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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    0.15 μm T-gate E-beam lithography using crosslinked P(MMA/MMA) developed in ortho-xylene resulting in high contrast and high plasma stability for dry etched recess gate pseudomorphic MODFETs for MMIC production
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Microelectronic Engineering 23 (1994), S. 437-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 0167-9317
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0167-9317(94)90190-2
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Micro-scale distribution of microorganisms and microbial enzyme activities in a soil with long-term organic amendment (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Microbial ecology is the key to understanding the function of biodiversity for organic matter cycling in the soil. We have investigated the impacts of farmyard manure added over 120 years on organic matter content, enzyme activities, total microbial biomass and structure of microbial populations in several particle-size fractions of a Luvic Phaeozem a few kilometres northeast of Halle, Germany. We compared two treatments: no fertilization (control) and 12 t farmyard manure (FYM) ha−1 year−1 since 1878. The fine fractions contained most C and N, microbial biomass, total amount of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and greatest invertase activity. Xylanase activity as well as fungal biomass increased only gradually with diminishing particle size, whereas the relative abundance of fungi decreased with diminishing particle size. The least diversity of the soil microbial community, indicated by the smallest Shannon index based on the abundance and amount of different PLFAs and small number of terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) of 16S rRNA genes, was in the sand fractions. The results supported the hypothesis that this microhabitat is colonized by a less complex bacterial community than the silt and clay fractions. Addition of FYM had enhanced the amount of organic matter, total microbial biomass, and xylanase and invertase activity, and induced a shift of the microbial community towards a more bacteria-dominated community in the coarse sand fraction. Microbial communities in finer fractions were less affected by addition of FYM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1351-0754.2003.0569.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    “Tolerogenic effect” of the liver for a small bowel allograft (2000)
    Springer
    Transplant international 13 (2000), S. S123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Liver transplantation ; Small bowel transplantation ; Tolerogenicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A newly developed liver/small bowel transplantation model (LSBTx) was used to investigate the tolerogenic effect of a liver allograft toward a simultaneously transplanted small bowel. Small bowel transplantation (SBTx) under high-dose immunosuppression was compared to LSBTx with a lower FK506 dosage. Syngeneic Lewis [(LEW) to LEW] and two fully allogeneic rat strain combinations (Brown Norway-to-LEW and Dark Agouti-to-LEW) were used. Clinical course and histological findings after SBTx demonstrated a chronic rejection of the small bowel allograft within 100 days. However, after LSBTx long-term acceptance (〉 150 days) was achieved after a transient rejection crisis, although initial immunosuppression was significantly lower. Furthermore, indicator heart transplantations demonstrated the induction of donor-specific tolerance in both allogeneic strain combinations. In contrast to other LSBTx rat models, these results reflect observations after human LSBTx, in which the rate of acute and chronic rejection is also significantly lower than after human SBTx.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001470050296
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Different kinetics of donor cell populations after isolated liver and combined liver/small bowel transplantation (2000)
    Springer
    Transplant international 13 (2000), S. S537 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Chimerism ; Graft chimerism ; Tolerogenic effect of liver graftsRID=""ID="" 〈E5〉Correspondence to〈/E5〉 S. Löffler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Spontaneous tolerance induction after liver transplantation also supports additional transplants, e. g. a small bowel graft, from the same donor (tolerogenic effect). Chimerism serves as a possible explanation of this phenomenon. Isolated liver (LTx) and combined liver/small bowel transplantation (LSBTx) are compared. LSBTx and LTx were performed in the BN → LEW rat strain combination without immunosuppression. Parenchymal damage during rejection was monitored by sequential standard histology. Donor/recipient populations were identified and further differentiated for immunhistochemical single and double staining. A small number of donor specific leukocytes can be detected on all days in host organs (microchimerism). A significantly larger donor leukocyte population survives long-term in the sinusoids of liver (graft chimerism). Sinusoidal donor leukocytes survive rejection and recover in number after tolerance induction. Rejection of liver allografts and infiltration by host leukocytes are more pronounced after LSBTx than after LTx. Accordingly, during rejection a steeper decline of sinusoidal donor leukocytes is observed after LSBTx and recovery after tolerance induction is not as marked. Microchimerism apparently plays no significant role in either transplantation model. The number of sinusoidal donor leukocytes, however, mirrors closely host immune responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001470050397
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term small bowel allograft function induced by short-term FK 506 application is associated with split tolerance (2000)
    Springer
