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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Independent development of contractile properties and myosin light chains in embryonic chick fast and slow muscle (1979)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 378 (1979), S. 251-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Muscle differentiation ; Contractile properties ; Myosin light chains ; Two dimensional gel electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1. The contractile speeds and tetanus/twitch ratios of the slow anterior latissiumus dorsi (ALD) and fast posterior, latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscles were studied during embryonic development and correlated with the type of myosin light chains present in these muscles as studied by one and two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. At a time when the contractions of PLD were slow, i.e. in 15 day old embryos, the myosin light chains in this muscle were of the fast type. The slow contraction of this muscle may be due to incomplete and slow activation of the contractile elements. The tetanus/twich ratio of muscles from 15 day old embryos is low and increases sharply with age. This increase could be due to the maturation of the internal membrane system, and occurs at about the same time as the increase in the speed of contraction. 3. ALD muscles contract slowly during all stages of development, although their tetanus/twitch ratio also increases with age. At 13 days they contain a mixture of fast and slow type myosin light chains and with increasing age the proportion of the slow type myosin light chains increases at the expense of the fast type. The slow time course of contraction of ALD is consistent with the presence of slow type myosin light chains. 4. The possibility that the synthesis of the slow type myosin light chains in ALD is induced by early motor activity in chick embryos is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592743
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in chemosensitivity of developing chick muscle fibres in relation to endplate formation (1975)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 360 (1975), S. 349-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Chemosensitivity ; Developing muscle ; Endplate formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The sensitivity to acetylcholine (ACh) of the fast posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) and slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) during embryonic development was studied and compared. The sensitivities were expressed as a ratio of the maximal tetanic tension and tension developed in response to ACh. 2. Up to the 17th day of incubation both muscles are sensitive to ACh to a similar extent; at the 18th day the sensitivity of the PLD muscle decreases and continues to do so until hatching and thereafter. 3. Since the decrease in sensitivity of PLD muscles takes place a few days after innervation, it is suggested that this is caused by activity of the motor nerve. To test this curare (dTc) and hemicholinium (HC-3), drugs that interfere with neuromuscular transmission, were injected into the yolk sac of the embryos when nervemuscle connections are usually established. In the curare and HC-3 treated embryos the desensitization of the PLD muscles did not take place. 4. The distribution of endplates on PLD muscles from drug treated 20–21 day old embryos was compared to that of untreated controls. Whereas control PLD muscles have only one band of endplates, muscles from curarized embryos and HC-3 treated embryos have several bands of endplates, and many muscle fibres with multiple innervation were found. 5. It is suggested that nerve fibres which make connections with PLD muscle fibres bring about a decline in chemosensitivity by releasing more transmitter, and thereby prevent further nerve muscle connections from being made along the same muscle fibre.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00579325
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of long-term electrical stimulation on some contractile and metabolic characteristics of fast rabbit muscles (1973)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 338 (1973), S. 257-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Nerve-Muscle Interaction ; Contractile Parameters ; Energy Supplying Metabolism ; Transformation of Fibre Types ; Enzyme Induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intermittant long-term stimulation of fast rabbit muscles up to 28 days with a frequency pattern resembling that of a slow muscle (10 Imp/sec) led to a slowing of the time course of contraction already during the first week. There was an increase of tetanic tension as well. The observed rearrangement of activities of key enzymes of energy supplying metabolism was found to occur sequentially. Decreases of extramitochondrial enzymes of glycogenolysis (phosphorylase), glycolysis (triosephosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase) and energy rich phosphate transfer were found initially together with a decrease of mitochondrial glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase. The isozyme pattern of lactate dehydrogenase was changed. Large initial increases were found in enzymes involved in glucose phosphorylation (hexokinase) and fatty acid activation (palmitoyl-CoA synthetase). Later an increase of key enzymes of the citric acid cycle (citrate synthase) and fatty acid oxidation (3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase) as well as ketone body utilization (3-ketoacid-CoA transferase) could be shown. Histochemical staining and comparative activity determination of succinate dehydrogenase in single fibres revealed that the mosaic like fibre composition of the fast muscle was transformed into a more uniform population resembling that of a predominantly slow muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587391
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of innervation on the differentiation of contractile speeds of developing chick muscles (1975)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 360 (1975), S. 199-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Contractile speeds ; Development ; Slow muscles ; Fast muscles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The role of innervation of the differentiation of contractile speeds was studied in the slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and fast posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscle of the chick. 2. These muscles become innervated during the 12th and 15th day of embryonic development. At this time both muscles contract and relax extremely slowly and their contractile speeds are very similar. By the 18th day their contraction and relaxation becomes more rapid. It is at this time that the contractile characteristics of both muscles also become very different from each other, ALD being about 3 times slower than PLD. Thus innervation percedes differentiation of contractile speeds by several days. 3. The influence of innervation on the contractile characteristics of developing slow and fast muscles was studied during muscle regeneration in adults. When a slow ALD muscle was minced and implanted in place of a fast PLD the newly regenerated ALD became innervated by a PLD nerve and resembled a fast PLD. Conversely, when PLD muscles were minced and replaced ALD the regenerated PLD was innervated by ALD nerve and became slow. 4. Histological examination revealed that the regenerated ALD became focally innervated, and the regenerated PLD multiply innervated. 5. Thus, the contractile speeds are not predetermined properties of the muscle fibre. Both contractile characteristic and the pattern of innervation of developing muscles are determined by the motor nerve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00583716
