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  • Electronic Resource  (709)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Growth hormone ; Resorption ; Bone ; Cartilage ; Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Young male Sprague-Dawley rats (5–7 weeks old, 80–120 g) were hypophysectomized (HX) and maintained on thyroxin and dexamethasone replacement therapies. Ten days after surgery, some HX rats received a single injection of human growth hormone (hGH), and others five daily injections of hGH. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) histochemistry was employed in order to evaluate the number of cells of resorptive potential in the metaphyseal bone of the proximal tibiae of HX rats and was compared with normal rats and HX rats that further received hGH replacement therapy. In normal rats, two populations of TRAP-positive cells were identified: multinuclear cells, which showed histological characteristics of osteoclasts, and small mononuclear cells, the number of which was overwhelming when compared with the number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells. Both populations were reduced in the HX rat, but more so the mononuclear cells, which were assumed to represent the precursor pool of mature osteoclasts and chondroclasts (P〈0.005). Five daily injections of hGH to HX rats brought about a significant increase in the number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells, the number of nuclei of these cells, and the number of mononuclear TRAP-positive cells, throughout the metaphyseal bone (P〈0.05). A single injection of hGH increased only the number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells in the trabecula/bone marrow interface (P〈0.05), indicating a very rapid fusion of precursor cells into mature osteoclasts in that particular location. It was concluded that GH depletion caused a major reduction in the number of cells presenting resorption capacity and that a short hGH replacement regimen resulted in a gradual restoration of these cells n the metaphyseal bone of the proximal tibia of the HX rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 53 (1993), S. 81-85 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin K ; Osteocalcin ; γ-carboxyglutamic acid ; Bone ; Calcium excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The objective of this study was to identify subjects in whom vitamin K has an effect on markers for calcium and bone metabolism and to detect hitherto-unnoticed correlations between vitamin K-induced changes in these markers. Participants in our studies were apparently healthy women, in whom we measured serum-immunoreactive osteocalcin (irOC) before and after adsorption to hydroxylapatite; total serum alkaline phosphatase (T-AP) and bonespecific alkaline phosphatase (B-AP); and fasting urinary calcium and creatinine. We describe a trial among 145 women who were treated with vitamin K (1 mg/day) for 2 weeks, and a prospective placebo-controlled trial among two groups each of 70 postmenopausal women with a treatment period of 3 months. It turned out that in elderly women vitamin K induced increased levels of serum irOC with a high affinity for hydroxylapatite (irOCbound), whereas that with low affinity (irOCfree) remained unaffected. In placebo-treated women the ratio irOCfree/irOCbound shifted from 0.38 to 0.65 around the 50th year of age. This shift was not found in vitamin K-treated women. After 3 months of treatment the vitamin K-induced changes in irOCbound were correlated with changes in B-AP, whereas irOCfree was correlated to urinary calcium excretion. In fast losers of urinary calcium vitamin K induced a 30% decrease of calcium excretion. The hypothesis is put forward that irOCbound may be a marker for bone formation, that serum irOCfree may be a marker for bone resorption, and that the serum irOCfree/irOCbound ratio may become a marker for skeletal remodeling. It is concluded that vitamin K administration may help to reduce urinary calcium loss in postmenopausal women, notably in the fast losers of calcium. The ratio irOCfree/irOCbound provides more information than total irOC and may become a practical marker for bone metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Nandrolone decanoate ; Ovariectomy ; Bone mechanics ; IGF-I ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Nandrolone decanoate (ND) is an anabolic steroid with a positive effect on bone mass in osteoporotic patients. The mechanism of action, (i.e., reduction of bone resorption and/or Stimulation of bone formation), the ultimate effect on mechanical properties, and the most effective dosage are not yet clear. To address these issues, dose-related effects of the long-term effect of ND on Serum and bone biochemistry, bone mineral content, and bone mechanical properties in ovariectomized (OVX) rats (12 weeks old at the Start of the experiment) were Studied for 6 months. The results were compared with those obtained in agematched, intact, and OVX rats. OVX caused in the femur a significant increase in net periosteal bone formation and net endosteal bone resorption of bone collagen content and torsional strength, and of Serum alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels, whereas cortical bone density and calcium/creatinine and phosphorus/creatinine in 24-hour urine were Significantly reduced. Treatment of OVX rats with 1 mg ND/14 days resulted in a Significant increase in periosteal bone formation, femur length, cortical and trabecular bone mineral content and density, torsion stiffness and Strength, and bone IGF-I content, and a decrease in Serum osteocalcin, urinary calcium/creatinine levels, and bone collagen content compared with OVX controls. The higher ND dosage of 2.5 mg/14 days did not improve the results. ND