    Transplant international 13 (2000), S. S532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Small bowel transplantation ; Split tolerance ; FK 506 ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Functional long-term allograft survival after experimental small bowel transplantation (SBT) is limited by chronic rejection. Initial application of high-dose FK 506 has been shown to induce stable long-term graft function. In order to examine whether this long-term function is associated with donor-specific tolerance, we analyzed the functional status of recipient T cells in vivo and in vitro. One-step orthotopic SBT was performed in the allogeneic Brown Norway (BN)-to-Lewis rat strain combination. FK 506 was given daily at a dose of 2 mg/kg from days 0–5 in the rejection model and from days 0–9 in the long-term functional model. Mean survival time in the rejection model was 98 ± 2.8 days. Histological examination of these small bowel allografts disclosed signs of chronic rejection. In contrast, all animals of the long-term functional model survived long term ( 〉 250 days) without clinical signs of chronic rejection. The latter model, furthermore, produced evidence of donor-specific tolerance. Whereas heterotopic Dark Agouti (DA) hearts were rejected regularly within 7 days, BN hearts survived indefinitely ( 〉 70 days). In vitro, mixed leukocyte reactivity of CD4 + T cells was similarly strong against donor (BN) antigens as against third-party (DA) antigens. The split tolerance revealed by our in vivo and in vitro results enabled acceptance of both the small bowel allograft without signs of chronic rejection and of donor-specific heart allografts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001470050396
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Overview on Compression Anastomoses: Biofragmentable Anastomosis Ring Multicenter Prospective Trial of 1666 Anastomoses (1998)
    Springer
    World journal of surgery 22 (1998), S. 78-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. This study represents a European prospective clinical multicenter trial and was undertaken to evaluate the applicability of the biofragmentable anastomosis ring (BAR) as a routine anastomotic tool in teaching hospitals. The trial results analyzed consisted of 1666 BAR anastomoses performed in 1360 patients from March 1989 to May 1996 in the upper (1042 anastomoses) and lower (624 anastomoses) gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Only patients selected for elective procedures and having previously undergone orthograde bowel cleansing were entered into the trial. In the upper GI tract six anastomoses (0.58%) developed clinically relevant and radiologically detectable leaks with indications for reoperation. In the lower GI tract 42 (6.73%) anastomoses showed a radiologically detectable leak with clinical manifestations in 28 cases (4.48%). Reoperation was performed in 18 cases (2.80%). The overall leakage rate with clinical relevance was 2.04%. Three gastrojejunostomy episodes of bleeding were observed (0.18%) at the BAR anastomotic site. During the early postoperative course there was no ileus due to obstruction of a BAR anastomosis. Reintroduction of diet after the operation was not delayed. In two centers a follow-up evaluation reported no BAR-related late anastomotic stenoses. There were no intraoperative deaths, but 54 patients died postoperatively. Peritonitis following anastomotic leakage was responsible for postoperative deaths in four cases; three of them were related to BAR anastomoses. In conclusion, the BAR anastomotic procedure is an established, rapid, simple to learn, highly standardized, safe technique with the advantage of no persistent foreign material in the anastomotic region and therefore no induction of stenosis. At present, the application of anastomoses in various segments of the GI tract, from the stomach to the middle third of the rectum, can be recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002689900353
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary Report on the Origin of Rat Mast Cells (1971)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 49 (1971), S. 435-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach subcutaner Injektion von Kaninchenantirattenmakrophagenserum werden die Gewebsmastzellen der regionären Lymphknoten total zerstört. Die Lymphknoten bleiben für etwa 3 Tage mastzellenfrei. Danach treten Mastzellcnvorläufer auf, die morphologisch und cytochemisch Blutmonocyten oder jungen Makrophagen weitestgehend entsprechen. Aus diesen Beobachtungen und aus Literaturbefunden wird der Schluß gezogen, daß Gewebsmastzellen sehr wahrscheinlich aus Blutmonocyten entstehen.
    Notes: Summary After s.c. injection of rabbit anti-macrophage serum a total destruction of tissue mast cells in the regional lymph nodes was observed. The lymph nodes remained free from tissue mast cells until approximately the third day. Thereafter, mast cell progenitors appeared which morphologically and cytochemically corresponded closely to blood monocytes or young macrophages. From these observations and from experimental findings of the literature, it is concluded that tissue mast cells very probably originate from blood monocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01485001
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The value of endorectal ultrasound in the assessment of adenomas, T1- and T2-carcinomas (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of colorectal disease 12 (1997), S. 214-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé. Au cours d'une étude prospective, nous avons examiné la valeur de l'échographie endorectale (ERUS) dans la détermination pré-opératoire du stade des tumeurs susceptibles d'être excisées localement. Au cours d'une période allant du 1er janvier 1991 au 1er mars 1995, sur un total de 160 tumeurs rectales, 152 ont fait l'objet d'une détermination endosonographique de leur stade (uT/uN) et ont été comparées avec les résultats postopératoires de l'histologie (pT/pN) à l'Hôpital universitaire de Wurzburg. Trente-huit patients (24%) étaient porteurs d'un adénome et 15 (9%) d'un cancer au stade T1. Chez 29 patients (18%) le diagnostic retenu est d'un cancer au stade T2; de plus, 67 (42%) et 11 patients (7%) patients étaient respectivement porteurs d'une tumeur au stade T 3 et T 4. La sensibilité pour les adénomes et les cancers au stade T1 (uT0/1) était de 81% avec une spécificité de 98%. Pour les tumeurs au stade T2, la sensibilité n'était que de 41% et la spécificité de 92% étant donné que la majorité des cancers au stade pT2 (17/29) ont été surestimés (uT3). L'exactitude du stade globalement était (T1 – 4) de 77,5%. Deux patients avec un cancer pT1 et 7 avec un cancer pT2 présentaient des métastases ganglionnaires qui avaient été diagnostiquées en pré-opératoire chez 5 d'entre eux. L'exactitude dans la mise en évidence de ganglions lymphatiques est de 83%. Nous concluons que les adénomes et les tumeurs au stade T1 peuvent être diagnostiqués avec une très grande exactitude au moyen de l'échographie endo-rectale. Dans ces tumeurs, l'échographie peut être utilisée comme aide au diagnostic et au choix thérapeutique (opération par voie transanale versus opératoire par voie abdominale). En raison du manque des sensibilité , l'échographie n'ait d'aucune aide dans la détermination des cancers au stade T2.
