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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature and continuous and interrupted wetness on the infection of pear leaves by conidia of Venturia nashicola (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 54 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Experiments were conducted to determine: (i) the effects of temperature and duration of continuous wet periods on the infection of pear seedlings by conidia of Venturia nashicola, the causal agent of pear scab; and (ii) the effects of the length and temperature of dry interrupting periods on the mortality of infecting conidia. Average number of scab lesions per leaf increased with increasing duration of wetness. Logistic models adequately described the change in the average number of scab lesions per leaf at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°C over the wetness duration. At 30°C, only a few lesions developed. Simple polynomial models satisfactorily described the relationship of the three logistic model parameters (maximum number of lesions, rate of appearance and the time to 50% of the maximum number of lesions) with temperature. The optimum temperature for infection was found to be approximately 20°C. The relationship between mortality and the length of a dry period interrupting an infection process can be satisfactorily described by an exponential model. The rate of mortality at 10, 16 and 22°C did not differ significantly, but was significantly less than that at 28°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01207.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature, relative humidity and duration of wetness period on germination and infection by conidia of the pear scab pathogen (Venturia nashicola) (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 52 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of temperature, relative humidity (RH) and duration of wetness period on in vitro germination of conidia and infection of detached pear leaves by Venturia nashicola, the causal agent of pear scab. Conidia germinated only in near-saturation humidity (RH 〉 97%). The final percentage germination (24 h after inoculation) at 100% RH without free water was less than half that in free water. Conidia germinated over the range of temperatures tested (5–30°C); the optimum temperature for germination was ≈21°C. Changes in percentage germination of conidia over time were fitted by logistic models at each individual temperature. Polynomial models satisfactorily described the relationships between two (rate and time to 50% of maximum germination) of the three logistic model parameters and temperature. The minimum length of the wetness period for successful infection of detached pear leaves by conidia was observed at several temperatures. The shortest length of wetness period required for infection was 7 h at 22°C. Two polynomial models fitted well the relationship between the minimum wetness duration required for infection, and temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2003.00887.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional theory of pulsed photothermal deformation (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 68 (1990), S. 482-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In this paper, the three-dimensional theory of pulsed photothermal deformation is presented; by taking two appropriate assumptions, the rigorous solutions of three-dimensional thermal conduction and thermoelastic equations are given for the first time. The theoretical shape of the signal of two different samples is calculated, and the effects of pulse width, radius of pump beam, and sample thickness are discussed. As an example, the potential application of pulsed photothermal deformation for thin-film thickness measurement is analyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.346817
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of annealing on magnetic properties of iron-base amorphous alloy ribbons (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 5586-5588 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: It is found that there are two minima, for both coercivity and core loss as a function of annealing temperature, when Fe78 B13 Si9 amorphous alloy ribbon is magnetically annealed. The results show that besides stress relaxation and crystallization, alignment of magnetic easy axis also participates in the enhancement of soft magnetic properties, and that the influence of crystallization begins at 623 K. A four-stage model is proposed to interpret the double-minimum behavior. In the first stage, core loss decreases as annealing temperature increases, and magnetic alignment is the dominant mechanism. In the second stage, core loss increases slightly as temperature rises. In this region, the magnetic alignment process is almost completed and surface crystallization begins to occur. In the third stage, the stress relaxation effects overwhelm the crystallization effects and dominate, thus causing the core loss to decrease. In the fourth stage, stress relaxation effects are completed and cannot further reduce the core loss. Meanwhile, crystals have grown up to 200 nm in size, comparable to the size of domain walls, and hence pinning effects dominate the magnetic behavior resulting in the increase of core loss.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.345892
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Angular and temperature dependence of depolarized and polarized Rayleigh–Brillouin spectra of poly(methylphenylsiloxane) (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 90 (1989), S. 2971-2978 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The angular and temperature dependence of polarized and depolarized Rayleigh–Brillouin spectra of poly(methylphenylsiloxane) is studied with a Fabry–Perot interferometer. Considerable dispersion is observed in the polarized spectrum. The dispersion is interpreted as arising from structural relaxation. In the depolarized spectrum, evolution from an overdamped spectrum to the one showing shifted side peaks due to transverse acoustic waves are observed. The frequency of the transverse acoustic wave is found to decrease with increasing temperature and becomes vanishingly small at high temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.455898
