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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrahigh precision coupling of angular motion for a constant exit-height monochromator (abstract) : INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYNCHROTRON RADIATION INSTRUMENTATION TSUKABA (JAPAN) 29 AUG−2 SEPT 1988 (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 2130-2130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An ultrahigh precision coupling of the angular motion of the two axes in a double-crystal monochromator with constant exit height has been constructed. The coupling device is a double parallelogram similar to the kind used for drafting tables. Computer simulations have been used to minimize the angular motion in the joints of the parallelograms to less than ±5° for the entire Bragg-angle range from 10° to 71°. This allows the use of backlash-free and friction-free flexural pivots. The axis of the first crystal is controlled by a precision rotary table. The shaft of the second crystal stage is supported by a trolley riding on a translation stage. Bearings allow for free rotation of the shaft. The double parallelogram provides only for the exact angular position of the second axis but does not support any weight of the second crystal stage and freely follows the trolley. The trolley is positioned so that the beam from the first crystal is intercepted and reflected at the correct height. The device is ultrahigh vacuum compatible. This design, which fully separates the two demands for extremely precise angular tracking and for less precise positioning for constant exit height, has several advantages beyond its superior tracking accuracy. The stationary first axis allows efficient, in-vacuum cooling of the first crystal. A direct rotary drive can be used for the first axis thus providing direct linear Bragg-angle control. A heavy weight second crystal stage, e.g., for sagittal focusing, may be used without deforming the angular linkage mechanism since all weight is carried by the rugged translation stage. No high-precision machining such as grinding or lapping is needed for the double-parallelogram linkage. The arms of the parallelogram, i.e., the distance between the holes for the flexural pivots, need to be only of precisely the same length.Testing the linkage shows the expected high accuracy. The maximum nonrepeatable deviation between the two axes is less than 5×10−5 degree (=0.2 arcsec). The tracking error for a 10−4 degree step is less than 1×10−5 degree, for a 10−3 degree step it is less than 2×10−5 degree. The maximum total deviation at any point within an interval of 0.1° is less than 1×10−4 degree (=0.4 arcsec). Repeatable and smooth long range deviations of a few arcseconds are compensated by feeding a predetermined corrective voltage to a piezo translator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140850
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sagitally focusing scanning monochromator produces 0.4-mm focus (abstract) : Proceedings of the 4th international conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 931-931 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A sagitally focusing stage has been constructed for the double-crystal scanning monochromator on beam line X9-A at the NSLS which can be exchanged with the normally used flat crystal stage. The bending device located at 12.0 m from the source is designed to accept a beam up to 200-mm wide. The monochromator with bending stage can be scanned over Bragg angles from 10° to 71° corresponding to photon energies from 11.4 to 2.1 keV with Si-111 crystals. In conjunction with the vertically focusing mirror a point focus of 0.38 mm×0.18 mm [horizontal×vertical, full width at half maximum (FWHM) each] has been achieved at a focal length of 3.8 m (center of a four-circle diffractometer). Focused at the back of the experimental hutch (focal length=5.4 m) the focal size was 0.55 mm×0.30 mm. The measured horizontal width of the focus equals the calculated size of the demagnified source and is independent of the horizontal convergence used. The horizontal focus produced by the crystal is very clean: the full width at 1% of maximum is 1.5 mm and at 0.01% it is about 4 mm. The flux into the focus is 5×1011 photons/s at a photon energy of 7.4 keV and beam current of 200 mA.The average flux density in the center of the focus (FWHM area) is 5×1011 photons/s/mm2. The preliminary crystal presently used has been made from a thin Si plate of 0.4-mm thickness, 80-mm width, and 75-mm length (in the direction of the beam). Steel ribs of 0.6-mm thickness have been glued at 3-mm pitch to the back of the crystal in order to stiffen the plate and reduce anticlastic bending.1 Plates have been glued to this crystal plate to extend the width to size the bending stage. The crystal was cut in 111 orientation with a 4° angle between the lattice planes and the crystal surface. The asymmetric cut was used to increase the angle of incidence and thus decrease the effect of the remaining anticlastic bending. The bending stage has a bending couple at both ends of the crystal in order to produce the desired curvature of the crystal. The bending couples can be adjusted to produce a conical shape as needed for the particular choice of focal length.2 Small piezotranslators push on the bending couples to remove small amounts of twist in the crystal introduced by alignment errors of the bending couples. All of the adjustment drives are outside of the monochromator tank and transmitted to the bending stage via linear feedthroughs and cables. A full description of this device and the crystal with glued ribs will be submitted shortly to this journal. This work was supported by Grant RR-01633, National Institutes of Health, Division of Research Resources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143783
