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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusive Sampling and Biological Monitoring of 2-Bromopropane (1997)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 33 (1997), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The possibilities to apply personal ambient air monitoring by diffusive sampling and biological exposure monitoring by urinalysis for 2-bromopropane or its metabolites were explored. The abilities of carbon cloth to adsorb 2-bromopropane was examined by experimental vapor exposure followed by solvent extraction and FID-GC. Urine from factory workers and rats exposed to 2-bromopropane were analyzed for 2-bromopropane, acetone and isopropyl alcohol by FID-GC, and for bromide ion by ECD-GC after chemical methylation. Carbon cloth adsorbed 2-bromopropane in a manner linearly related to exposures up to 1500 mg/m3 and to 8 h. The adsorption could quantitatively detect a 15 min peak exposure at 3,000 mg/m3. In rat experiments, analyses of urine samples collected over a 4-h period after termination of a 4-h exposure to 2-bromopropane at 500, 1,000 or 1,500 mg/m3 showed that acetone and bromide ion were excreted dose-dependently. Essentially, no 2-bromopropane or isopropyl alcohol was detected. When the analytical methods were applied to urine samples from 5 male workers exposed to 2-bromopropane at a low level (3 mg/m3 as a geometric mean), acetone and bromide ion levels were within respective normal ranges in four cases, but were higher than the upper limits of the normal ranges in the fifth case of a foreman who probably had the highest exposure. Thus, diffusive sampling is applicable to monitor exposure to 2-bromopropane. Urinalysis for acetone and bromide ion in combination appears to be a promising selective tool for biological monitoring of occupational exposure to 2-bromopropane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900218
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large radiolucent tracheal foreign body found by CT scan caused dyspnea (1996)
    Springer
    Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques 10 (1996), S. 164-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Foreign body ; Radiolucent ; CT scan ; Flexible fiberscope
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 25-year-old male patient with a sharp, large, and radiolucent tracheobronchial foreign body which was inhaled at the time of a traffic accident is reported on. CT scan was quite useful in finding this radiolucent foreign body. The patient had no respiratory disturbance because the foreign body was located in the level between bifurcation and left main bronchus; however, a flexible fiberscopic procedure performed to remove the body caused an airway obstruction and a dyspnea because the foreign body lodged in the subglottis. Remarkable progress has been made in the development of the flexible fiberscope system. Almost all medical facilities in Japan have flexible systems. However, the opportunities for young physicians to learn about rigid systems may now become limited. This case may warn us not to have too much confidence in the ability of flexible fiberscope system to remove this kind of large foreign body and remind us of the need to continue adequate training in the rigid systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00188364
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-detection of lasing characteristics for semiconductor ring laser diodes (1996)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel method of measurement of lasing characteristics for a ring laser diode is proposed without branching of the optical lasing power. The lasing power and the linewidth as a function of the injection current have been measured by detecting the RF power by the terminal voltage change of a ring LD. The linewidth is estimated to be 55 kHz atl=1.75l th.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00578547
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of hydroxyproline in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography after dabsyl-chloride derivatization (1995)
    Springer
    Amino acids 8 (1995), S. 401-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Hydroxyproline ; Dabsyl-chloride ; Urine ; High-performance liquid chromatography ; o-Phthalaldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to analyse hydroxyproline (HYP) in urine, a high-performance liquid chromatographic method was modified. The primary amino groups were blocked with o-phthalaldehyde, and then the secondary amino groups were derivatized with 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4′-sulphonyl chloride. In addition, the dabsylated samples were treated with ethyl acetate to obtain a simple elution profile in high-performance liquid chromatography. The dabsyl-HYP and -proline were eluted at 4.7 min and 8.0 min, respectively. The chromatographic analysis was completed within 10 min, including the time needed for reequilibration of the column. Using the present method, the concentration of HYP in urine was determined to 260 ± 6µmol/l.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00806559