treatment did not reverse all changes induced by OVX to the level of the intact controls. These results indicate that ND acts as an antiresorptive drug and as a bone formation Stimulating drug. Furthermore, the increased bone mass and bone mineral density is associated with improved bone Strength and stiffness and the presence of an increased amount of IGF-I. IGF-I is a growth factor considered to play a role in the maintenance of normal skeletal balance by a paracrine or autocrine mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Iron ; Bone ; Osteoblasts ; Ferritin ; Electron energy loss spectroscopy ; Electron spectroscopic imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Iron overload occurs frequently in thalassemia as a consequence of regular blood transfusions, and iron has been found to accumulate in bone, but skeletal toxicity of iron is not clearly established. In this study, bone biopsies of thalassemic patients were investigated by light (n = 6) and electron microscopy (n = 8) in order to analyze iron distribution and possible iron-associated cellular lesions. Sections (5 μm thick) were used for histomorphometry and iron histochemistry. Ultrathin sections were examined with an energy filtering transmission electron microscope. Iron was identified by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and iron distribution was visualized by electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) associated with computer-assisted treatment (two-window method). This study shows that EELS allows the detection of 4500–9000 iron atoms, and that computer-assisted image processing is essential to eliminate background and to obtain the net distribution of an element by ESI. This study shows also that stainable iron was present along trabecular surfaces, mineralizing surfaces, and on cement lines in the biopsies of all patients. Moreover, iron was detected by EELS in small granules (diffusely distributed or condensed in large clusters), in osteoid tissue, and in the cytoplasm of bone cells, but not in the mineralized matrix. The shape and size (9–13 nm) of these granules were similar to those reported for ferritin. As for iron toxicity, all patients had osteoid volume and thickness and osteoblast surface in the normal range. Stainable iron surfaces did not correlate with osteoblast surfaces, plasma ferritin concentrations, or the duration of transfusion therapy. Numerous osteoblasts contained damaged mitochondria, and impaired osteoblast activity can therefore not be excluded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone ; Bone fluoride content ; Calcification defects ; Osteoporosis ; Sodium fluoride treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fluoride treatment is used to increase bone formation and cancellous bone mass in patients suffering from postmenopausal osteoporosis with vertebral fractures. Patients submitted to similar therapeutic protocols have shown various histological responses to the treatment, some developing calcification defects and others not. In fact, the bone histological response to fluoride salts depends on the cumulative uptake of fluoride by bone. To clarify the relationship between the presence of calcification defects (identified by the presence of mottled bone and linear formation defects) and the bone fluoride content, a retrospective study was performed on 29 women with type 1 osteoporosis and treated for several months (11–24) with sodium fluoride (50 mg/day), calcium and vitamin D. Bone fluoride content always significantly increased after treatment, but it was significantly higher in patients showing calcification defects than in those having no defects. These differences between the two groups of patients were not due to differences in clinical details (no significant differences concerning age, duration of treatment, total amount of fluoride ingested, renal function) or in their bone remodelling activity. Thus, it may be hypothesized that the high bone fluoride uptake is due to different individual responses from one patient to another concerning the bioavailability of the same dose of fluoride. This is difficult to predict, except by testing the individual bioavailability of the compound to be used in each patient before starting long-term treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone ; Bone loss ; Epidemiology ; Estrogen ; Prospective study ; Thiazide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Understanding factors associated with more rapid bone mineral loss among aging women is important for establishing preventive strategies for intervention. This study reports factors associated with the 5-year change in radial bone mineral density (BMD) determined prospectively in 435 women aged 55–80 years at baseline. The baseline study included measurement of radial BMD (gm/cm2) by single photon densitometry and personal interview. The baseline protocol was replicated 5 years later in a follow-up study. Women with a lower baseline weight or Quetelet index, smaller triceps skinfold and less arm muscle area had significantly greater 5-year bone loss (p=0.001). Current users of estrogens had less radial bone loss (2.8% vs 7.3%,p=0.0005) than women not currently using estrogens. Current users of estrogen had significantly less 5-year loss if use had been for 5 years or longer (−1.0% vs −6.9%,p=0.05). Current users of the thiazide class of medications had less 5-year radial bone loss (5.0% vs 7.4%,p=0.0035) than women without current thiazide use. Baseline dietary calcium, alcohol consumption and smoking were not associated with BMD change. This suggests that greater body size, and current use of estrogens or thiazide antihypertensives are associated with less radial bone mass loss in a 5-year period among postmenopausal