    Notes: Abstract. In a prospective study we examined the value of endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) in the preoperative staging of potentially locally excisable tumours. During the study period from 1.1.1991 to 1.3.1996 a total of 160 rectal tumours in 152 patients were staged endosonographically (uT/uN) and compared postoperatively with the histologic result (pT/pN) at the University Hospital of Würzburg. Thirty-eight (24%) patients had an adenoma and 15 (9%) a T1-carcinoma. In 29 (18%) cases a T2-cancer was diagnosed, further 67 (42%) and 11 (7%) patients presented with a T3 and T4 tumour, respectively. The sensitivity for adenomas and T1-Ca (uT0/1) was 81%, the specificity 98%. For T2 tumours the sensitivity was only 41% and the specificity 92% as the majority (17 of 29) of pT2 neoplasias were overstaged (uT3). The overall staging accuracy (T1 – 4) was 77.5%. Two patients with a pT1-Ca and seven with a pT2-Ca had lymph node metastases which were detected preoperatively in five. The accuracy for lymph node staging was 83%. We conclude that adenomas and T1 tumours can be assessed with a high grade of accuracy using ERUS. In these tumours ERUS can be used to assist clinical decision-making (transanal vs. abdominal operation). Owing to the lack of sensitivity, ERUS is of no help in the assessment of T2 carcinomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003840050092
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of anastomotic microcirculation in coloanal J-pouches versus straight and side-to-end coloanal reconstruction: an experimental study in the pig (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of colorectal disease 15 (2000), S. 114-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1262
    Keywords: Keywords Low anterior resection ; Coloanal J-pouch ; Microcirculation ; Laser Doppler flowmetry ; Göttinger mini-pigs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Several studies have shown a lower rate of anastomotic leakages in patients with coloanal J-pouch reconstruction than in those with straight coloanal anastomosis following anterior resection of the rectum. This study investigated whether this difference is due to a better anastomotic microcirculation. Thirty-two healthy, adult Göttinger mini-pigs underwent anterior rectal resection. They were subsequently randomized to following four groups (eight pigs per group): straight end-to-end, side-to-end, small pouch (4 cm), and large pouch (8 cm) coloanal anastomosis. Bowel perfusion was measured before and after vessel ligature at predefined locations using laser Doppler flowmetry. After completion of the anastomosis microcirculation was investigated 1 cm above, below, and directly at the anastomotic site. Following vessel ligature there was a 25% drop in blood flow. After completion of the anastomosis there was a further decrease of 25% in the distal segment, while no changes were observed above the anastomosis. There were no statistical differences either before or after completion of the anastomosis between the various groups. It is concluded that anastomotic blood flow does not depend on the type of coloanal reconstruction in healthy pigs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003840050244
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bundesweite Umfrage zum therapeutischen Vorgehen bei Hämorrhoidalleiden und Analfissur (1998)
    Springer
    Der Chirurg 69 (1998), S. 215-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Hemorrhoidal disease ; Anal fissure. ; Schlüsselwörter: Hämorrhoidalleiden ; Analfissur.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Mit einer bundesweit unter coloproktologisch tätigen Ärzten durchgeführten Umfrage wurden Konzepte und Kontroversen in der Behandlung von Hämorrhoidalleiden und Analfissuren erhoben. Unter den 261 Umfrageteilnehmern befinden sich sowohl klinisch tätige als auch niedergelassene Proktologen, wodurch der aktuelle Stand und das gesamte Spektrum der Behandlungsformen vertreten sind. Neben einer üppigen Therapievielfalt bestehen auch deutlich unterschiedliche und z. T. widersprüchliche Behandlungskonzepte. Kontroversen zeigen sich sowohl in der Beurteilung der diversen konservativen Therapieformen als auch in der Indikationsstellung und Verfahrenswahl der operativen Therapie. Eine wissenschaftliche Klärung bestehender Kontroversen und damit eine größere Einheitlichkeit in Diagnostik und Therapie sind anzustreben.
    Notes: Summary. A survey among coloproctologists was performed to assess current therapeutic concepts for the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease and anal fissure. A total of 261 clinical and non-clinical proctologists participated, representing the entire range of therapies in hospital and practise. A wealth of widely differing, in some aspects contradictory concepts were recorded, leaving almost no subject entirely undisputed. There are controversies regarding the different therapeutic alternatives as well as indications for surgery and choice of operative procedure. Future research has to address the existing controversies in order to reach a higher degree of standardization in the therapy of these common proctological disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001040050401
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