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The amino acid composition of mammalian and bacterial cells (1997)
    Springer
    Amino acids 13 (1997), S. 379-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Amino acids ; HPLC ; Mammalian cells ; Bacterial cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary High performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze the amino acid composition of cells. A total of 17 amino acids was analyzed. This method was used to compare the amino acid compositions of the following combinations: primary culture and established cells, normal and transformed cells, mammalian and bacterial cells, andEscherichia coli andStaphylococcus aureus. The amino acid compositions of mammalian cells were similar, but the amino acid compositions ofEscherichia coli andStaphylococcus aureus differed not only from mammalian cells, but also from each other. It was concluded that amino acid composition is almost independent of cell establishment and cell transformation, and that the amino acid compositions of mammalian and bacterial cells differ. Thus, it is likely that changes in amino acid composition due to cell transformation or species differences between mammalian cells are negligible compared with the differences between mammalian and bacterial cells, which are more distantly related.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01372601
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assimilation of simulated altimeter data in a two-layer linear Rossby wave model using the variational method (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 51 (1995), S. 301-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The variational assimilation method has been examined for ability of reconstructing mesoscale features in altimeter data using a simple dynamic model. A one-dimensional, two-layer Rossby wave model in a cross-track channel has been chosen. The “simulated” data are constructed from a theoretical solution, which is composed of any combination of two normal vertical (barotropic and baroclinic) modes. The data are collected along tracks and with repeat periods similar to those of the Geosat altimeter. The phase space of control variables is composed of initial and boundary conditions. A cost function is defined to measure differences between the simulated data and the model solution. Regularization (smoothing) terms are also included in the cost function in the form of secon-order spatial and time derivatives of the solution. In this paper, two potential problems existing in the altimeter data assimilation are addressed: one is low cross-track resolution, and the other is vertical projection of the data measured at the sea surface. A succesful metho is developed for reconstructing Rossby waves with wavelengths as short as twice the track intervals for any combination of two vertical modes. A key component to efficient assimilation is a preparation step prior to the actual variational assimilation: a uniform ratio of pressure amplitudes in the two layers is included as an optimization parameter. Starting with the first guess from the preparation step, the variational method is carried out based on adjoint equations without such constraint. Separation of the control variables into the two subsets of the initial and the boundary conditions is found useful. Characteristics of the Hessian matrix are related to the performance of this technique. The method developed for the linear system implies steps to be included in data assimilation for nonlinear meanders and eddies in a major current system as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02285168
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Box Model of Glacial-Interglacial Variability in the Japan Sea (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 55 (1999), S. 483-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Keywords: Paleoceanography ; box model ; Japan Sea ; glacial maximum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Japan Sea has experienced drastic changes in the last 60 ka: the surface water was colder than the present value by five degrees and extremely freshened (∼24 ppt) in the last glacial maximum (∼15 ka), and then it contained Oyashio water for a few thousand years. It is an open question whether the inflow-outflow pattern was entirely reversed, opposite to the present exchange with an inflow through Tsushima Strait and an outflow through Tsugaru Strait. A box model is employed with two boxes representing the northern and the southern half domains in the upper (300-m-thick) layer. The model is driven by atmospheric forcing and inflow through Tsushima Strait and/or Tsugaru Strait. Here, the net transport through Tsushima to Tsugaru is given in the model. A baroclinic component is added to the net transport through each strait. It is the baroclinic components that allow the upper and the lower portions to flow to the opposite directions in the straits, and hence a reversal flow becomes possible against the net transport, under the condition of an extremely freshened Japan Sea. The fresh surface layer in 18∼14 ka is attributable to a near-shutoff of the inflow due to the low sea level. Shortly after the near-shutoff, the baroclinic transport through Tsugaru Strait yields intrusion of the Oyashio water into the Japan Sea. Thus, it is implied that Oyashio water existed in the Japan Sea a few thousand years after the reopening of Tsugaru Strait, even though the net transport was one-way, similar to the present state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007831122343
