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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 211 (1975), S. 25-38 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Cerebral vasoparalysis ; Arterial hypertension ; Brain edema ; Hypercapnia ; Hypoxaemia ; Regional cerebral blood flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den vorliegenden Untersuchungen sollte die Frage eines sogenannten Filtrationsödems im Rahmen einer cerebralen Vasoparalyse und/oder einer arteriellen Hypertension geklärt werden. Bei Gruppen von Hunden wurde in Chloralose-Urethan-Narkose eine cerebrale Vasoparalyse durch Hyperkapnie (PaCO2 um 150 mm Hg) und Hypoxämie (PaO2 40–60 mm Hg), eine arterielle Hypertension sowie eine Kombination von Vasoparalyse und arterieller Hypertension erzeugt. Unter den Bedingungen einer Vasoparalyse und Hypertension kommt es zu einem erheblichen Abfall des cerebrovasculären Widerstandes, während der venöse Widerstand geringgradig ansteigt. Die Folge ist eine Zunahme der Hirndurchblutung, eine Zunahme des intrakraniellen Druckes sowie eine Druckzunahme im postcapillären Bereich (SSWP und CSP). Ein Hirnödem in verschiedenen Hirnarealen konnte bei alleiniger Vasoparalyse bei intakter Blut-Hirn-Schranke nicht nachgewiesen werden, selbst wenn der arterielle Blutdruck mehr als 90 min über 180 mm Hg lag. Erst wenn neben der Vasoparalyse die arterielle Hypertension länger als 90 min über 220 mm Hg bestand, konnte eine statistisch signifikante Zunahme des Wassergehaltes in der weißen Substanz gefunden werden. Unabhängig davon fanden sich in der Hirnrinde nach arterieller Hypertension wie auch nach Hypertension und Vasoparalyse punktförmige Evans-Blau-Extravasate, welche eine Schädigung der Blut-Hirn-Schranke anzeigen. In diesen blaugefärbten, punktförmigen Arealen lag der Wassergehalt deutlich über der Norm. Aus den Ergebnissen wird geschlossen, daß die Vasoparalyse allein nicht in der Lage ist, ein Hirnödem über den erhöhten hydrostatischen Druckgradienten zwischen Intravasalraum und Extracellulärraum zu erzeugen. Erst wenn sich zu der Vasoparalyse eine stärkere arterielle Hypertension addiert, findet sich in den Arealen der weißen Substanz ein solches Ödem. Die akute Hypertension selbst ist aber in der Lage, in der Hirnrinde fokale Störungen der Blut-Hirn-Schranke auszulösen. Das von mehreren Autoren bei den klinischen Zuständen von Vasoparalyse beschriebene „brain swelling“ kann demnach nicht bzw. nicht allein auf Hirnödem zurückgeführt werden, sondern ist meist durch das erhöhte Blutvolumen zu erklären. Die klinischen Konsequenzen dieser Befunde werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The present studies were performed in order to determine whether “filtration edema” will develop as a consequence of cerebral vasoparalysis, vasoparalysis in combination with arterial hypertension or arterial hypertension alone. A series of dogs, anaesthetised with i.v. Chloralose-Urethane were exposed 1) to cerebral vasoparalysis, produced by hypercapnia (PaCO2 about 150 mm Hg) and hypoxaemia (PaO2 40–60 mm Hg); 2) to arterial hypertension and 3) to a combination of cerebral vasoparalysis and arterial hypertension. Following cerebral vasoparalysis and arterial hypertension, a significant decrease of total cerebrovascular resistance and moderate increase of venous resistance was observed. Regional cerebral blood flow (133Xe), intracranial pressure, as well as the pressure in postcapillary venous outflow (sinus sagittalis wedge pressure and confluence sinuum pressure) were increased. Neither normotonic vasoparalysis nor vasoparalysis in combination with slight arterial hypertension (MABP more than 90 min above 180 mm Hg) resulted in cerebral edema. In contrast, cerebral vasoparalysis in combination with severe arterial hypertension (MABP more than 90 min above 220 mm Hg) resulted in a statistically significant increase in the water content in the white matter without evidence of protein extravasation. Multiple small foci of Evans blue extravasates, however, were found in the cortex following arterial hypertension in combination with vasodilation, indicating a damage of the blood brain barrier. In these blue stained cortical areas the water content was significantly increased. The following conclusions were drawn from the results. Vasoparalysis during normotension does not produce brain edema despite the slightly elevated hydrostatic pressure gradient between intravasal and extracellular space. Only considerable increase of this hydrostatic pressure gradient caused by a combination of vasoparalysis with severe arterial hypertension is able to produce brain edema in the white matter. In addition, acute hypertension may cause minor multifocal damage of the blood brain barrier in the cerebral cortex. It is concluded that so-called brain swelling, which has been described by several authors in states of cerebral vasoparalysis, is not predominantly caused by brain edema but by vascular congestion. The clinical aspects of the result are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 