women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Collagen orientation ; Bone ; Stress ; Strain ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mechanical test specimens were prepared from the cranial and caudal cortices of radii from eight horses. These were subjected to destructive tests in either tension or compression. The ultimate stress, elastic modulus and energy absorbed to failure were calculated in either mode of loading. Analysis was performed on the specimens following mechanical testing to determine their density, mineral content, mineral density distribution and histological type. A novel technique was applied to sections from each specimen to quantify the predominant collagen fibre orientation of the bone near the plane of fracture. The collagen map for each bone studied was in agreement with the previously observed pattern of longitudinal orientation in the cranial cortex and more oblique to transverse collagen in the caudal cortex. Bone from the cranial cortex had a significantly higher ultimate tensile stress (UTS) than that from the caudal cortex (160 MPa vs 104 MPa; P〈0.001) though this trend was reversed in compression, the caudal cortex becoming relatively stronger (185 MPa vs 217 MPa; P〈0.01). Bone from the cranial cortex was significantly suffer than that from the caudal cortex both in tension (22 GPa vs 15 GPa; P〈0.001) and compression (19 GPa vs 15 GPa; P〈0.01). Of all the histo-compositional variables studied, collagen fibre orientation was most closely correlated with mechanical properties, accounting for 71% of variation in ultimate tensile stress and 58% of variation in the elastic modulus. Mineral density and porosity were the only other variables to show any significant correlation with either UTS or elastic modulus. The variations in mechanical properties around the equine radius, which occur in close association with the different collagen fibre orientations, provide maximal safety factors in terms of ultimate stress, yet contribute to greater bending of the bone as it is loaded during locomotion, and thus lower safety factors through the higher strains this engenders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Bone ; Collagen ; Orientation ; In vivo strain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A novel technique for determining the collagen fibre orientation pattern of cross-sections of cortical bone was used to study mid-diaphyseal sections from the equine radius. Several in vivo strain gauge studies have demonstrated that this bone is loaded in bending during locomotion in such a way that the cranial cortex is consistently subjected to longitudinal tensile strains and the caudal cortex to longitudinal compressive strains. Twenty-three radii from 17 horses were studied. All the bones obtained from adult horses exhibited a consistent pattern of collagen fibre orientation across the cortex. The cranial cortex, subjected to intermittent tension, and the lateral and medial cortices, through which the neutral axis passes, contained predominantly longitudinally oriented collagen fibres. The caudal cortex, subjected to longitudinal compression during life, contained predominantly oblique/transverse collagen. This pattern was less evident in bones from foals. Microscopic analysis of the bones studied showed that primary lamellar bone was composed of predominantly longitudinal collagen fibres, irrespective of cortex. However, there was a strong relationship between cortical location and fibre orientation within remodelled bone. Secondary osteons which formed in the caudal (compressive) cortex contained predominantly oblique/transverse collagen, while those which formed elsewhere contained longitudinal collagen. This observation explained the developmental appearance of the characteristic macroscopic pattern of collagen fibre orientation across the whole cortex in the adult. These findings provide evidence for the existence of a relationship between the mechanical function of a bone with its architecture, and now demonstrate that it extends to the molecular level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Bone ; Human ; Aging ; Sex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary We describe a detailed study of fluoride distribution with age in the human cortical rib bone. Human ribs were obtained from 110 subjects (M:68,F;42) aged 20–93 years. The fluoride distribution from the periosteal to endosteal surfaces of the ribs was determined by sampling each specimen using an abrasive micro-sampling technique, and the samples were analyzed using the fluoride electrode, as described by Weatherell et al. [1]. The concentration of fluoride was highest in the periosteal region, decreased gradually towards the interior of the tissue where the concentration of fluoride tended toward the plateau, and then rose again towards the endosteal surface. Patterns of fluoride distribution changed with age, and the difference between periosteal and endosteal fluoride levels increased with age. Although average fluoride concentrations increased with age in both sexes, there was a significant difference between males and females at the age of about 55 years (P〈0.05).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 53 (1993), S. 21-25 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Omeprazole ; Bone ; Resorption ; Inhibition ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Omeprazole is an inhibitor of gastric H+, K+-ATPase. Although the major proton transport of osteoclast is mediated by a vacuolar-type H+-ATPase which is different from the gastric H+, K+-ATPase,in vitro studies have demonstrated that omeprazole inhibits bone resorption. In this study, the effect of omeprazole on bone resorption was evaluated in patients who had a history of gastric ulcer and were treated with maintenance doses of H2 blocker without any gastric complaints at the study time. H2 blocker administration was changed to omeprazole treatment in the study group and to no treatment in the control group. Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and calcium decreased after omeprazole treatment in the study group. Serum intact PTH, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) increased in this group. In the control group, there were not any changes in these parameters. The discrepancy between serum TRAP and urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and calcium in the study group was thought to be due to the suppression of bone resorption by omeprazole, which probably interfered the acidification at resorption lacunae and resulted in the inactivation of TRAP and other lysosomal enzymes. The results of our study suggest the possibility that the specific inhibitors of the osteoclastic proton pump (such as bafilomycins) will more effectively suppress bone resorption and be useful for the treatment of metabolic bone diseases with increased bone resorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 52 (1993), S. 130-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Bone ; Osteoporosis ; Bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A mathematical model was developed that prediets fluoride accumulation and clearance from the skeleton based upon fluoride bioavailability, bone remodeling rate, and the fluoride binding characteristics of bone. It was assumed that fluoride binds to bone in a nonlinear fashion such that a smaller percentage of fluoride is bound to bone if fluoride intake is increased to high levels. Bone resorption rate was assumed to be proportional to the solubility of hydroxyfluorapatite which is inversely related to bone fluoride content. The predictions made by the model compared favorably with experimental results from fluoride uptake and clearance studies. Parametric studies done using the model showed the following: (1) fluoride can be cleared from the skeleton by bone remodeling, but fluoride clearance takes over four times longer than does fluoride uptake; and (2) fluoride uptake by the skeleton was positively associated with bone remodeling rate. However, the concentration of fluoride in newly formed bone does not decrease with reduced remodeling rates and surpasses 10,000 ppm for intakes of fluoride greater than 9 mg/day. For osteoporosis, daily dose and duration of fluoride treatment should be selected to avoid reaching a toxic cumulative bone fluoride content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 52 (1993), S. 399-405 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rhesus monkey ; Bone ; Diet ; Age ; Sex ; Bone mineral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of diet, age, and sex on the mineral content of primate bones was determined for free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from the Caribbean Primate Research Center. Monkeys in this study were of known age and sex and had been provided with either a low protein (15%) or a high protein (25%) diet for most of their lives. Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to assess bone mineral content. Results showed that diet had no significant effect on the bulk mineral composition of Ca, Mg, Br, and Cl in the bones. Of the minerals analyzed, only Na and Mn showed significant diet-related effects. The bone Ca content was found to be lower in females than in males when controlled for age. Finally, Ca content was found to be higher in young adults, lower at middle age, and higher in old age in both male and female monkeys. In conclusion, this study has shown that increasing protein content in the diet does not change the bulk mineral content of primate bones. The nondietary effect that Ca content of monkey bones is lower during middle age has not been previously reported.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 52 (1993), S. 447-454 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Iliac crest ; Bone ; Histomorphometry ; Baboon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Dat in the literature on bone histomorphometry in the baboon are scant. This study provides data from analysis of trabecular bone of the iliac crest of 16 adult male chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in captivity. Five animals were young adults judging by the presence of growth cartilage in the iliac crest biopsy. Bone volume resembled that in humans, but trabeculae were thinner and more closely spaced. Bone turnover appeared somewhat lower than in humans. Coupling of resorption and formation was excellent as judged by cellular and kinetic variables; erosion surface was an unreliable indicator of ongoing coupling. The similarities between human and baboon trabecular bone make the baboon suited for the study of microstructure and bone turnover of trabecular bone with relevance to humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoclast ; Giant multinucleated cell ; Biomaterials ; Ceramics ; Morphometry ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The nature of the multinucleated cells involved in the resorption processes occurring inside macroporous calcium-phosphate biomaterials grafted into rabbit bone was studied using light microscopy, histomorphometric analysis, enzymatic detection of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, scanning, and electron microscopy. Samples were taken at days 7, 14, and 21 after implantation. As early as day 7, osteogenesis and resorption were observed at the surface of the biomaterials, inside the macropores. Resorption of both newly formed bone and calcium-phosphate biomaterials was associated with two types of multinucleated cells. Giant multinucleated