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parametric four-wave mixing in the 3d and 4d Rydberg states of NO (1998)
    Springer
    Applied physics 67 (1998), S. 253-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: PACS: 42.65; 33.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: 2 Σ+,H′ 2Π±(v′=2), and 4dσ,πO2Σ+,O′ 2Π±(v′=0) Rydberg states of NO molecules are described. The analyses of the two-photon excitation functions and infrared emission spectra revealed that only the 2Π- component was involved in PFWM. This is in good accordance with the absence of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in the 2Σ+ and 2Π+ components due to their predissociative character. Results provide some support for the mechanism that the generation of the vacuum ultraviolet radiation was brought by PFWM in which ASE served as a third driving wave.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003400050502
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring of occupational exposure to 1-butanol by diffusive sampling and urinalysis (1997)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 69 (1997), S. 266-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Biological monitoring ; 1-Butanol ; Carbon cloth ; Diffusive sampling ; Hydrolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objectives: To investigate the possibility of applying diffusive air sampling and urinalysis (for mother compound and metabolites) to the monitoring of exposure of factory workers to 1-butanol. Methods: The performance of carbon cloth in adsorbing 1-butanol vapor in air was studied by experimental exposure of the cloth to 1-butanol at 50, 100, 200 or 400 ppm for up to 10 h. 1-Butanol in the exposed cloth was extracted with carbon disulfide and this was followed by gas-chromatographic (GC) analysis. Urine samples were collected from factory workers occupationally exposed to 1-butanol and from rats exposed experimentally to 1-butanol vapour (up to 200 ppm). The urine samples were analyzed by GC without any pretreatment, or after treatment with hydrochloric acid or hydrolase preparation. Results: The performance of the carbon cloth was such that it adsorbed 1-butanol in proportion to the concentration (up to 400 ppm) and the duration (up to 10 h) of exposure, and responded quantitatively to a 15-min exposure up to 400 ppm. The amount of 1-butanol (after enzymic or acid hydrolysis) in post-exposure urine samples from rats was proportional to the exposure intensity. The proportion of free 1-butanol in total 1-butanol (i.e., free+conjugated) in urine was higher after 100 or 200 ppm exposure (35–40%) than after 50 ppm exposure (about 8%). There was a significant increase in total 1-butanol concentration (but not in free 1-butanol) in shift-end urine samples of workers exposed to 1-butanol at concentrations up to 3 ppm. Conclusions: Diffusive sampling with carbon cloth as an adsorbent can be applied to ambient air monitoring of exposure to 1-butanol. Urinalysis for 1-butanol after hydrolysis is sensitive enough to detect occupational 1-butanol vapour exposure at 3 ppm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050146
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic diversity of HIV-1 group M from Cameroon and Republic of Congo (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 144 (1999), S. 2291-2311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  We analyzed 57 HIV-1 isolates from Cameroon and the Republic of Congo, with respect to the env C2V3 and/or the pol integrase regions. The results indicated that the topology of the pol tree correlated well with that of the env tree for four clusters of subtype D, F G and H, suggesting that these trees reflect the true evolution of the overall genome structures of these subtypes. However, of 22 Cameroonian isolates that were classified as subtype A based on env, 20 of them diverged in their pol sequence into two lineages that were completely different from the prototypical subtype A, tentatively designated as subtypes A1 and A2. The subtype A1 isolates (6 out of 22) were related in their env C2V3 regions with prototypical subtype A strain, but in their pol regions, they formed an independent cluster that diverged from known HIV-1 subtypes so far reported (except for subtypes I and J). The subtype A2 isolates (14 out of 22), which represent the major epidemic type of HIV-1 in Cameroon, clustered distinctly in both the env and pol trees with the recently described A/G mosaic strains from Nigeria and Djibouti. These two lineages were not spreading in the neighboring Republic of Congo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050645
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