214 (1977), S. 289-293 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Vertebral artery aneurysms bilateral ; Medullary compression syndrome ; Aneurysm, vertebral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Fall geschildert, bei welchem durch ein Riesenaneurysma am Abgang der Arteria cerebellaris posterior inferior von der linken A. vertebralis zu einer Kompression der Oblongata mit rasch progredienter Tetraparese geführt hatte. An der analogen Stelle an der rechten Vertebralis wurde ein zweites kleineres Aneurysma gefunden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 45 (1967), S. 149-154 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 2.4-Dinitrophenol (17 mg/kg body weight) or 2.4-DNP + ATP (400 mg/kg body weight) was infused to one carotid artery in male albino-rats. 6 hours later the sodium, potassium and water content as well as the contents of different metabolites were determined in brain tissue. After the infusion of DNP into the carotid artery a cerebral edema developed. Examinations of brain tissue revealed an increase of sodium and water content and a decrease of Creatinphosphat and ATP. Lactate and anorganic Phosphate were increased simultaneously. After the addition of ATP to the infusion the alterations did not occur. It is assumed, that this brain edema is localized intracellularely and is caused by an inhibition of active cation transport.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Albino-Ratten wurde 2.4-Dinitrophenol (17 mg/kg Körpergewicht) bzw. 2.4-DNP + ATP (400 mg/kg Körpergewicht) in eine A. carotis infundiert. 6 Std später wurden Wasser-, Natrium-und Kaliumgehalt sowie die Gehalte verschiedener Metabolite im Hirngewebe bestimmt. Nach der Infusion des DNP in die Carotis entwickelte sich ein Hirnödem. Dabei fand sich im Hirngewebe eine Zunahme des Wasser- und Natriumgehaltes sowie eine Abnahme von Creatinphosphat und ATP. Gleichzeitig steigen die Gehalte an Lactat und anorg. Phosphat an. Nach Zugabe von ATP zur Infusionslösung bilden sich die Veränderungen nicht aus. Es wird geschlossen, daß dieses Hirnödem intracellulär lokalisiert ist und durch eine Hemmung des aktiven Transportes verursacht wird.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 52 (1965), S. 501-501 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Brain tumour surgery ; precentral gyrus ; pyramidal tract ; cortical motor stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Surgery of tumours within or close to the central motor area always carries the risk of a new or increased postoperative motor deficit. One reason may be the difficulty of localizing the sensorimotor region, when it is displaced or distorted by the tumour and the perifocal oedema. Recently anatomical data of the craniocerebral topography of the central sulcus6, 9, 15 became available. We safely used under general anaesthesia the intraoperative mapping of the motor cortex by direct cortical electrical stimulation. In 21 patients tumours adjacent to or within the motor area were microsurgically resected. As a result of intraoperative localization the surgical approach had to be modified in contrast to the preoperative localization of the lesion in 5 patients. No new or increased motor deficit occurred and in some cases the preoperative weakness was reduced remarkably.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 100 (1989), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Far lateral disc herniation ; extracanalicular disc herniation ; CT-study ; reformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A retrospective analysis of 45 patients with intra- and extracanalicular lumbar disc herniations (ICDH, ECDH), collected over a 3 year period, is presented. When an intra- or extracanalicular DH was suspected, 1.5 mm axial cuts were made with a GE 9800 from the cranial pedicle through the intervertebral canal to the pedicle of the lower vertebral body. Constructions were then made in coronal and paraxial planes to identify the pathology and its relation to the nerve root. 47% of all ICDH and ECDH were found at the level L4/5, 24% each at the levels L3/4 and L5/S1 respectively and 4% at the level L2/3. In 78% of our patients, the disc fragment was extruded and found well above the level of the disc space, in 22% at the level of the disc space. The coronal reformated views were in general better for demonstrating the course of the compressed nerve root at the levels L2/3–L4/5, while at L5/S1 the paraxial reformated view may yield better images. The distance from the midline of the spinal canal to the medial and lateral edge of the ECDH averages 16.4±3.4 and 33.3±3.6 mm and in some cases the lateral edge was found 39–44 mm from the midline. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of ECDH may be caused by scar tissue, sometimes by an upwardly displaced nerve root or ganglion and, very rarely, by a neurinoma. Pitfalls in therapy, i.g. false negative intraspinal exploration in cases of intraor extracanalicular disc herniations or exploration of the wrong intervertebral canal, may result due to insufficient neuroradiological analysis or from insufficient consideration of the anatomical situation by the neurosurgeon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 117 (1992), S. 143-148 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Lumbar disc herniation ; posterior longitudinal ligament ; disc migration ; topography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A prospective intra-operative analysis of the location of lumbar disc herniation was performed in 131 patients with verified 54% contained (incomplete) and 46% non-contained (complete) lumbar disc herniations. Bulging discs or protrusions are not included in this study. Complete disc herniations occurred more frequently in the upper lumbar spine. The localization of the lumbar disc herniations within its segment showed no correlation to the affected level. 64% of the disc herniations were located medio-laterally, 20% laterally, 12% within or lateral of the intervertebral compartment and 5% in the midline. Nearly one third of all herniations were found at the level of the disc space. Medio-lateral disc herniations were displaced more often in a caudal direction, lateral herniations were found displaced upwards and downwards with similar frequency while extraforaminal herniations migrated significantly more often in a cranial direction. The pathomechanism and anatomical pathways of disc fragment migration are discussed on the basis of a new concept of the anterior extradural space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 140 (1998), S. 1197-1203 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Keywords: Operative training programme; escalating surgical responsibility.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary  The operative neurosurgical training programme in our clinic was restructured from 1991–93 with the concept of having a frame for the categories and the volume of operations for training year 1 to 6 and to continuously escalate the complexity of the interventions. In the present report the experiences gained so far as well as the deficiencies are described.  Between 1991 and 1995 the number of major neurosurgical operations was in the range of 2100 per year, and about 41–48% of these operations were done – under supervision – by residents. By slowly reducing the number of residents from 13 to 9, the trainees started to gain surgical experience earlier, and the average number of operations performed per year increased markedly (from 82 to 122), approximating more to our preplanned figures, also in the various categories. An important aspect is therefore to adapt the number of trainees relative to the available operative case material. According to our preliminary data, about 250–300 operations per year are needed to train adequately one resident. The evaluation also showed deficiencies in some categories, e.g. in pain treatment and peripheral nerve surgery, where care must be taken to better fulfil the official requirements.  The object of a 6-year education is to offer a well balanced training programme with systematic escalation of surgical responsibility until full competency is reached. However, this goal needs to be defined more precisely. The plan presented recently by the Committee for Graduate and Postgraduate Education of the German Society of Neurosurgery [1] may serve as a proposal. A personal surgical logbook would allow a much better record and evaluation the progress of the individual trainee as well as the engagement of the teachers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 24 hours following a cold induced oedema in cats rCBF was measured in the lesion area, the bluish stained cortex immediately adjacent to the lesion, a cortical area remote from the lesion, and in the contralateral uninjured hemisphere. Thereafter the brain was frozen and the respective tissue areas were removed and analyzed for water and electrolyte content as well as metabolite concentrations. It seems, that in the neighbourhood of a local lesion at least 3 different brain regions can be differentiated with regard to their characteristic pattern of data. In non-oedematous regions either hyperaemia or hypoaemia could be observed. In areas with local brain oedema rCBF was reduced inversely proportional to the tissue water content. It seems that the “luxury perfusion syndrome” represents only one of several possibilities of regional flow pattern around a local brain lesion and its occurrence is confined to non-oedematous areas. Reduction of rCBF by 20% in the remote and by 33% in the adjacent oedematous areas does not cause significant changes in the tissue concentrations of phosphocreatine, ATP and ADP, while lactate and the L/P ratio are clearly elevated. A significant drop of the high-energy compounds is found in the lesion, where the flow was reduced by about 62%. This indicates that the local tissue hypoxia occurs as a result of the diminution in local microcirculation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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