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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. The influence of laxative agents upon the net movement of water, sodium, potassium, calcium and glucose between lumen and blood has been investigated in tied loops in situ from the jejunum and colon of rats. 2. Under these experimental conditions about 80% of the initial volume was absorbed by the jejunal loop within one hour. The percentage of sodium absorption in the jejunum was equal to that of water, whereas in the colon it was greater, i.e. in the colonic loop remained a hypotonic solution. Potassium was secreted into the colonic but not into the jejunal lumen. Calcium absorption from both intestinal segments was nearly equal. 3. The colon proved to be about 40 times more sensitive against bisacodyl than the jejunum. Bisacodyl in a concentration of 0.5 mg-% completely inhibited the net movement of water trough the colonic wall into the blood; the net influx of sodium, however, was reduced by only 75%. At the same time, the secretion or the net efflux of potassium increased 3 fold. Higher concentrations of bisacodyl — concentrations exceeding 1 mg-% — not only blocked water absorption but also produced a net efflux of water and sodium into the intestinal lumen. In addition, bisacodyl 10 mg-% caused a loss of calcium into the colonic lumen. Glucose transport in the jejunum was diminished by bisacodyl in concentrations not lower than 20 mg-%. 4. Dihydroxydiphenyl-isatin 20 mg-% exerted the same effect as bisacodyl, whereas Diacetoxydiphenyl-isatin was ineffective in the same concentration. 5. From these results it is concluded that the laxative agents studied act by an inhibition of the driving force of water absorption, that is, the sodium pump, and by stimulation of secretion, whence an increased fluid movement into the intestinal lumen results. It is proposed, therefore, to distinguish these laxatives as antiabsorptiv and hydrelatic from laxatives influencing primarily the osmotic pressure and/or stimulating intestinal motility.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. An abgebundenen Jejunum- und Colonschlingen in situ bei Ratten wurde der Einfluß von Laxantien auf die Nettobewegungen von Wasser, Na, K, Ca und Glucose zwischen Lumen und Blut untersucht. 2. Unter diesen Bedingungen wird aus der Jejunumschlinge während 1 Std ca. 80% des Flüssigkeitsangebots resorbiert. Na wird im selben Umfange wie Wasser resorbiert. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die Na-Resorption im Colon derjenigen des Wassers nicht direkt proportional, der Nettoeinstrom von Na in das Blut ist größer als der für Wasser, d. h. in der Schlinge bleibt hypotone Flüssigkeit zurück. Im Unterschied zum Jejunum wird in das Colonlumen K sezerniert. Die Ca-Resorption ist in Jejunum und Colon etwa gleich groß. 3. Das Colon ist gegen Bisacodyl ca. 40mal empfindlicher als das Jejunum. Durch Bisacodyl in einer Konzentration von 0,5 mg-% wird die Nettoverschiebung von Wasser aus der Colonschlinge völlig, der Netto-Na-Einstrom jedoch nur um 75% gehemmt. Die K-Sekretion ist unter diesen Bedingungen dreimal so hoch wie normal. Höhere Konzentrationen — oberhalb von 1 mg-% — führen über die Hemmung der Flüssigkeitsresorption hinaus zu einem Nettoausstrom von Wasser und Na in das Darmlumen. Unter 10 mg-% Bisacodyl findet außerdem eine Abgabe von Ca in das Colon statt. Am Jejunum hemmt Bisacodyl auch den Glucosetransport, jedoch erst in Konzentration von 20 mg-%. 4. Die gleichen Wirkungen wie Bisacodyl hatte auch Dihydroxydiphenyl-isatin (Konzentration 20 mg-%), während Diacetoxydiphenyl-isatin in der gleichen Konzentration unwirksam war. 5. Die Wirkung dieser Laxantien auf die Wasser- und Salzresorption des Dünn- und Dickdarmes wird darauf zurückgeführt. daß neben einer Hemmung der treibenden Kraft für die Wasserresorption, d. h. der Na-Pumpe, auch eine Anregung der Sekretion erfolgt, so daß ein erhöhter Ausstrom vom Blut zum Lumen resultiert. Es wird vorgeschlagen, derartige Laxantien als antiresorptiv und sekretionsfördernd wirkende von den primär osmotisch und/oder durch Anregung der Darmmotorik wirkenden zu unterscheiden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 260 (1968), S. 50-57 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Iron Absorption ; Iron Deficiency ; Metabolic Dependence ; Jejunum Segments ; Eisen-Resorption ; Eisen-Mangel ; Stoffwechselabhängigkeit ; Jejunumsegmente
