fibrosis IRT and lipase showed a very similar agecorrelated pattern: in infancy levels were markedly elevated. During the following years the concentrations of both enzymes decreased rapidly and were found to be far below the normal range after the 10th year of life. Elevated enzyme levels in infancy as well as low levels in all age groups coincided with steatorrhaea. Older patients (11–27 years) without severe pancreatic insufficiency however, had IRT and lipase levels in or above the normal range. In healthy children there was no age dependency of IRT levels, whereas in the first 12 months of life lipase levels were significantly lower than in later childhood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 148 (1989), S. 605-609 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D ; 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D ; Vitamin E-Vitamin D binding protein ; Chronic cholestasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Patients with chronic cholestasis have reduced 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 OHD) and vitamin E levels. We determined serum concentrations of 25 OHD, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] and vitamin E before and after oral administration of 10 μg/kg body weight 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25 OHD3) and 100 IU/kg body weight vitamin E, respectively, in 4 patients with intrahepatic cholestasis and 6 healthy children. Vitamin E increased in all controls but in only one of the four patients. In contrast, oral 25 OHD3 induced a normal rise in circulating 25 OHD and 1,25(OH)2D. The low serum levels of 25 OHD in the patients before the oral bolus may have been due to inadequate parenteral vitamin D administration and/or to the simultaneous phenobarbital treatment. The latter possibility is supported by the increase of serum 25 OHD into the normal range after withdrawal of phenobarbital in one of the four patients. We conclude that vitamin E has to be supplemented parenterally or in water-soluble oral form. Further studies are necessary to clarify whether high-dose long-term oral 25 OHD3 supplementation is sufficient to prevent vitamin D deficiency in patients with chronic cholestasis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 122 (1976), S. 241-248 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Alpha1-fetoprotein ; Cystic fibrosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 38 Kindern und Jugendlichen mit cystischer Fibrose, 19 gesunden Kindern und 62 gesunden Erwachsenen wurden die Serumkonzentrationen des Alpha1-Feto-proteins im Radioimmunoassay bestimmt. 97,5% der Alpha1-Fetoprotein-Werte der Patienten mit cystischer Fibrose und 95% der Meßwerte der gesunden Kinder lagen innerhalb des Normbereiches (1–9 ng/ml), der für gesunde Erwachsene ermittelt worden war. Aufgrund unserer eigenen Untersuchungsergebnisse und bei kritischer Bewertung der bisher publizierten Befunde erscheint die Alpha1-Fetoprotein-Bestimmung im Serum zur Erfassung der homozygoten und heterozygoten Genträger der cystischen Fibrose nicht geeignet.
    Notes: Abstract In 38 children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis, in 19 normal children and 62 healthy adults the serum α1-fetoprotein concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. In cystic fibrosis patients 97.5% and in normal children 95% of the α1-fetoprotein values were within the normal range for healthy adults (1–9 ng/ml). Critical judgement of the reported findings in literature and our own results demonstrate that the investigation of α1-fetoprotein in the serum cannot serve for detecting homozygotes of cystic fibrosis genes or heterozygote carriers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 121 (1976), S. 125-139 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Intrahepatic biliary hypoplasia ; Hyperlipidemia in liver disease ; Lipoprotein-X ; Renal-artery stenosis ; Hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über einen jetzt 10 Jahre alten Jungen mit kongenitaler intrahepatischer Gallengangshypoplasie, dem sogenannten MacMahon-Thannhauser-Syndrom, berichtet. Bei dem Patienten besteht seit dem 2. Lebenstag ein wechselnd stark ausgeprägter Ikterus und seit dem 21. Lebensmonat ein Pruritus. Außerdem finden sich eine Hepatomegalie, ein systolisches