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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    “Living high − training low” altitude training improves sea level performance in male and female élite runners (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 12 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Acclimatization to moderate high altitude accompanied by training at low altitude (living high–training low) has been shown to improve sea level endurance performance in accomplished, but not élite, runners. Whether élite athletes, who may be closer to the maximal structural and functional adaptive capacity of the respiratory (i.e. oxygen transport from environment to mitochondria) system, may achieve similar performance gains is unclear. To answer this question, we studied 14 élite men and eight élite women before and after 27 days of living at 2500 m while performing high-intensity training at 1250 m. The altitude sojourn began 1 week after the USA Track and Field National Championships, when the athletes were close to their season's fitness peak. Sea level 3000-m time trial performance was significantly improved by 1.1% (95% confidence limits 0.3–1.9%). One-third of the athletes achieved personal best times for the distance after the altitude training camp. The improvement in running performance was accompanied by a 3% improvement in maximal oxygen uptake (72.1 ± 1.5–74.4 ± 1.5 ml kg− 1 min− 1). Circulating erythropoietin levels were near double initial sea level values 20 h after ascent (8.5 ± 0.5–16.2 ± 1.0 IU ml−1). Soluble transferrin receptor levels were significantly elevated on the 19th day at altitude, confirming a stimulation of erythropoiesis (2.1 ± 0.7–2.5 ± 0.6 μ g ml-1). Hb concentration measured at sea level increased 1 g dl−1 over the course of the camp (13.3 ± 0.2–14.3 ± 0.2 g dl−1). We conclude that 4 weeks of acclimatization to moderate altitude, accompanied by high-intensity training at low altitude, improves sea level endurance performance even in élite runners. Both the mechanism and magnitude of the effect appear similar to that observed in less accomplished runners, even for athletes who may have achieved near maximal oxygen transport capacity for humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2002.120111_1.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of Wax Cracking for Alpha-Olefin Production (1967)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial and engineering chemistry 6 (1967), S. 89-95 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i260021a015
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CONTACT CHEMORECEPTION IN FEEDING BY PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 48 (2003), S. 455-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gustatory receptors associated with feeding in phytophagous insects are broadly categorized as phagostimulatory or deterrent. No phytophagous insect is known that tastes all its essential nutrients, and the ability to discriminate between nutrients is limited. The insects acquire a nutritional balance largely "adventitiously" because leaves have an appropriate chemical composition. Sugars are the most important phagostimulants. Plant secondary compounds are most often deterrent but stimulate phagostimulatory cells if they serve as host-indicating sign stimuli, or if they are sequestered for defense or used as pheromone precursors. The stimulating effects of chemicals are greatly affected by other chemicals in mixtures like those to which the sensilla are normally exposed. Host plant selection depends on the balance of phagostimulatory and deterrent inputs with, in some oligophagous and monophagous species, a dominating role of a host-related chemical. Evolution of phytophagy has probably involved a change in emphasis in the gustatory system, not fundamentally new developments. The precise role of the gustatory systems remains unclear. In grasshoppers, it probably governs food selection and the amounts eaten, but in caterpillars there is some evidence that central feedbacks are also involved in regulating the amount eaten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112629
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bionomics of the Variegated Grasshopper (Zonocerus Variegatus) in West and Central Africa (1986)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 31 (1986), S. 479-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.31.010186.002403
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Topical tropical entomology from Africa (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 507-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Insect Science and Its Application. Editor Thomas R.Odhiambo. 4/yr. (Pergamon.) £42.50, $48.57. NOT content with founding the International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) in Nairobi, Professor Odhiambo has now started the first international entomological journal to ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/299507a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monophagy in a polyphagous grasshopper,Schistocerca shoshone (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 73 (1994), S. 255-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: grasshopper ; monophagy ; polyphagy ; Simmondsia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The feeding behavior of different populations of the grasshopper,Schistocerca shoshone, was investigated in the southwestern United States. Insects from three riparian populations, with a broad spectrum of plants available to them, tended to eat plants roughly in relation to their availability except that broad-leaved herbaceous plants were avoided. Insects from a desert population in a plantation ofSimmondsia fed exclusively on that plant, as did those from another population in the Tucson mountains, despite the availability of a range of other plants. Insects from a third desert population, near Portal, fed mainly onProsopis, the dominant woody plant. In detailed behavioral experiments in the laboratory, insects from Tucson mountains readily acceptedSimmondsia, and less readily acceptedProsopis. Three other common woody plants from the habitat were generally rejected without feeding. Insects from Portal acceptedProsopis andSimmondsia with approximately equal readiness. Breeding experiments suggested that the differences between the plantation insects and those from Portal was genetic and not induced by experience. The insects from both populations were potentially polyphagous and ate a wide range of plants in the laboratory if given no alternative.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382477
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Meal size in nymphs of Locusta migratoria (1972)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 15 (1972), S. 399-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Nahrungsmenge, die von einer Larve der Wanderheuschrecke, Locusta migratoria L., im fünften Entwicklungsstadium bei einer einzigen Mahlzeit verzehrt wird, wurde ermittelt, indem ihr Darm und Darminhalt sofort nach dem Fressen gewogen wurden. In der Mitte des Entwicklungsstadiums wurden größere Mengen verzehrt, Weibchen fraßen mehr als Männchen, jedoch sind die weiblichen Larven ja auch größer. Die Menge der aufgenommenen Nahrung vergrößerte sich mit der Dauer künstlichen Futterentzuges. Sie erreichte ihren Höhepunkt nach sechs Stunden, nach welcher Zeit der Vorderdarm absolut leer war. Die verzehrten Mengen waren je nach der Art der Nahrung unterschiedlich. Auch stellten die Insekten sich so ein, daß sie von einer bestimmten Nahrung mehr zu sich nahmen, wenn sie daran aufgezogen worden waren. Nach längeren Zeitspannen der Isolierung hatten sie die Tendenz, weniger zu fressen. Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit hatten keinen Einfluß auf die Mengen, die verzehrt wurden, außer bei 40°, bei welcher Temperatur sich das gesamte Verhalten zum Fressen ändert.