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Untersuchungen wurden in vitro an isolierten Segmenten des Jejunums der Ratte durchgeführt, die wegen der im Vergleich zum Duodenum 3–10 mal längeren Verweildauer des Darminhaltes bei der Ausnutzung des Eisenangebotes im Eisenmangel eine entscheidende Rolle spielen. 2. Der Eisendurchtritt durch das 13 cm unterhalb des Pylorus liegenden Segment ändert sich bei Variation der O2-Konzentration im Suspensionsmedium von 0–6,1 Vol-% nicht. Bereits bei den 15 cm unterhalb des Pylorus beginnenden Segmenten hingegen nimmt der Durchtritt bei niederen O2-Konzentrationen zu. 3. Im Unterschied hierzu nimmt der in der Darmwand gebundene Anteil des angebotenen Eisens bei den Segmenten der beiden Jejunumabschnitte bei niederen O2-Konzentrationen ab. 4. Sowohl der Durchtritt des Eisens durch als auch die Bindung in der Darmwand der tiefer liegenden Jejunumsegmente (15–20 cm unterhalb des Pylorus), die bei Segmenten anämischer Tiere mehrfach höher sind als bei normalen, werden durch Substratentzug und durch 2,4-Dinitrophenol gehemmt. 5. Hieraus folgt, daß in Segmenten anämischer Tiere die erhöhte Durchschleusung von Eisen auch noch mit Hilfe der anaeroben Glykolyse möglich ist, während die erhöhte Bindung des Eisens in der Mucosa von der Zellatmung abhängt.
    Notes: Summary 1. In vitro experiments were carried out with rat jejunal gut segments which, because of the transit half-time of the intestinal contents which is 3–10 fold greater than in the duodenum, play an important role in the utilisation of the iron supply in iron deficiency. 2. In segments beginning 13 cm below the pylorus, iron penetration is not changed by varying the O2-concentration of the medium between 0–6.1 vol%. In segments beginning 15 cm below the pylorus, however, iron penetration increases at low O2-concentrations. 3. In contrast to this, the percentage of supplied iron bound to the wall of the segments decreases at low O2-concentrations in both parts of the jejunum. 4. In even lower jejunal segments (15–20 cm below the pylorus) both penetration and binding of iron, which are increased severalfold in segments of anemic rats, are inhibited by deprivation of metabolic substrate and by 2.4-dinitrophenol. 5. Consequently, it can be stated that the increased transfer of iron in jejunal segments from anemic rats can be sustained by anaerobic metabolism, whereas the increased binding of iron in the mucosa is dependent on cellular respiration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 263 (1969), S. 206-208 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 264 (1969), S. 230-232 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 264 (1969), S. 406-419 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Absorption ; Cardiac Glycosides ; Blood of Portal Vein ; Intestinal Lymph ; Cat ; Intestinale Resorption ; Herzglykoside ; Portalvenenblut ; Darmlymphe ; Katze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The cardiac glyoosides digitoxin, ouabain, digoxin and peruvosid labelled with3H were injected into tied intestinal loops of anaesthetized cats in situ. The absorbed glycosides were measured in the blood of the portal vein and in the intestinal lymph. At the same time the3H-activity was measured in the blood of the peripheral circulation, in the bile and in the urine. 2. Calculation of the amount of glycosides totally absorbed from the3H-concentration in the blood of the portal vein and the circulation volume (bubble-flow-meter) gave the following absorption rates as a percentage of the administered dose per hour: digitoxin 56%, digoxin 42%, peruvosid 26% and ouabain 10%. 3. The amount of glycosides passing into the lymph during 1 hour was found to be only 0.006 to 0.02% of the amount offered. In lymph3H-activity cannot be measured earlier than 5 min after the administration of the labelled glycosides. The3H-concentration in the lymph did not equal that measured in the blood of the peripheral circulation until at least 1 hour after the administration and always remained below the3H-concentration of the blood in the portal vein. This proportion remained unchanged even if digitoxin was administered as an emulsion in oil instead of an aqueous solution. From the time course of3H-concentration it might be concluded that the glycosides do not pass directly to the lymph after absorption but indirectly by way of the blood. 4. The amount of glycoside excreted in the bile is for peruvosid 15,5% of the amount absorbed, for ouabain 1,9%, for digoxin 1,4% and for digitoxin 0,8%. The3H-activity excreted in urine is very small and can be disregarded. 5. Chromatographic analyses of the bile revealed, that in the case of digoxin, 4/5 of the amount excreted were unchanged, in the case of digitoxin and ouabain 2/3 and in the case of peruvosid only 1/4. In the lumen of the tied intestinal loops and in the tissue of the small intestine the glycosides were hardly metabolised.