cells were found only at the surface of the biomaterials; they showed a large number of nuclei, were TRAP negative, developed no ruffled border, and contained numerous vacuoles with large accumulation of mineral crystals from the biomaterials. Osteoclasts exhibited TRAP positivity and well-defined ruffled border. They were observed at the surface of both newly formed bone and biomaterials, around the implant, and inside the macropores. In contact with the biomaterials, infoldings of their ruffled border were observed between the mineral crystals, deeply inside the microporosity. The microporosity of the biomaterials (i.e., the noncrystalline spaces inside the biomaterials) increased underneath this type of cell as compared with underneath giant cells or to the depth of the biomaterials. These observations demonstrate that macroporous calcium-phosphate biomaterials implanted in bone elicit osteogenesis and the recruitment of a double multinucleated cell population having resorbing activity: giant multinucleated cells that resorb biomaterials and osteoclasts that resorb newly formed bone and biomaterials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 53 (1993), S. S113 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteocyte ; Femoral neck fractures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The viability of osteocytes can be demonstrated in sawn decalcified sections of bone by their lactate dehydrogenase activity. In the cancellous bone of the femoral head, the proportion of lacunae containing viable osteocytes decreased from 88 ± 7% (mean ± SD) at 10–29 years to 58 ±12% (P 〈 0.001) by 70–89 years. Viability in the second lumbar vertebra was 88 ± 3% in subjects aged 25–90 years and did not decrease with age. Mean osteocyte viability in the femoral head of 21 hip fracture patients aged 72–94 years was 58 ± 21%, similar to controls of a similar age, though there was greater variation and, in five patients, osteocyte viability was less than 25%. In hip, fracture patients, microfracture callus incidence correlated positively with osteocyte viability, with little or no fracture callus observed if the bone viability was low. Ultimate compressive strength did not correlate with osteocyte viability. In the femoral head there is gradual, age-related reduction in osteocyte viability that can be more pronounced in hip fracture. Osteocyte death may affect bone quality by impairing repair of fatigue damage.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Rachis ; Os ; Fractures vertébrales ; Solidité vertébrale ; Métastases ; Spine ; Bone ; Vertebral fractures ; Vertrebral strength ; Metastases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Transcortical osseous lesions were simulated in thoracic vertebrae to investigate the effects on vertebral strength of defect location, pedicle disruption, and defect size. Alternate vertebrae from 15 thoracic spines were assigned to five defect groups: anterior, posterior, lateral, one pedicle, or both pedicles. The remaining vertebrae served as controls. All vertebrae were tested to failure in combined axial — flexion loading. The intact failure load for each vertebra with a defect was estimated based on the actual failure loads of the control vertebrae from the same spine. The failure loads for vertebrae with transcortical defects (anterior, posterior, lateral) were significantly lower (P=0.0001) than estimated intact loads; this was not the case for vertebrae with single pedicle disruption (P=0.90). Relative strengths (defined as actual failure load divided by predicted intact failure load) for the anterior (mean=0.51), posterior (0.55) and lateral (0.58) defect groups were not significantly different from each other, but were different from the single pedicle defect group (1.09). Relative strength depended only weakly on defect size. Comparison of these results with those of a previous study of simulated defects in the vertebral centrum suggests that transcortical defects result in slightly greater reductions in vertebral strength than defects of comparable size involving only trabecular bone.
    Notes: Résumé Des lésions osseuses avec effraction corticale ont été simulées au niveau des vertèbres thoraciques afin d'étudier les effets du siège du défect, de sa taille et de la rupture pédiculaire sur la solidité vertébrale. Des vertèbres provenant de 15 rachis thoraciques ont été regroupés en 5 types topographiques de défects: antérieur, postérieur, latéral, un seul pédicule ou deux pédicules. Les autres vertèbres ont servi de témoins. Toutes les vertèbres ont été soumises à une charge combinée de compression axiale et de flexion jusqu'à leur rupture. La charge de rupture présumée des vertèbres préparées, en dehors de tout défect, a été estimée d'après les charges de rupture effectives des vertèbres témoins du même rachis. Les charges de rupture des vertèbres présentant un défect cortical (antérieur, postérieur, latéral) se sont montrées significativement moins élevées (p=0,0001) que les charges de rupture estimées sur les vertèbres intactes; cela n'a pas été le cas des vertèbres présentant une rupture pédiculaire simple (p=0.90). Les solidités relatives (définies comme le rapport de la charge de rupture des vertèbres présentant un défect à la charge de rupture estimée sur les vertèbres intactes) ne présentaient pas de différences dans les groupes vertébraux porteurs d'un défect antérieur (moyenne=0,51), postérieur (0,55) et latéral (0,58), mais différaient de celles du groupe présentant un défect pédiculaire simple (1,09). La solidité relative ne dépendait que faiblement de la taille du défect. La comparaison de ces résultats à ceux d'une étude préalable portant sur des vertèbres présentant des défects corporéaux centraux laisse penser que les défects corticaux provoquent une diminution de la solidité vertébrale un peu plus importante que celle engendrée par des défects de taille comparable ne touchant que l'os spongieux.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-5241
