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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of high-temperature annealing on the dielectric function of Ta2O5 films observed by spectroscopic ellipsometry (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 3012-3014 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Postdeposition annealing of high-k dielectric Ta2O5 films to eliminate contaminations can adversely cause the films to crystallize, which can be detrimental to their complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor device performances. In this letter, we will show that spectroscopic ellipsometry can be used to quickly and nondestructively detect such crystallization by identifying the two relatively sharp absorption peaks at 4.7 and 5.2 eV in the complex dielectric function of the films. Such peaks are absent in amorphous Ta2O5 films. In general, these sharp structures in the dielectric function are expected from the presence of long-range order in materials, which produces singularities in their interband density of states. Using this approach, we will show that Ta2O5 films become crystalline when annealed at or above 750 °C and remain amorphous below 700 °C. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1324730
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Neutron reflectometry, x-ray reflectometry, and spectroscopic ellipsometry characterization of thin SiO2 on Si (1998)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 2131-2133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: We present here a comparison of neutron reflectometry, x-ray reflectometry, and spectroscopic ellipsometry on a thin oxide film. These three probes each independently determine the structure of the film as a function of depth. We find an excellent agreement between the three techniques for measurements of thicknesses and interfacial roughnesses for both the SiO2 and surface contamination layers found in the sample. Realistic models based on interface parameters measured herein indicate that as the SiO2 layers decrease to sizes projected for future generations of electronic devices, both spectroscopic ellipsometry and neutron reflectometry can easily measure SiO2 films to 2 nm thick or less.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122442
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    X-ray reflectivity determination of interface roughness correlated with transport properties of (AlGa)As/GaAs high electron mobility transistor devices (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 1134-1136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: To explore the role of interface scattering in high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) device performance, a series of samples consisting of both a superlattice and a HEMT structure were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) at temperatures ranging from 500 to 630 °C. Hall measurements indicate a trend toward higher mobilities in samples grown at higher temperatures. Subsequent x-ray reflectivity measurements were made, and the data were fitted by least-squares refinement of a calculated reflectivity curve determined from a model of the sample structure to obtain the composition profile along the growth direction. These results indicate smoother interfaces for the samples with higher mobilities. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.117082
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Spectroscopic ellipsometry characterization of high-k dielectric HfO2 thin films and the high-temperature annealing effects on their optical properties (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), S. 1249-1251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: The optical properties of a set of high-k dielectric HfO2 films annealed at various high temperatures were determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The results show that the characteristics of the dielectric functions of these films are strongly affected by high temperature annealing. For a sample annealed at 600 °C, the film becomes polycrystalline, and its dielectric function displays a distinctive peak at 5.9 eV. On the other hand, the film remains amorphous without the 5.9 eV feature after 500 °C annealing. To model the dielectric functions, the Tauc–Lorentz dispersion was successfully adopted for these amorphous and polycrystalline films. The absorption edge was observed to shift to a higher energy at a high temperature annealing. Defects in the films were shown to relate to the appearance of a band tail above the absorption edge, and they appear to diminish with high temperature annealing. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1448384
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Physiological Psychology (1942)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 4 (1942), S. 561-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.04.030142.003021
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    P' AND THE EARTH'S CORE. (1938)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1938), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1938.tb01761.x
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mannan-Binding Lectin in the Sub-Saharan HIV and Tuberculosis Epidemics (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 46 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Inherited deficiency of mannan-binding lectin (MBL) has been shown to predispose to infections. Conversely, it has also been suggested that MBL might facilitate the uptake of certain intracellular microbes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether MBL plays a role in the HIV and tuberculosis epidemics in Africa. Thus, the authors determined the MBL serum concentration in 173 HIV infected patients (150 with concomitant tuberculosis), 94 patients with tuberculosis without being HIV infected, and 113 controls from Tanzania. The frequency of MBL deficiency was significantly increased in HIV infected patients compared with controls (12.1% and 3.5%, respectively). The frequency of patients deficient of MBL did not differ between controls and HIV negative patients with tuberculosis. However, HIV negative patients with tuberculosis had significantly higher MBL levels than both controls and HIV infected patients with or without tuberculosis. These results indicate that low levels of MBL are associated with increased risk of sexually transmitted HIV infection in Africans. By contrast, high levels of MBL may be involved in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in immunocompetent individuals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-111.x
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Breeding aspects of clustering winter wheat cultivars for yield response (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 116 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: The objective of this study was to compare the yield response of several present day winter wheat cultivars of different origin with the aim of broadening breeders' information from multi-year/location tests by using an appropriate cluster procedure. Yield response of 18 cultivars was analysed using data from two series of official yield performance tests in Germany. Similarity of yield response between two cultivars is defined by a positive correlation coefficient (nearly one) for the yields over all test environments. A hierarchical agglomerative procedure was used to establish clusters of similarly responding cultivars. The smallest distances in yield response were established between closely related cultivars of equal maturity. Clusters of cultivars with distinct maturity and also the groups of East and West German cultivars tested exhibited clear differences in yield response.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1997.tb01027.x
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Rice with fish culture in the semi-deep waters of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: a socio-economical survey (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 29 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: The results of a socio-economical survey of farming systems practising rice culture with introduced fish, rice culture with indigenous fish and rice monoculture in the semi-deep waters of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, are presented. Rice and fish yields, inputs, and cost-benefits were computed to evaluate the agricultural effects of rice with fish culture. Household size, labour availability and educational level were not significantly different among the three farming systems. Rice-fish farming systems differed mainly from rice monoculture by a higher fertilizer/ water requirement and less pesticide use. The total farm cash and net return did not differ among the farming systems. The main beneficial effects of rice-fish culture are thought to be related to environmental sustainability, system biodiversity, farm diversification and household nutrition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1998.00952.x
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Rice with fish culture in the semi-deep waters of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: interaction of rice culture and fish husbandry management on fish production (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 29 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Fish husbandry and rice culture management factors influencing the yield of introduced fish in ricefields of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta were studied by multiple regression analysis. A significant (P 〈 0.001) regression model was computed in which feed input and duration of culture period positively and ricefield area, rice seeding rate and the year of the survey negatively affected the yield of introduced, as well as indigenous, fish. The negative impact of larger ricefields is probably the result of the escape of fish. This is also probably the reason for the year of survey since the average yield of introduced fish was 92.5 kg ha−1 in 1995 (because of an extreme flood) as compared to 164.8 kg ha−1 in 1994. A high seeding rate of rice results in a dense stand which suppresses the growth of fish. Opportunities for improvement of fish production are proper ricefield construction, reduced seeding rates, stocking fingerlings early in the dry season and more intensive feeding.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1998.00948.x
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