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High quality ZnO thin films grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 501-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: High quality ZnO thin films have been grown on a Si(100) substrate by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using a zinc organic source [Zn(C2H5)2] and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas mixtures at the low temperature of 180 °C. The dependence of ZnO thin film quality on the gas flow rate ratio of Zn(C2H5)2 to CO2 (GFRRZC) is studied by using x-ray diffraction (XRD), optical absorption (OA) spectra, and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra. High quality ZnO thin films with a c-axis-oriented wurtzite structure are obtained when the GFRRZC is 0.33. XRD shows that the full width at half maximum of (0002) ZnO located at 34.42° is about 0.2°. At room temperature, a pronounced free exciton absorption peak around 365 nm is clearly observed. Also, a strong free exciton emission without deep level defect emission is observed around 385 nm, and its temperature dependence is studied from the photoluminescence spectra. These observations indicate the formation of a high quality ZnO film. Additionally, nitridation of the Si surface caused by releasing NH3 plasma into the deposition chamber is an effective way to improve film quality. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1415545
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface evolution of ultrahigh vacuum magnetron sputter deposited amorphous SiO2 thin films (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 4082-4089 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The surface morphology evolution of amorphous SiO2 thin films deposited by ultrahigh vacuum radio-frequency magnetron sputtering was studied by atomic force microscopy. The results show that: (1) the surface roughness of the deposited films reduces with increased substrate temperatures; (2) the surface roughness increases with higher deposition pressures; and (3) there is a roughening transition at the critical thickness of ∼ 90 nm for the substrate temperature of 713 K. The results also show that the surface roughness at the early stages of growth evolves according to a power law. Further growth beyond the critical thickness leads to a sharp increase in roughness. The experimental results are compared with the previous theoretical and experimental studies on surface evolution during sputter deposition, and discussed in terms of the competition between surface diffusion and shadowing. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1454224
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous measurement of absorption coefficient, thermal diffusivity, and flow velocity in a gas jet with pulsed photothermal deflection spectroscopy (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 859-868 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Simultaneous measurement of the absolute optical absorption coefficient or species concentration, thermal diffusivity, and flow velocity in a gaseous medium has been demonstrated by using pulsed photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PTDS) and a multiparameter fitting procedure. The spatial distribution of the three parameters in a laminar flow has been simultaneously determined and the influence of velocity gradient on the measurement has been discussed. Saturation behavior of the PTDS signals was observed and found to influence significantly the fitted results. The saturation influences most significantly the absorption coefficient determination, somewhat less significantly the thermal diffusivity determination, and only negligibly the flow velocity determination. For an absolute and accurate measurement of the absorption coefficient or species concentration, the saturation-induced error has to be corrected by using a model taking into account the effects of the saturation. The influence of saturation on the thermal diffusivity determination can be significantly accounted for by using a simple model in which the pump beam radius is set as a free parameter in the multiparameter fitting procedure. Both multipulse and single-pulse measurements are performed. For multipulse measurement, the estimated measurement uncertainties are ±2% for the flow velocity, and ±5% for the thermal diffusivity and absorption coefficient, while for single-pulse measurement, the estimated uncertainties are ±2% and ±10%, respectively. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1332802
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of optical saturation on pulsed photothermal deflection signals in flowing media (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 5515-5526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A two-level transient-state model has been developed which describes the effect of optical saturation on the photothermal signals, valid for conditions where a steady state may not exist. The theory is quite general, as it considers arbitrary pulse shapes, homogeneously and inhomogeneously broadened lines, and arbitrary spectral profile of the excitation. Equations for the temporally and spatially dependent absorption coefficient are derived, and, for generality, time-dependent photothermal deflection signals in a flowing medium are calculated (stationary medium being just a special case). The saturation behaviors of the photothermal signals obtained by monochromatic rectangular and Q-switched pulse excitations for homogeneously and inhomogeneously broadened lines are evaluated and compared. Differences between the predictions of the steady-state and transient-state models are discussed. Experiments have been performed using NO2 as a sample gas in a flowing medium. The experimental results are in agreement with the predictions of the transient state model. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1315625
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A metal plasma source ion implantation and deposition system (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 1816-1820 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This article presents a metal plasma source ion implantation and deposition system, which is a qualitative extension of plasma source ion implantation by combining pulsed metal plasma and steady-state gas plasma. The pulsed metal plasma is produced by pulsed cathodic arc discharge and the steady-state gas plasma by magnetic multipole filament discharge. The existence of gas plasma greatly facilitates the breakdown of the pulsed cathodic arc plasma source, which does not need the conventional trigger system. Some operation characteristics of this system were measured. It was shown that the cathodic arc plasma parameters depend strongly on gas pressure. 0.45% C steel was modified in nitrogen plasma and pulsed aluminum plasma. The corrosion resistance ability of the treated 0.45% C steel sample was increased by about 30 times over that of the untreated sample. AlN/Al2O3/Al composite film was deposited on 0.45% C steel using a glow-arc technique. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149674
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