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synchrotron X-Ray Sources: A New Tool in Biological Structural and Kinetic Analysis (1976)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 5 (1976), S. 239-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6589
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.05.060176.001323
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A report on the application of synchrotron radiation to low-angle scattering (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 117-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The use of synchrotron radiation as an intense X-ray source for biological diffraction has only very recently been promoted into a long-term experimental programme. Here we report on some general and some detailed aspects of this development. In the case of small-angle studies on weakly scattering specimens at high time resolution, e.g. stroboscopic diffraction studies on muscle, the lack of X-ray sources of considerably higher brightness than from conventional X-ray generators has become limiting. As it has become technically impossible to pursue the development of rotating-anode tubes much further, the use of an electron synchrotron or storage ring with 100 to 1000 times higher brightness opens up the possibility not only of collecting much improved data but also of whole new ranges of experiments. A brief description is presented of the low-angle diffraction equipment currently in use at the synchrotron in Hamburg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889874008910
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synchrotron Radiation as a Source for X-ray Diffraction (1971)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 230 (1971), S. 434-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Some preliminary results have been obtained with synchrotron radiation from the 7.5 GeV electron synchrotron Deutsches Elektronen - Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg as a source for X-ray ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/230434a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray titration of binding of β, γ-imido-ATP to myosin in insect flight muscle (1976)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 262 (1976), S. 613-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Unfortunately both structural signs can be faulted, the electron microscopy because of the possibility of fixation or postfixation changes6, and the X-ray diffraction because of the long time which was used to obtain the required exposures2,4. We have tried to overcome these objections by observing ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/262613a0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How X-ray Diffraction with Synchrotron Radiation Got Started (1998)
    Chester : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Journal of synchrotron radiation 5 (1998), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5775
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The need to record low-angle-scattering X-ray fibre diagrams from muscle with millisecond time resolution drove the use of synchrotron radiation as an X-ray light source. The first smudgy diffraction patterns were obtained from a slice of insect flight muscle. Out of this grew the EMBL Outstation at DESY.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0909049597018578
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy-Resolving X-ray Fluorescence Detection Using Synthetic Multilayers (1998)
    Chester : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Journal of synchrotron radiation 5 (1998), S. 1227-1234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5775
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The potential of synthetic multilayers for energy-resolving the X-ray fluorescence in X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) experiments is discussed. Two detection systems, one using curved multilayers and the other using graded multilayers to select X-ray fluorescence photons, have been designed to cover a wide energy range with a usefully large solid angle. Such a detector will be more advantageous than the barrel-like crystal-array detector because of the unique properties of synthetic multilayers, such as larger horizontal acceptance angles and bandwidth. In addition, the detector should be much simpler to construct and readily accommodates energy changes, especially the detector using graded multilayers. Comparison of the multilayer array detector with conventional detectors, such as ionization chambers and conventional 13-element Ge detectors, shows that the proposed system will be superior, particularly with the increased photon fluxes available from insertion devices and with decreased sample concentration, since this detection system eliminates the `bad' photons before they enter any X-ray detector. Consequently, the X-ray detector proper for this system does not suffer from the incident-count-rate bottleneck common to current X-ray fluorescence detectors with energy resolution by signal processing. Thus, this new fluorescence detection system will provide tremendous opportunities for XAFS measurements on dilute systems, such as biological systems, at third-generation synchrotron sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0909049597019535
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of rehearsal rate on serial recall in Korsakoff amnesia
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Neuropsychologia 18 (1980), S. 185-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0028-3932
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0028-3932(80)90064-0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Linear, circular and two dimensional position sensitive detectors
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Instruments and Methods 152 (1978), S. 191-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-554X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0029-554X(78)90263-X
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