    Keywords: Forehead augmentation ; Hydroxylapatite ; Periosteum ; Bone ; Aesthetic contouring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The difference between periosteal and subperiosteal application of hydroxylapatite (HA) in aesthetic forehead augmentation in the subimplant bed was investigated in six adult Göttingen minipigs. These results were then transferred to clinical application. One exemplary case is described. We found that epiperiosteal augmentation with hydroxylapatite should be performed only if shape and location are stable. Subperiosteal augmentation with hydroxylapatite must be judged critically since HA particles migrate into the subimplant bone.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 273 (1993), S. 381-389 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vigilin ; Cartilage ; Bone ; Differentiation ; In-situ hybridization ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of vigilin was followed during chick embryonal development by in situ hybridization. Vigilin mRNA is abundantly expressed in tissues of mesenchymal and ectomesenchymal origin. The mesenchymal primordial cells of cartilage and bone did not show any significant, expression of vigilin. As tissue differentiation proceeded, vigilin mRNA levels increased in hyaline cartilage and in both endochondral as well as intramembranous bone. The results suggest that the expression of vigilin mRNA in cartilage- and bone-forming cells chondrocytes and osteobalsts, is dependent on the stage of development and cellular differentiation, although not a unique process of bone formation. Most striking is the correlation of the maximum vigilin mRNA expression in osteoblasts and hypertrophic chondrocytes to periods when cell-specific genes were highly transcribed and substantially translated, e.g., synthesis of procollagen and formation of extracellular matrix in bone and cartilage.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cartilage ; Bone ; Organ culture ; Joints ; Man (Primates)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mandibular condyles of human fetuses, 14–21 weeks in utero, were kept in an organ culture system for up to 60 days. After 6 days in culture, the cartilage of the mandibular condyle appeared to have maintained its inherent structural characteristics, including all its various layers: chondroprogenitor, chondroblastic, and hypertrophic. After 12 days in culture, no chondroblasts could be seen; instead, the entire cartilage was occupied by hypertrophic chondrocytes. At the same time, the mesenchymal cells in the vicinity of the chondroprogenitor zone differentiated into osteoblast-like cells that produced type I collagen. The progenitor cells were still actively incorporating 3H-thymidine. The newly formed osteoid-like tissue lacked both metachromatic reactivity and a response to antibodies against chondroitin sulfate. Instead, the tissue reacted positively for osteocalcin (bone gla-protein). The process of new bone formation further progressed and, by the 20th day in culture, the new bone reacted positively for type I collagen, osteonectin, and to a lesser extent for chondroitin sulfate. The osteoid also underwent mineralization as revealed by both the von Kossa stain and vital staining with tetracycline. The above feature appeared even more intense in 40-day-old cultures. After 60 days, the newly formed bone contained osteoblasts and osteocytes, whereas the extracellular matrix revealed a high degree of matrix polarization. The results of the present study recapitulate findings reported for organ cultures of mice mandibular condyles. However, the in vitro process of de novo bone formation in human specimens requires a 6-fold longer culture time than that needed for mice condyles.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone ; Scales ; Development ; Hemichromis bimaculatus (Teleostei, Perciformes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The development of the frontal bone and the formation of the first head scales are described during post-embryonic ontogeny of Hemichromis bimaculatus, using light and transmission electron microscopy. The frontal bone originates close to the cartilaginous taenia marginalis in a loose mesenchymal cell condensation (=primordium) lying 1 μm from the epidermis with which it establishes no cell contacts. The anlage appears at 4.2 mm standard length (SL) in the form of the membranodermal component of the bone, and extends first over the brain and then over the eye; the neurodermal component forms later to surround the supraorbital canal. The first head scales appear at 10.0 mm SL in a dense cell condensation (papilla) adjoining the epidermal-dermal junction and, once formed, remain in this position. In both organs, the initial matrix is similarly composed of “woven-fibred” bone that soon mineralizes in a similar manner to other dermal elements. In some areas of the frontal bone, “parallel-fibred” bone is deposited unequally on both surfaces, whereas isopedine is deposited in scales on the deep surface only. Osteoblastic features confirm this eccentric growth. Differences in the shape, organization and localization of the mesenchymal condensations giving rise to the frontal bone and to the scale reflect the existence of two types of dermal cell condensations. Our data are compared with those available for the post-cranial dermal skeleton of fishes both from a developmental and structural viewpoint. Structural differences in the matrices of the frontal bone and scales are discussed in a phylogenetic perspective.
