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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 7944-7957 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We used heat treatment to intentionally introduce various structural defects in Czochralski silicon substrates. The type, size, and number density of the induced defects were surveyed with transmission electron microscopy, and the defects were then incorporated into SiO2 films (10–50 nm thick) during thermal oxidation in dry O2. The effect of the defects on dielectric strength of the SiO2 films was examined with a time zero dielectric breakdown method. Larger platelet oxygen precipitates caused greater decreases of the breakdown field, and precipitates smaller than the SiO2 film thickness did not appreciably reduce the breakdown field. Every large platelet oxygen precipitate incorporated in the SiO2 film caused a degradation. Octahedral oxygen precipitates caused little degradation. The breakdown field was higher than 7 MV/cm and did not depend much on the SiO2 film thickness and precipitate size. We discussed possible mechanisms for the degradation due to both kinds of precipitates. Oxidation-induced stacking faults formed by a surface oxidation did not markedly reduce the breakdown field when only segments of dislocations and stacking faults were incorporated in the SiO2 film. Another serious degradation was caused by pits that were formed by dissolving octahedral oxygen precipitates in a HF solution. The breakdown field was lower for thicker oxide films, and it recovered as the pit shape became smoother during chemical etching. We proposed that this degradation was caused by a local thinning of SiO2 film due to stress generated in the oxidation of pits. These results suggest that voids rather than the other reported grown-in defects play the most important role in the degradation observed for as-grown silicon. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 2122-2124 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ultrashort electromagnetic waves (600 fs width) from superconducting YBCO thin films have been observed by irradiating current-biased samples with femtosecond optical laser pulses (80 fs width). The Fourier component of the pulse extends up to ∼2 THz. The characteristics of the radiation are studied and the radiation mechanism is ascribed to the ultrafast supercurrent modulation by the laser pulses, which induce the nonequilibrium superconductivity. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 21 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A wide range of studies and experimental evidence have shown that the lower bound of fatigue properties can be correctly predicted by considering the maximum occurring defect size. The estimate of this dimension can be done by analysing the defect sizes using the statistics of extremes.The scope of this paper is to discuss and investigate the two key points in a successful application of this technique: the first is the choice of statistical method for the analysis of data; the second is the knowledge of the minimum number of defects needed to obtain a good estimate of extreme defects.The results obtained in this study allow one to formulate a procedure for estimating the extreme defects with a precision suitable for fatigue strength prediction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— In order to evaluate the threshold value ΔKτth for mode II fatigue crack growth, a new measurement method of mode II fatigue crack growth has been developed. This method uses a conventional closed-loop tension—compression fatigue testing machine without additional loading attachments. Mode II fatigue tests for structural steel and rail steel have been carried out. This method has proved successful and has reproduced mode II fatigue fracture surfaces similar to those found in the spalling of industrial steel-making rolls. The crack length during testing was measured by an AC potential method. The relationships between da/dN and ΔKτ and AKτth for several materials have been obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: ruthenium oxide ; titanium oxide ; chlorine ; oxygen ; DEMS ; porous electrode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Chlorine and oxygen evolving at RuO2/Ti and RuO2–TiO2/Ti anodes have been simultaneously determined at electrode potentials from 1.0 to about 2V (vs Ag/AgCl) by differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy (DEMS). On the RuO2/Ti anodes, the threshold electrode potential for oxygen evolution increased with a decrease in RuO2 loading, while the chlorine evolution potential was unchanged. Low RuO2 loading anodes gave a high chlorine evolution ratio under various constant electrolysis potentials. On the RuO2–TiO2/Ti anodes, the threshold electrode potential for oxygen evolution increased with an increase in the TiO2 content more remarkably than that for chlorine evolution. High TiO2 content anodes gave a high chlorine evolution ratio at various constant electrolysis potentials. The combination of RuO2 and TiO2 exhibits a remarkable effect with respect to the enhancement of chlorine evolution selectivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Extremes 2 (1999), S. 123-147 
    ISSN: 1572-915X
    Keywords: Fatigue limit ; maximum defect ; projection area ; inclusion ; extremes ; Gumbel ; 62N05 ; 60D05
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The method explained in this paper for quantitative evaluation of fatigue limit for materials containing defects is based on the experimental evidences that inhomogeneities and micro-notches can be treated like cracks. First, the basic concept of the √area parameter model is explained introducing the various data obtained by the first author's group for over last 15 years. Evidences are shown that small cracks, defects and nonmetallic inclusions having the same value of the square root of projection area, √area, have the identical influence on the fatigue limit regardless of different stress concentration factors. Various applications of these concepts to various defect types and microstructural inhomogeneities are shown. Since the estimation of fatigue strength is related to the estimation of the size of maximum defects occurring in a piece, the methods for searching the defects and the quality control of materials with respect to inclusion or defect rating as well as their statistical implications are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Partially protonated alkaline mordenites showed higher activity per acid amount below 573 K than acidic zeolites for the selective reduction of NO with C3H6 in the presence of O2, which can be related to a high concentration of NO3 - species in the zeolite channels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bioprocess and biosystems engineering 13 (1995), S. 223-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0797
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract For the advancement of Human Genome Project, we have developed an automated DNA sequencing system ‘HUGA-I.’ It is composed of several automated instruments and transfer robots connecting them. In this paper we describe the results of the performance evaluation test of HUGA-I. Although some of the system units showed good performances, the total performance of the HUGA-I was about 1/6 of the designed value. By revealing principal reasons of this poor performance, we would like to contribute to the automation in genome analysis, particularly in human genome analysis. Since the sequence technology advanced remarkably in these years, the system units of HUGA-I become older than those which are now commercially available and the throughput of it is out of our expectations. Nevertheless, we believe that it is meaningful to introduce the exact performance of HUGA-I and present the bottle neck points in the automating sequencing processes. Because, automation in the gene analysis is ultimately important, in particular for the analysis of large genomes such as the human genome. The aims of this paper are to introduce the results in performance evaluation of HUGA-I and to elucidate the bottle neck points in the automation of sequencing processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] We have identified a strong candidate cDNA for the mouse reeler gene. This 5 kb transcript encodes a 99.4 kD protein consisting of 881 amino acids and possessing two EGF–like motifs. We assayed two independent mutant alleles — ‘Jackson reeler’, which has a deletion of the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 44 (1995), S. 167-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  We analyzed the lipid compositions of a freeze-tolerant strain of yeast Torulaspora delbrueckii D2-4 and its freeze-sensitive mutant 60B3 to clarify the relationship between the lipid composition and freeze tolerance of yeast. The total lipid content of D2-4 was similar to that of 60B3, whereas the content of phospholipids and neutral lipids was different from those of 60B3. The molar ratio of sterol to phospholipid in D2-4 was 60% of that in 60B3. The analysis of lipid components indicated that D2-4 contained larger amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol, but smaller amounts of triglyceride as compared to 60B3. These results suggest that the plasma membrane of freeze-tolerant strain D2-4 may have a higher fluidity than that of freeze-sensitive strain 60B3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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