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The importance of the motor nerve for the development of chemosensitivity at the neuromuscular junction (1970)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 1 (1970), S. 240-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were performed on kittens to study the role of innervation on the development of the pharmacological responses of the neuromuscular junction. The importance of the nerve for the development of the differing properties of fast and slow muscles was also studied. It was confirmed that the different responses to depolarising drugs of the slow soleus and fast flexor hallucis longus muscles are not apparent during the first week of the animal's life. Even when the motor nerves to these muscles were crossed at this time the alien innervation did not affect the subsequent development of the different responses of fast and slow muscles to suxa- and decamethonium. This suggests that the different properties of the postsynaptic membrane are established very early in the animal's life and that they cannot be changed by altering the innervation. The neuromuscular junctions of these young animals are very insensitive to suxa- and decamethonium. When innervation is delayed, during the early postnatal period, the development of the high sensitivity of the neuromuscular junctions to the blocking and depolarising actions of these drugs was retarded. It is therefore concluded that the motor nerve induces the high chemosensitivity of the adult endplate region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01968697
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of muscle activity in the differentiation of neuromuscular junctions in slow and fast chick muscles (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 7 (1978), S. 529-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The differentiation of neuromuscular junctions of multiply innervated, slow, anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and focally innervated, fast, posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscles was studied in normal and curarized chick embryos. At 16 days of incubation, fibres of both muscles are contacted by several axon profiles, the number of which falls with age. In 18-day-old embryos individual endplates in ALD are usually contacted by three axon profiles, whereas in PLD, endplates are contacted only by a single large terminal profile. At this time, there is already a significant accumulation of cell organelles in the postsynaptic area. Treatment of embryos with curare during the 7th and 12th day of incubation delays the differentiation of the neuromuscular junction in both muscles. The paralysis dramatically affects the decrease of the number of axon profiles at individual endplates in both muscles. At 16 days the number of axon profiles was greater in embryos treated with curare than in the untreated controls. At 18 days when the number of axon profiles normally decreases, the endplates of both types of curarized muscles have an even greater number of axon profiles than at 16 days. Endplates in curarized PLD had up to 13 and in curarized ALD up to 12 axon profiles. The effects of curare gradually wore off and when the movements of the embryos again became more vigorous, the normal differentiation of neuromuscular junctions continued. At 21 days of incubation many embryos recover from curare and show endplates of normal appearance in both muscles. These results suggest that activity of the muscle is essential for the maturation of the neuromuscular junctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01260887
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation of slow and fast muscles in chickens (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 180 (1977), S. 211-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscles ; Enzymes ; Chicken ; Nerve ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The development of the characteristic histochemical appearance of the slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and fast posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) was studied in chickens during embryonic development as well as during regeneration of minced muscle. 2. During embryonic development the activity of the oxidative enzyme succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) is higher in the slow ALD muscle already at 16 days of incubation. At this time the fast PLD has a higher activity of the glycolytic enzyme, phosphorylase. Although the histochemical appearance of the two types of muscle is already different at 16 days, their contractile speeds are still similar. No difference in myosin ATP-ase was found in the two muscles in young embryos but in 20-day old embryos the two muscles became distinctly different when stained for this enzyme. 3. When PLD muscles in hatched chickens redeveloped during regeneration in place of ALD the histochemical characteristics of the regenerated muscle resembled ALD, and when ALD regenerated in place of PLD it resembled PLD. 4. It is concluded that the histochemical characteristics of slow and fast muscles become determined during early development, even before any difference in contractile properties can be detected and that they are determined by the nerve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231953
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some characteristics of myotubes cultured from slow and fast chick muscles (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 84 (1974), S. 97-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Explant cultures were prepared from the slow anterior latissimus dorsi muscle and the fast posterior latissimus dorsi muscle of 15 day chick embryos. The morphology and growth pattern of myotubes from the two types of muscle were very similar. Intracellular microelectrode studies did not reveal consistent differences between the myotube types in regard to resting potential, input resistance, input time constant, or ability to produce active electrogenic responses. It is suggested that specific differentiation of the two muscles is determined by their innervation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040840111
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flabby muscles? Neuromuscular development and disease(1992). Edited by Alan M. Kelly and Helen M. Blau. Raven Press: New York. 374pp. $116.50. ISBN 0-88167-920-8 (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    BioEssays 15 (1993), S. 435-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 0265-9247
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.950150615
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