    Notes: Abstract Meal size in fifth-instar nymphs of Locusta migratoria L. has been investigated by weighing the gut and its contents immediately after feeding. Larger meals are taken in mid-instar, while females eat more in one meal than males under the same conditions. Bigger meals are also eaten after longer periods of food deprivation, but after deprivation for two hours or less, corresponding with the normal interfeed length, meals are smaller than would be expected from the potential maximum foregut volume. The maximum volume attained varies with the type of food available to the insects and is influenced by previous conditioning. Temperature and humidity do not affect meal size except at 40°, at which temperature the usual pattern of feeding is completely altered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293604
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The importance of palpation in food selection by a polyphagous grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 79-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: associative learning ; grasshopper ; palpation ; plant surface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral responses of final-instar nymphs of Schistocerca americanato a variety of acceptable and unacceptable plants were recorded. Palpation occurred on all plants and the palps are involved in both acceptance and rejection. On most unacceptable plants, rejection was at first dependent on biting the leaf, but subsequently on Lantana, Machaeranthera, Moms,and Physalis,rejection often occurred after palpation of the surface alone. This is consistent with the suggestion that associative learning occurs. This response did not wane even when the insects had been without food for over 2 h. There was also some evidence of an innate response to the surface characteristics of Physalis.The features of the surfaces that produced these responses were not determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049149
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationship between plant acceptability and suitability for survival and development of the polyphagous grasshopper,Schistocerca americana (Orthoptera: Acrididae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 411-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: development ; food aversion learning ; grasshopper ; habituation ; plant acceptability ; polyphagy ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The feeding behavior of final-instar nymphs ofSchistocerca americana was observed when they first encountered plants that ranged in acceptability from being eaten in large amounts to not being eaten at all. Growth and survival on the same plants through the last stadium were also studied and the results combined as a suitability index to facilitate comparison with the behavior. Although the plants that were eaten most gave the highest suitability index and those that were not eaten permitted no survival, there was no simple relationship between the amounts eaten and the suitability for growth and survival. The possibility that the insects might become habituated to plants that were initially unacceptable was investigated, but no habituation was found over a 3-day period. It is suggested that food intake is largely determined by the presence of deterrent compounds in the less acceptable foods and that nutritional differences between the plants are likely to have been of minor importance. The behavior on some foods suggests that food aversion learning may be involved. It is concluded that the variability of the insects' behavior makes it impossible to predict the suitability of a plant from their immediate behavioral responses. In the field, insects may sometimes reject foods that would be suitable for survival and development, and feed on plants that are nutritionally deficient or even toxic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02025441
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insect behavior at the leaf surface and learning as aspects of host plant selection (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Behavior ; learning ; leaf surface ; wax ; insects ; food selection ; secondary compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Direct observations on the feeding behavior of insect herbivores are uncommon, but important. The important aspects of host-plant selection by phytophagous insects that have been revealed by such observations are the role of chemicals in the leaf surface, and learning. There are few detailed reports of behavior at the leaf surface, but these indicate that many, if not all, insects exhibit behavior pattenrs that can be interpreted as an examination of the quality of the surface and acceptance or rejection may follow without further testing. A number of experiments show that chemicals from the leaf surface commonly contribute to the acceptability or otherwise of a plant and in most cases so far the active chemicals are of widespread occurrence, not having a specific association with the host plant. Some experiments show that the association between surface chemicals and plant palatability is learned, but in other cases there is evidence of an innate response. Habituation to deterrent chemicals has been demonstrated in the laboratory, but not in the field. Food aversion learning also occurs and may be important in dietary switching by polyphagous insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951806
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