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  • 1
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To examine the relation between indices of maternal nutrition during pregnancy, including haemoglobin concentration, skinfold thickness and body weight, and the child's blood pressure at 10 to 12 years of age.Design Follow up study of children whose mothers had haemoglobin estimations, weights and skinfold thicknesses recorded during pregnancy.Setting Kingston, Jamaica.Subjects Seventy-seven children whose mothers took part in a prospective study of nutrition during pregnancy in relation to fetal growth.Main outcome measure Blood pressure at 10 to 12 years of age.Results The child's mean systolic pressure adjusted for current weight rose by 2.6 mmHg (95 % CI 0.5–4.6, P= 0.01) for each 1 g/dl fall in the mother's lowest haemoglobin during pregnancy. Mothers with a lower haemoglobin had thinner skinfold thicknesses, especially over the triceps (P= 0.005). In multiple regression analyses, taking account of the child's sex and current weight, there was a strong association between thin maternal triceps skinfold thickness at 15 weeks of gestation and raised blood pressure in the offspring. Taking account of the mother's triceps skinfold thickness abolished the relation between lower haemoglobin and raised blood pressure in the child. Lower weight gain between 15 and 35 weeks of gestation was independently associated with raised children's blood pressure. Systolic pressure rose by 10.7 mmHg (95 % CI 5.7 to 15.6, P= 0.0001) for each log mm decrease in the mother's triceps skinfold thickness, and by 0.6 mmHg (95% CI 0.1 to 1.0, P= 0.02) for each 1 kg decrease in the mother's weight gain during pregnancy.Conclusions These results parallel animal experiments suggesting that impaired maternal nutrition may underlie the programming of adult hypertension during fetal life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 103 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To determine how diet of the mother in pregnancy influences the blood pressure of the offspring in adult life.Design A follow up study of men and women born during 1948–1954 whose mothers had taken part in a survey of diet in late pregnancy.Setting Aberdeen, Scotland.Population Two hundred and fifty-three men and women born in Aberdeen Maternity Hospital.Main outcome measure Systolic and diastolic blood pressure.Results The relations between the diet of mothers and their offsprings' blood pressure were complex. When the mothers' intake of animal protein was less than 50 g daily, a higher carbohydrate intake was associated with a higher blood pressure in the offspring (a 100 g increase in carbohydrate being associated with a 3 mmHg increase in systolic pressure (P= 0.02)). At daily animal protein intakes above 50 g, lower Carbohydrate intake was associated with higher blood pressure (a 100 g decrease in carbohydrate being associated with an 11 mmHg rise in systolic blood pressure (P= 0.004)). These increases in blood pressure were associated with decreased placental size.Conclusion Mothers' intakes of animal protein and carbohydrate in late pregnancy may influence their offsprings' adult blood pressure. This may be mediated through effects on placental growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 59 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Moisture and treading treatments were imposed on intact turves that were relocated to a glasshouse after being removed from three hill pastures of different soil fertility in the North Island of New Zealand. The experiment consisted of a 2-month stress phase, where the treatments were wetting (W), wetting and treading (WT), drying (D) and control (C). In this phase, herbage accumulation rate, tiller density and leaf extension rate were lower on the D turves, and herbage accumulation rate and tiller density were lower on the WT turves than for the C turves. Herbage accumulation rate was higher on the W treatment than on the C treatment.In the 2-month recovery phase, herbage accumulation rate and leaf extension rate on the D turves were higher than those of the C treatment. Herbage accumulation rate and tiller density took longer to recover on the WT turves but by the end of the recovery period tiller density on these turves exceeded that of the C turves and the original tiller densities on the WT turves. Changes (increase or decrease) in leaf extension rate were associated with the W treatment and tiller density with the WT treatment. Moisture was limiting on the D and C turves, but on the W and WT turves, where moisture was adequate for plant growth, nutrients were limiting, notably phosphorus on the W and WT turves and sulphur on the W turves.The D treatment turves recovered very quickly once the stress was removed but the WT turves were slower to recover. Under the experimental conditions applied, the hill pasture turves were more resilient to the drying treatment than the wetting and treading treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 52 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Appropriate pre-sowing methods for the introduction of improved forage legume and grass germplasm are an important issue for hill pasture improvement in New Zealand. A pastoral fallow, which involves not defoliating pasture for a period generally from late spring/early summer to autumn, could create a potentially favourable environment for introducing improved germplasm. A field study was conducted on two aspects (shady and sunny) of moist, low-fertility hill country with or without added fertilizer (phosphorus and sulphur) in the southern North Island of New Zealand, to investigate the changes in plant population density and sward structure during a full or partial pastoral fallow, compared with a rotationally grazed pasture. A 7-month (October to May) pastoral fallow dramatically decreased the densities of grass tillers by 72% (P 〈 0·01), white clover (Trifolium repens L.) growing points by 87% (P 〈 0·01) and other species by 87% (P 〈 0·05). The decline in tiller density by pastoral fallow was enhanced on the shady aspect. Fertilizer application increased white clover growing-point density on the shady aspect (P 〈 0·05) and grass tiller density on the sunny aspect (P 〈 0·05). Decreased plant density during pastoral fallowing was attributed to aboveground biomass accumulation, which altered sward structure, leading to interplant competition and mortality by self-thinning and completion of the life cycle of some matured plants. The plant size-density relationship during pastoral fallowing in this mixed-species sward followed the serf-thinning rule, particularly when the