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  • 21
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    European journal of applied physiology 66 (1993), S. 55-59 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Ultraviolet ; Bone ; Metabolism ; Osteoporosis ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The beneficial effects of ultraviolet light on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis, calcium metabolism, and bone formation are well known. Regarding the increasing fear of side effects from ultraviolet B (UV-B), lamps with less energy in the UV-B range have been developed. Two spectra with differences in the emission of UV-B have therefore been evaluated for their influence on calcium metabolism. A group of 24 healthy male volunteers was subdivided into two treatment groups. Group 1 was exposed to lamps with higher energy of total UV-B but less energy at the wavelengths below 300 nm than the lamps used in group 2. All subjects were irradiated ten times within 12 days. Exposure time was 3 min in the first session and time of exposure was increased by 10% in every following irradiation (suberythematous doses only). Before the first irradiation, 3 days after the last exposure, and after 4 more weeks, the serum parameters of bone metabolism were determined by standard laboratory methods. Significantly increased levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were found in both groups. There was only a slight increase of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Parathyroid hormone decreased significantly in group 2 only. The data would suggest beneficial effects on bone metabolism for both regimens. The observed effects were more pronounced when shorter wavelengths (group 2) were applied, although the total energy of UV-B was lower in these lamps.
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  • 22
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    European journal of applied physiology 67 (1993), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Bone ; Physical training ; Monkey ; Animal model ; Histomorphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study was designed to provide data on the effects on bone of 5 months of daily exercise in nonhuman primates. The subjects were five male rhesus monkeys with mature skeletons with a body mass of 8–10 kg. The exercise schedule selected to provide endurance training was a daily continuous 1-h climbing task. An iliac crest bone biopsy was performed prior to and at the end of the physical training. The histomorphometric bone study was based upon bone mass and bone cell activity measurements made on nondecalcified bone slides, using trichromic and fluorescent labelling techniques. Results showed a decrease in bone formation, resulting in reduced bone mass at the end of the 5 months. This effect is suggested to be related to the unphysiological climbing regimen imposed on these animals which are naturally used to short periods of rapid exercise. From these investigations it was concluded that even if it is well tolerated, long-term physical endurance training can induce bone loss in primates. Further investigations are needed to determine with accuracy the relationships between bone physiology and physical exercise, and particularly with regard to its type, intensity and duration.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1434-9949
    Keywords: Pyridinium Crosslinks ; Steroids ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bone loss is a feature of RA, but the exact mechanisms involved are not clear. The collagen crosslinks deoxypyridinoline (DPYR) and pyridinoline (PYR) are specific indices of ‘mature’ collagen breakdown and reflect increased bone turnover. The aims of the study were to examine crosslink levels in RA and their association with disease activity and the effect of steroids. Urinary crosslinks corrected for creatinine were measured on morning fasting samples by HPLC in 70 postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) aged 45–65 and compared with 169 postmenopausal healthy age-matched controls from the population. Mean levels of PYR were significantly higher in RA cases than in controls (52.4 versus 37.5 nmols/mmolCr) although mean levels of DPYR did not differ significantly. A weak correlation was found with ESR and PYR (r=0.35) but not with other markers of disease activity. Thirteen of the RA cases were current steroid users and their levels of DPYR and PYR even with low doses, were significantly elevated above those of non-users, ex-users and controls. The finding of raised urinary PYR but not the bone specific DPYR in nonsteroid using RA cases suggests that the increased collagen breakdown does not primarily come from bone but from other sources such as cartilage and synovium. The large increases in collagen excretion in low dose steroid users, may reflect the higher risk of osteoporosis in this group.
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  • 24
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 639-647 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An a posteriori point-wise outflow flux recovery scheme which capitalizes on the hyperbolic nature of convection-dominated transport models is proposed. The scheme is seen to be robust in that it can be applied to any upwind finite-difference or finite-element approximation, and gives a superconvergent approximation to the outflow flux.
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  • 25
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 757-766 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A geometrically non-linear global/local technique was developed and tested. This technique uses separate global and local finite-element models. Iteration is used to enforce equilibrium between the global and local models. The results of this initial study suggest that the technique can be used to reduce both computer memory and CPU requirements.
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  • 26
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 785-785 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 27
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 773-784 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A general line search concept is presented, which can be applied for the solution of non-linear equations in the presence of constraint conditions as in arc-length methods in a consistent manner.