Herzgeräusch, Gedeihstörung mit ausgeprägtem Minderwuchs, Hypogenitalismus und etwa seit Vollendung des 9. Lebensjahres ein Bluthochdruck. Im Alter von 1 3/4 bis 2 3/4 Jahren waren vorübergehend Xanthome aufgetreten. Hinweise auf chronische intrahepatische Cholestase sind Serumbilirubinwerte um 5 mg/100 ml, vermehrte Gallensäurekonzentrationen im Serum, erhöhte Aktivitäten von Leucinaminopeptidase, γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase und alkalischer Phosphatase. Pathologische Werte der Glutamatdehydrogenase deuten auf einen fortwährenden Untergang von Leberzellen. Die Aktivitäten der Vitamin K-abhängigen Gerinnungsfaktoren zeigten sich bei nicht zureichender parenteraler Substitution vermindert. Im Serum sind Cholesterin, Phosphatide und Triglyceride vermehrt, Lipoprotein-X ist nachweisbar. Durch Angiographie wurde eine Stenose an beiden Nierenarterien nachgewiesen. Bei insgesamt 5 Leberbiopsien (4 Leberblindpunktionen nach Menghini und 1 chirurgische Probeexcision während Laparotomie zur Revision der Leberpforte) wurden nur einmal wenige hypoplastische Gallengänge in einigen Portalfeldern gefunden. Therapeutische Versuche mit Steroidgaben und mit dem Austauscherharz Cholestyramin waren ohne eindeutige Wirkung. Unter Behandlung mit Luminal hat sich der Juckreiz ausreichend gebessert. Bei parenteraler Gabe fettlöslicher Vitamine ist der Gerinnungsstatus unauffällig. Der Bluthochdruck normalisierte sich unter Adelphan®. Die Ätiologie der kongenitalen intrahepatischen Gallengangsatresie ist unklar. Es kann sich um eine primäre Entwicklungsstörung oder um eine Verödung nach Entzündung der intrahepatischen Gallengänge handeln. Unser Patient hat wahrscheinlich infolge der Hyperlipidämie eine beidseitige arteriosklerotische Nierenarterienstenose entwickelt, die zur nachgewiesenen Erhöhung der Plasma-Renin-Aktivität und zum Hypertonus führte. Die Genese von Hyperlipidämien als Symptom cholestatischer Erkrankungen wird als Folge einer Störung im Lipoproteinstoffwechsel diskutiert. Ein Fallkatalog über Berichte von 118 Patienten mit intrahepatischer Gallengangshypoplasie in der Weltliteratur wird mitgeteilt.
    Notes: Abstract Report of a 10-year-old boy with congenital hypoplasia of the intrahepatic bile ducts, the socalled MacMahon-Thannhauser-Syndrome. The patient had been suffering from a varying degree of jaundice since his 2nd day of life and from pruritus since his 21 st month of life. Furthermore, he had hepatomegaly, a systolic cardiac murmur, hypogenitalism, retarded growth, and finally hypertension. Transitory xanthomas existed between 1 3/4 and 2 3/4 years of age. Signs of persistent intrahepatic cholestasis was manifested by increased levels of bilirubin and bile acids in serum as well as raised activities of leucine aminopeptidase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase. Pathological values of serum glutamic dehydrogenase pointed to a persistent destruction of liver cells. Without treatment, the activities of vitamin K dependent clotting factors were decreased. Cholesterol, phosphatides and triglycerides in serum were increased and lipoprotein-X was detectable. Aortography revealed stenosis of both renal arteries. An exploratory laparotomy and 5 liver biopsies led to the diagnosis of hypoplasia of the intrahepatic bile ducts. Therapeutic trials with steroids and the anion exchange resin “cholestyramine” were ineffective. Phenobarbital relieved the pruritus. Parenteral administration of fat soluble vitamins restored the activity of vitamin K dependent clotting factors to normal. The high blood pressure fell significantly due to treatment with adelphan®. The etiology of hypoplasia of the intrahepatic bile ducts is unknown. It may be a malformation or an obliteration secondary to inflammation. In our patient, narrowing of the renal arteries, increase of plasma-renin activity and hypertension were probably secondary to hyperlipidemia. It has been suggested that hyperlipidemia secondary to cholestasis may be due to a disturbance of lipoprotein metabolism. A review of reports on 118 patients suffering from intrahepatic bile ducts hypoplasia is included.