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 334 (1986), S. 525-530 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Colon ; Calcium transport ; Dexamethasone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Concentration dependent calcium fluxes across the colon descendens of the rat were measured in a modified Ussing chamber. Mucosa (m) to serosa (s) calcium flux showed a saturable component, whereas s to m calcium flux was linearly related to the calcium concentration. At low calcium concentrations net absorption and at concentration above 2.5 mmol/l net secretion of calcium was observed. The results obtained from the unidirectional calcium fluxes when clamping the transepithelial electrical potential agree well with those of the concentration dependence of the calcium fluxes: (1) Only m to s flux has a voltage independent component. (2) Calcium s to m movement is totally voltage dependent. (3) Diffusional s to m calcium flux is greater than the diffusional fraction of the m to s calcium flow. Dexamethasone, known to stimulate water absorption in the colon descendens by an activation of sodium transport, had no effect on the cellular mediated m to s calcium transport but significantly increased paracellular s to m flux parallel to that of the extracellular marker mannitol. This increase in paracellular s to m calcium and mannitol flux was completely abolished by amiloride, which is known to suppress the dexamethasone-induced stimulation in sodium and water absorption. The results demonstrate that the increased paracellular s to m calcium and mannitol flow is oppositely directed to the dexamethasone-induced net fluid movement as it could be expected on the basis of Ussing's “anomalous solvent drag” effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 336 (1987), S. 578-582 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Iron-absorption ; Rat small intestine ; Ascorbate ; Ceruloplasmin ; Reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In rats iron was absorbed after administration into the gut lumen as ferric iron bound to serum albumin, to nitrilotriacetic acid, and to 8-OH-quinoline sulfonic acid, or as isolated diferri-transferrin. 2. Iron absorption from 59Fe-labelled transferrin was inhibited by the addition of rat plasma. 3. The inhibitory component in the rat plasma turned out to be ceruloplasmin (ferrous iron oxidase, EC 1.16.2.1). 4. The absorption of iron from these ferric iron complexes was also inhibited by addition to the incubation medium of ferrozine, a strong anionic Fe(II)-ligand. 5. Uptake and absorptive utilization of transferrin-bound ferric iron was decreased after a prewash of the gut lumen and could be restored by the addition of ascorbate to the incubation medium. 6. The conclusion was drawn from these results that luminal reduction precedes ferric iron absorption and that this is a prerequisite for the uptake into the mucosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 337 (1988), S. 74-78 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Rat colon ; Ion transport ; Prostaglandin E2 ; Iloprost ; Cholinergic nerves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two preparations of rat colon descendens were used in order to localize the action sites of iloprost and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). One preparation, the mucosa-submucosa preparation contained the submucosal and mucosal plexus whereas for the mucosa preparation in addition the submucosa with the submucosal plexus was removed. Iloprost (10−6 mol · 1−1) caused an increase in short-circuit current (Isc), potential difference (Pd) and tissue conductance (Gt) of the mucosa-submucosa preparation reflecting net Cl− secretion as confirmed by unidirectional ion flux measurements. The Cl− secretion was due to an increase in J infsm supCl and a decrease in J infms supCl . These effects were completely abolished by addition of 5 × 10−5 mol · l−1 atropine. Iloprost had only small and inconsistent effects in the mucosa preparation. In contrast PGE2 (10−6 mol · l−1) increased Isc, Pd and Gt due to Cl− secretion in both preparations. The Cl− secretion was caused by an increase in J infsm supCl and a decrease in J infms Cl Only the PGE2 effect in the mucosa-submucosa preparation but not in the mucosa preparation was inhibited by about 50% by atropine. The results suggest that the prostacyclin derivative iloprost induces a Cl− secretion only by an activation of submucosal neurons whereas PGE2 acts both on the epithelium and the submucosal plexus. The neuronal effects of prostaglandins appear to be, at least in part, mediated by muscarinic receptors.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 277 (1973), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: N-methylated Barbiturates ; Stereospecificity ; Anesthetic CNS Effects ; Convulsant CNS Effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a series of N-methylated barbiturates the nature of the cyclic hydrocarbon attached to C-5 does not influence the anesthetic potency ratio of the respective enantiomers. Anesthetic potency of the isomers, however, depends on the length of the aliphatic substituent at C-5. An exchange of methyl versus ethyl at this site causes a shift of the higher anesthetic potency from the (+)- to the (−)-isomer. A further lengthening of the aliphatic substituent at C-5—propyl instead of ethyl—in the C-5 phenyl-substituted derivative, changes the activity of the (+)-isomer qualitatively to a convulsant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 208 (1949), S. 210-212 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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