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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1563-1572 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By investigation of a model of benzylpenicillin fermentation it was demonstrated that high fermentation productivity is connected with low stability. The increasing instability is not the result of external disturbances but of peculiarities inherent to the system. The main process variables and the essential parameters were selected by analysis of data obtained from fermentation runs in a pilot plant. By simulation on an analog computer it was shown that the proposed model gives a sufficient description of the kinetic behavior of the fermentation runs. By varying the initial conditions it was possible to obtain two types of fermentation runs. One type is distinguished by a high productivity connected with low initial concentrations of sucrose. An increase of the initial sucrose concentration also causes an increase of productivity. When a certain value of this concentration is exceeded a changeover to a faster growth of biomass takes place combined with the breakdown of productivity. The same phenomenon occurs at a defined initial concentration of sucrose if a disturbance of oxygen transfer rate takes place. Whether the culture stays in the one or in the other state after the disturbance has passed depends on the duration, the strength, and the beginning of the disturbance. In the pilot plant similar behavior can be observed. The sensitivity of fermentation processes to disturbances increases with the increase of productivity.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 24 (1982), S. 2129-2136 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For a simple mathematical model of microbial product formation, the productivities of stationary and nonstationary cultivation methods (chemostat and cyclic batch) are compared. Conditions of superiority of the cyclic batch cultivation are characterized. The model includes substrate inhibition of the product formation and the age-dependent loss of productivity of the culture.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 2771-2777 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The optimal substrate profile is calculated by Pontryagin's maximum principle for a simplified mathematical model of microbial growth and product formation. This model is fitted to experimental data of turimycin fermentation. Sub optimal control is studied for comparison.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 24 (1900), S. 369-401 
    ISSN: 0863-1778
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 34 (1903), S. 260-285 
    ISSN: 0863-1778
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 189-202 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: artificial neural network (ANN) ; microfiltration ; cell harvesting ; membrane fouling ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microfiltration is an important unit operation in downstream processing. However, due to the influence of membrane fouling, prediction of the filtration performance for biological suspensions is difficult. This paper describes a modeling approach that allows a comprehensive description of filtration performance. On the basis of experimental data and linguistic information, a specific artificial neural network was developed that predicts the process behavior within a certain range of parameters. This approach allows us to analyze influences of fermentation on filtration. By using extensive simulations, the interactions of 17 parameters were examined and the fouling causes determined. The model was developed for cell harvesting of Escherichia coli through a shear-enhanced module. The method can be applied to any cross-flow filtration process. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:189-202, 1998.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 313 (1961), S. 70-89 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The kinetics and stoichiometry of the reaction between nitrite and excess hydrogensulfite has been investigated by titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods.The initial velocity of this reaction is predominantly fixed by the rate of formation of hydroxylamine disulfonate, [ON(SO3)2]3-, which reacts further to aminotrisulfonate, [N(SO3)3]3-, and aminodisulfonate, [HN(SO3)2]2-.Both from the rate law and the low activation energy of the hydroxylamine disulfonate formation (8,34 kcals/mole) it follows that the first step of the reaction is characterized by the intermediate formation of dihydroxylamine monosulfonate, [(HO)2N·SO3]-, and nitrososulfonate, ON · SO3-, respectively as supposed by RASCHIG.The time and temperature dependence of the formation and consumption of [ON(SO3)2]3- is measured and discussed.