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Coeliac disease ; Antireticulin antibodies ; Precipitating antibodies to wheat flour ; Precipitating antibodies to cow's milk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Antiretikulin-Antikörper im Serum wurden mit der Methode der indirekten Immunfluorescenz an frischen Rattennierenschnitten bei 11/13 Kindern (85%) mit florider Cöliakie, 7/17 Kindern (41%) mit klinisch und biochemisch stummem, bioptisch nachgewiesenem Cöliakie-Rezidiv und 0/16 Kindern mit behandelter Cöliakie nachgewiesen. Präcipitierende Antikörper im Serum gegen Weizenmehl bzw. Kuhmilch wurden mit Hilfe einer Kombination aus Elektrophorese und Immundiffusion bei 3/13 Kindern (23%) bzw. 2/13 Kindern (15%) mit florider Cöliakie und bei 1/16 Kindern (6%) mit behandelter Cöliakie gefunden. Bei den 17 Kindern mit stummem Cöliakie-Rezidiv fiel die Untersuchung auf präcipitierende Antikörper negativ aus. 40 Kontrollkinder wiesen weder Antiretikulin-Antikörper noch präcipitierende Antikörper gegen Weizenmehl oder Kuhmilch auf. Die Bedeutung des Antiretikulin-Antikörper-Nachweises für Screening-Untersuchungen und für die Verlaufskontrolle wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Sera from 41 children suffering with histologically proven coeliac disease and from 40 healthy control children were investigated for the presence of antireticulin antibodies and precipitating antibodies to a watery extract of wheat flour and to cow's milk. Antireticulin antibodies were demonstrated by means of indirect immunofluorescence using sections of fresh rat kidney as substrat. For the detection of precipitating antibodies a combination of electrophoresis and immunodiffusion was used. Serum antireticulin antibodies were found in 11/13 children (85%) with active coeliac disease, in 7/17 children (41%) with clinically and biochemically silent coeliac relapse and in 0/16 children with treated coeliac disease. Serum precipitating antibodies to wheat flour and cow's milk were found respectively in 3/13 children (23%) and 2/13 children (15%) with active coeliac disease and in 1/16 children (6%) with treated coeliac disease. Precipitating antibodies could not be detected in the sera of 17 patients with silent relapse of coeliac disease. In the sera of 40 controls neither antireticulin nor precipitating antibodies were detectable. The presence of antireticulin antibodies in serum did not correspond to the presence of serum precipitins to wheat flour and cow's milk. The significance of serum antireticulin antibodies for sereening investigations and for follow-up studies is discussed.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 124 (1977), S. 139-153 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Vitamin B12 ; Selective vitamin B12 malabsorption ; Proteinuria ; Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome ; Funicular myelosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei einem zum Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung 10 Jahre alten Mädchen mit selektiver Vitamin B12-Malabsorption und Proteinurie wurden eingehende gastroenterologische und nephrologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die Patientin wies auch nach mehrjähriger, regelmäßiger Vitamin B12-Substitution noch Restzeichen einer funiculären Myelose auf, die durch elektrodiagnostische Untersuchungen objektiviert werden konnten. Die wiederholte Prüfung der Vitamin B12-Resorption mit dem Schilling-Test zeigte eine Vitamin B12-Malabsorption. Antikörper gegen Intrinsic-Faktor und Parietalzellen konnten im Serum nicht nachgewiesen werden. Die Mukosa des terminalen Ileums wies licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch keine pathologischen Veränderungen auf. Die exokrine Pankreasfunktion sowie das pH und die Calcium-Konzentrationen im Duodenalsaft waren im Bereich der Norm. Ein generelles Malabsorptions-Syndrom konnte ausgeschlossen werden. Mit verschiedenen Methoden wurde eine hochselective glomeruläre Proteinurie nachgewiesen. Die Inulin-Clearance war leicht, die PAH-Clearance deutlich erniedrigt. Es bestand sonst kein weiterer Anhalt für eine Störung der Tubulusfunktion. Die Nierenbiopsie ergab lichtmikroskopisch Zeichen einer minimal proliferierenden, intercapillären Glomerulonephritis (minimal changes). Elektronenmikroskopisch wurde eine partielle Verschmelzung der Glomerulumdeckzellen gefunden. Eine Familiarität des Syndroms konnte durch Untersuchung der Eltern und einer Schwester der Patientin ausgeschlossen werden.