calculation was based on all plant species rather than grass alone. There was no significant (P 〉 0·05) difference in final plant population density between the 7-month pastoral fallow and a shorter term (October to December) pastoral fallow. It is concluded that pastoral fallowing effectively reduced the plant population density and altered sward structure of a hill pasture. Such changes create a more favourable environment for the introduction of improved forage species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 98 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 91 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 104 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To examine how maternal diet in pregnancy and parental body size and birthweight influence an infant's thinness at birth measured by a low ponderal index.Design An observational study of newborn infants and their parents.Setting Southampton, England.Population Five hundred and thirty-eight infants born at term.Main outcome measure Ponderal index at birth.Results Women who had a high intake of carbohydrate in early pregnancy and a low intake of dairy protein in late pregnancy tended to have infants that were thin at birth (P= 0.01 and P= 0.03, respectively, in a simultaneous analysis). Women who themselves had a low birthweight also tended to have thin infants, ponderal index falling from 28.3 kg/m3 to 26.2 kg/m3 as the women's birthweights decreased from more than 4.0 kg to 2.5 kg or less (P 〈 0.0001). Tall fathers had thin infants, but ponderal index was not related to the women's heights or the fathers’ birthweights.Conclusion These associations may reflect constraints on placental development imposed by a woman's nutrition in pregnancy and during her own intrauterine life. Effects of the father's height may be mediated through genetic influences on skeletal growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective— To examine the maternal influences which determine large placental weight and a high ratio of placental weight to birthweight. These are known predictors of adult blood pressure.Design— Retrospective analysis of routine obstetric and haematology department records for a large cohort of pregnant women.Setting— John Radeliffe Hospital, Oxford.Subjects— 8684 pregnant women who were delivered between January 1987 and January 1989 and whose records could be linked to the results of two or more pregnancy blood counts.Main outcome measures— Placental weight and the ratio of placental weight to birthweight.Results— Large placental weight was associated with a low maternal haemoglobin and a fall in maternal mean cell volume during pregnancy. The highest ratio of placental weight to birthweight occurred in the most anaemic women with the largest falls in mean cell volume. Large placental weight and a high ratio of placental weight to birthweight were also independently associated with a high maternal body mass index. Maternal smoking reduced placental weight, but increased the ratio of placental weight to birthweight.Conclusions— Anaemia and iron deficiency during pregnancy are associated with large placental weight and a high ratio of placental weight to birthweight. This points to maternal nutritional deficiency as a cause for discordance between placental and fetal growth. This may have important implications for the prevention of adult hypertension, which appears to have its origin in fetal life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 107 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To determine how diets of women in pregnancy influence the glucose-insulin metabolism of their offspring in adult life.Design A follow up study of men and women born during 1948–1954 whose mothers had taken part in a survey of diet in late pregnancy.Setting Aberdeen, Scotland.Population One hundred and sixty-eight men and women born in the Aberdeen Maternity Hospital.Main outcome measure Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, fasting and after a standard oral glucose challenge.Results The offspring of women who had high intakes of fat and protein in late pregnancy had a reduced plasma insulin increment between fasting and 30 min with a 7.0% decrease in increment (P= 0.007) per 10 g increase in protein intake and a 4.9% decrease (P= 0.002) per 10 g increase in fat intake. This was independent of the mother's body mass index or weight gain in pregnancy. A low maternal body mass index in early or late pregnancy was associated with a raised fasting plasma insulin concentration with a decrease of 2.4% (P= 0.05) per 1 kg/m2 increase of maternal body mass.Conclusion High intakes of protein and fat during pregnancy may impair development of the fetal pancreatic beta cells and lead to insulin deficiency in the offspring. The offspring of thin mothers tend to be insulin resistant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 26 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The flow of excitation energy from the antennae to photosynthetic reaction centre complexes at 77 K was studied in leaves of two evergreen species, namely, snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. ex Spreng.) and a hemiparasitic mistletoe (Amyema miquelii, Lehm. ex Miq.). The leaves that were naturally acclimated to winter conditions of freezing temperatures and high irradiance displayed the recently discovered cold-hard-band or CHB feature of the chlorophyll a fluorescence spectra (Gilmore & Ball, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 97:11098–11101, 2000). A streak-camera-spectrograph was used and the double convolution integral method for global analysis was applied to simultaneously acquire and simulate, respectively, the time- and wavelength-dependence of all major chlorophyll a components (Gilmore et al. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B-London 355:1371–1384, 2000). The CHB coincided with changed amplitudes and decreased excited state lifetimes for the main F685 nm and F695 nm emission bands from the photosystem II (PSII) core-inner-antenna. The CHB dissipates energy as heat separate from PSII while also reducing the PSII quantum yield by competing for both photon absorption and antenna excitation. The CHB did not correlate with changes in the decay kinetics of the PSI antenna F740 nm band. The spectral-kinetic features of the altered energy flow were similar in the unrelated evergreen species. These results are consistent with a functional association between the CHB, PSII energy dissipation and protective storage of chlorophyll in overwintering evergreens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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