    Notes: Durch spektralphotometrische bzw. maßanalytische Bestimmung der Konzentrationsänderungen der Reaktionspartner wurde die Kinetik und Stöchiometrie der Umsetzung von Nitrit mit Hydrogensulfit unter Bedingungen untersucht, bei welchen neben der Bildung von Hydroxylamin-N-disulfonat (Hydroxylaminsynthese nach Raschig) auch die Entstehung von Nitridotrisulfonat zu erwarten war. Es ergab sich, daß in dem untersuchten Temperaturbereich die Anfangsgeschwindigkeit der Reaktion in erster Linie durch die Bildungsgeschwindigkeit des dreiwertigen Hydroxylamindisulfonat-ions bestimmt wird, das mit überschüssigem Hydrogensulfit mehr oder weniger rasch zu Nitridotrisulfonat und Imidodisulfonat weiterreagiert.Sowohl aus dem Geschwindigkeitsgesetz als auch aus der anormal niedrigen Arrheniusschen Aktivierungsenergie (8,34 kcal/Mol) ist zu schließen, daß der Anlagerung des zweiten Sulfit-ions eine endotherme Reaktion vorgelagert ist, bei der das bereits von Raschig als Zwischenprodukt postulierte Dihydroxylaminsulfonat- bzw. Nitrososulfonat-ion gebildet wird.Die Analyse der Zeitabhängigkeit des Entstehens und Wiederverbrauchs von Hydroxylamindisulfonat bewies, daß für dessen weitere Umsetzung in der Nitrit-Hydrogensulfit Lösung das gleiche Geschwindigkeitsgesetz gilt, welches für die unmittelbare Reaktion von präparativ isoliertem Hydroxylamindisulfonat gefunden worden ist.Der gegenüber der Bildung von Hydroxylamindisulfonat (kT+10°/kT° ≈ 1,6) wesentlich höhere (normale) Temperaturkoeffizient der spezifischen Geschwindigkeit seiner weiteren Umsetzung mit Hydrogensulfit (kT+10°/kT° ≈ 2,5) erklärt, daß die Folgereaktion bei höheren Temperaturen mehr und mehr in den Vordergrund tritt.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The results of the accurate examination of the kinetics of the reactions between nitrite and hydrogen sulfite and between hydroxylamine disulfonate and hydrogen sulfite enabled us to improve RASCHIG's hydroxylamine process. The new method is characterized in that the reaction is performed in a solution which contains more than 2 moles of tetravalent sulfur per 1 mole of nitrite and that the excess sulfite sulfur is precipitated in the form of calcium sulfite.
    Notes: Die genaue Kenntnis der Reaktionskinetik der Umsetzungen von Nitrit mit Hydrogensulfit, und von Hydroxylamindisulfonat mit Hydrogensulfit ermöglichte eine wesentliche verfahrenstechnische Verbesserung der RASCHIGschen Hydroxylamin-Synthese, die dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, daß die Umsetzung in einer Lösung ausgeführt wird, die mehr als 2 Mole vierwertigen Schwefel auf 1 Mol Nitrit enthält und daß der Überschuß an Sulfitschwefel durch Calciumionen in Form von Calciumsulfit ausgefällt wird.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 299 (1959), S. 122-137 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The reactions between hydrogen sulfite and hydroxylamine-N-monosulfonate or -N-disulfonate are branched ones, yielding about 70% imidodisulfonate and 30% amidosulfonate or 70% nitridotrisulfonate and 30% imidodisulfonate.The reaction velocities are proportional to the concentrations of sulfonate and hydrogen sulfite.The activation energies in the temperature range from 25 to 60°C are 24.5 and 18.0 kcals/mol, the A-factors are 1.2 · 1015 and 4.3 · 1011 1/mol · min, respectively. Osulfinic acids are assumed to be intermediate products.
    Notes: Die Umsetzungen von Hydroxylamin-N-monosulfonat und -N-disulfonat mit Hydrogensulfit sind gegabelte Reaktionen, die zu etwa 70% zu Imidodisulfonat bzw. Nitridotrisulfonat und zu 30% zu Amidosulfonat bzw. Imidodisulfonat führen. Die Geschwindigkeit des Stoffumsatzes ist proportional der Konzentration des Sulfonats und des Hydrogensulfits. Die ARRHENIUsschen Aktivierungsenergien im Temperaturbereich von 25 bis 60°C sind 24,5 bzw. 18,0 kcal/Mol, die A-Faktoren 1,2 · 1015 bzw. 4,3 · 1011 1/Mol · min. Wahrscheinlich sind Zwischenprodukte der Umsetzungen O-Sulfinsäuren, deren innermolekulare Umlagerung und Hydrolyse die Reaktionsgabelung verursachen.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 68 (1996), S. 546-550 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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