    Notes: Abstract In a girl 10 years of age with selective vitamin B12 malabsorption associated with proteinuria and residual symptoms of funicular myelosis an extensive study of the intestinal and nephrologic functions was done. Repeated Schilling tests pointed to a malabsorption pattern of vitamin B12. Gastric acid and intrinsic factor secretion as well as gastric morphology were normal. There were no antibodies against intrinsic factor and parietal cells in serum. Ileal mucosa showed on light- and electron-microscopy no pathologic changes. Pancreatic exocrine function as well as pH and calcium concentrations in the lumen of the gut were within the normal range. A general malabsorption syndrome could be excluded. A high selective glomerular proteinuria was found through different methods. Inulin clearance was slightly reduced, PAH clearance, however, markedley so. There was no further evidence for renal tubular dysfunction. Renal biopsy showed a minimal proliferative intercapillary glomerulonephritis (minimal changes). In electron-microscopic studies a fusion of a part of the foot processes of the podocytes was found. No familial history of the syndrome could be demonstrated in our patient.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 143 (1984), S. 35-40 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Chronic intrahepatic cholestasis ; Biliary lipid composition ; Bile acids ; Gallstones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Biliary lipid composition, standard liver function tests, serum lipids and faecal fat excretion were studied in 15 children with chronic intrahepatic cholestasis (severe intrahepatic cholestasis, n=6; paucity of intralobular bile ducts, n=4; benign recurrent cholestasis, n=5) and compared to 15 children without gastrointestinal diseases. Severe and benign intrahepatic cholestasis were associated with normal or moderately elevated serum lipids. Biliary lipid concentrations were extremely reduced, bile acid concentrations were below the critical micellar concentration. This may account for the high incidence of gallstone formation in these patients. Remission periods in patients with benign recurrent cholestasis were not followed by complete normalisation of biliary lipid concentrations, indicating a primary defect in hepatic excretory function. Children with paucity of intralobular bile ducts showed markedly increased serum lipids, but only a two-fold reduction in biliary lipid concentrations. Cholic acid was the predominant bile acid in bile of all cholestatic children even during remission. Neither increased levels of monohydroxy bile acids nor unusual bile acids could be identified in notable amounts.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 143 (1984), S. 41-44 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Chronic intrahepatic cholestasis ; Biliary lipid composition ; Bile acids ; Phenobarbital
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of phenobarbital (5.4–7.5 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days were studied in four children with severe intrahepatic cholestasis (group I) and in four with a syndromatic type of paucity of intralobular bile ducts (group II). Phenobarbital administration resulted in a moderate improvement of pruritus in all patients. There was a significant decrease of bilirubin in serum (group I: from 4.8 to 2.7 mg/dl; group II: from 6.1 to 2.1 mg/dl); total bile acids (group I: from 416 to 337 μmol/l; group II: from 156 to 123 μmol/l) and cholesterol (group I: from 248 to 207 mg/dl; group II: from 351 to 292 mg/dl). Alkaline phosphatase activity increased from 929 to 1126 U/l in group I and from 1751 to 2360 U/l in group II. SGOT and SGPT activities remained unchanged in both groups. In group I total biliary lipid concentration and bile acid output increased from 0.09 to 0.17 g/dl and from 3.9 to 7.2 μmol/kg per 30 min, respectively. Molar percentages of cholesterol, phospholipids and bile acids in bile remained unchanged. In group II total lipid concentrations and bile acid output increased from 1.62 to 2.0 g/dl and from 27.8 to 39.1 μmol/kg per 30 min, respectively. The molar percentage of cholesterol decreased from 5.6 to 3.5 mol%. The present results indicate that short term administration of phenobarbital has only minimal effects on biliary lipid metabolism in children with chronic intrahepatic cholestasis.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: HDV infection ; Chronic hepatitis ; HIV infection ; Haemophilia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection plays a major role in severe liver damage caused by hepatitis. To establish the prevalence of HDV infection in haemophilic patients and patients without haemophilia, 87 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were examined for serological evidence of delta hepatitis. In addition HBV, HDV and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection markers were compared to clinical and histopathological outcome of hepatitis. Out of 46 haemophiliacs 30 (65%) were anti-HD-seropositive; 10 out of 30 anti-HD-positive patients (33%) had pathological liver function tests compared to 2 out of 16 anti-HD-negative haemophiliacs (13%). The rate of HIV infection did not differ between the HDV infected and the non-HDV infected individuals with haemophilia (17/27 anti-HD-positive patients versus 12/16 anti-HD-negative patients). Two haemophilic anti-HD-positive patients underwent liver biopsy, in both cases hepatitis D antigen (HDAg) was detected in the biopsies. Only 2 out of 41 patients without haemophilia were anti-HD-positive. Both had pathological liver function tests; chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis, respectively, were diagnosed and HDAg was found in the liver biopsies. Out of 39 anti-HD-seronegative patients without haemophilia, 26 (67%) were hepatitis B e antigen positive; in the sera of 20 patients )51%) HBV-DNA was demonstrated, but only 6 patients (15%) had pathological liver function tests. In conclusion a high seroprevalence of HDV infection was found in haemophilic patients treated with non-pasteurized commercial clotting factor concentrates. An endemic spreading of HDV infection in patients without haemophilia with chronic HBV infection could not be detected. In haemophilic patients pathological liver function tests were more frequently associated with HDV superinfection than with chronic HBV infection alone. HIV infection was diagnosed at a similar rate in anti-HD-positive and anti-HD-negative patients.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 134 (1980), S. 217-225 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Pancreatic and biliary secretion ; Secretin ; Cholecystokinin ; cAMP ; Chronic intrahepatic cholestasis ; Cystic fibrosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The intracellular transmitter cAMP enters the extracellular space and can be found in the duodenal fluid. The role of this messenger was investigated in response to secretin and CCK in children with secretory insufficiency, i.e. 7 with chronic intrahepatic cholestasis, 7 with cystic fibrosis, and 6 controls. Duodenal juice was collected in 10 min aliquots before and after stimulation with 2 U/kg secretin and subsequently 2 U/kg CCK. cAMP, bicarbonate, Ca++, Na+, K+, bilirubin, protein, amylase, trypsin and lipase were determined. Controls. After the injection of secretin the cAMP concentration increased 2.5-fold, the output 6-fold. Compared to cAMP, the time-concentration curve of bicarbonate and Na+, as well as volume output, were slightly delayed after secretin, whereas Ca++ and bilirubin concentrations decreased. CCK stimulation resulted in an increase of volume, bicarbonate-Na+, Ca++-, bilirubin-, protein- and hydrolase concentration. cAMP concentration increased 1.7-fold and the output was doubled. Chronic Intrahepatic Cholestasis. Following secretin the cAMP concentration hardly differed from the control values; the output of cAMP, bicarbonate and Na+ was enhanced. Compared to the controls CCK was less effective—the concentration and output of cAMP, bilirubin, K+ and Ca++ were diminished. Cystic Fibrosis. After both hormones high concentrations of cAMP, Na+, K+, Ca++ and bilirubin were found. Due to the reduced secretion volume the output of these parameters were significantly decreased. The Results Indicate that essentially more cAMP is found in the duodenal juice after secretin stimulation than after CCK. cAMP in response to secretin seems to be mainly of pancreatic origin, that after CCK of hepatic origin. One of the first steps of stimulus-secretion coupling—the activation of the membrane bound adenylate cyclase system by secretin and CCK —seems to be intact in cystic fibrosis. The defect of this disease is probably beyond this mechanism.
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