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  • 28
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 767-772 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The generalized geometric programming algorithm GGP has been found to be one of the better algorithms for optimizing algebraic functions subject to algebraic constraints. The paper discusses two problems with the GGP algorithm presented by Avriel et al. (1980). The first problem is that, because of the way that constraint tolerances are checked, the checks may pass even when a constraint is violated beyond the acceptable tolerance. This problem can affect an acceleration technique suggested for the algorithm. This paper presents two possible solutions to this problem. The second problem is the algorithm's weakness in handling equality constraints. This problem seems to especially affect the ‘Phase I’ part of the algorithm, which finds a feasible solution from a random starting point. While extensions have been made to get around this limitation, no discussion on why the original algorithm has problems with equality constraints has been made. This paper discusses why the problems exist.
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  • 29
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993) 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 30
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 797-803 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a filtering algorithm which corrects the results of measurements of certain physical quantities if any additional information about the measured values is known. The algorithm is very effective in one-dimensional as well as in two-dimensional problems where additional constraints are presented in the form of differential equations. For example, this technique can be used to correct the measurements of certain dynamic quantities if some information about motion of examined bodies is known. It can also be used to correct the strain field measurements if the conditions of continuity of strain field are included.
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  • 31
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 805-814 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A computer simulation is made of cellular convection in an anisotropic atmosphere in an attempt to more closely approximate the observed values with those obtained from mathematical models. A finite-element Galerkin technique, with Taylor approximation and Crank-Nicolson, is employed and comparisons are made with the author's earlier finite-element models of isotropic convection and with finite-difference models. It is found that postulates from physics on the effect of anisotropy on cellular atmospheric convection, with its increase in the aspect ratio, are well modelled with this finite-element technique.
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  • 32
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 815-824 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The use of micromechanically based constitutive equations for contact interfaces leads to technically relevant parameters to ill-conditioned finite-element equations. In the paper an augmented Lagrangian technique is employed to overcome this difficulty and to provide a good converging algorithm.
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  • 33
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 883-888 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Elastic contact between a thick shell of revolution and a rigid plate in the case when the plate is brought into contact with the shell by giving a finite displacement to the plate is analysed by the finite-element method. Field-consistent higher-order strain-displacement relations with vanishing shear stresses on the surfaces are used. A finite element based on these relations is developed and used for the analysis. The contact conditions are imposed by use of the Lagrangian multipliers method, and the resulting minimization problem is solved iteratively. This procedure will lead to reduced memory requirements and computation time.
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  • 34
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 889-896 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An explicit formulation and a procedure for the computation of isotropic tensor-valued tensor functions is discussed. The formulation is based on a spectral decomposition in terms of second-order eigenvalue bases, which avoids the costly computation of eigenvectors. As an important result a compact structure of the fourth-order derivatives of general second-order isotropic tensor functions is presented.
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  • 35
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 933-935 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 36
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993) 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 37
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 937-949 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: For some heterogeneous materials, it is not practical to model the microstructure directly using traditional finite elements. Furthermore, it is not always accurate to use homogenized properties. Macro elements have been developed which permit microstructure within a single element. These macro elements performed well in initial tests.
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  • 38
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 957-974 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper deals with the solution of the quasi-harmonic equation by the finite element method in a domain with corners on its boundary. A mapping technique, which can be used for locating the nodes of standard isoparametric elements in a subgrid (patch) of finite elements in the vicinity of a corner singularity point, is presented. The equations of the mapping are based on the analytical singular solution of the problem. Some analytical and numerical results to show the efficiency of the technique are presented.
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  • 39
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 975-987 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian model is described for the prediction of metal flow in a steady-state forming process. The formulation is shown to be capable of dealing with free surface and boundary friction; the coupling with thermal effects is also considered. The numerical techniques are based on the finite elements for spatial discretization of the momentum equation and on an explicit integration scheme for discretization relative to time. The mass and energy equations are integrated by a finite-volume method. Details on the application to an orthogonal cutting process are given in the final Section of the paper.
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  • 40
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 951-956 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A procedure was implemented to determine the optimum values for the two parameters of the Zienkiewicz three-level time schemes which could be utilized for the numerical solution of a system of ordinary differential equations. A multivariable search method was implemented to estimate optimum values for these parameters. The resultant optimum three-level time scheme produced very accurate results, satisfied physical reality, and did not produce any oscillations for the various problems that were investigated. The optimum values for the two parameters β and γ in the three-level scheme were β = 0·50005 and γ = 1·0007. A comparison was made between this optimum scheme and other existing three-level time schemes. The optimum scheme demonstrated superior results for all the problems that were analysed. However, the results of the optimization analysis produced a set of optimum parameters that were identical to the values that would reduce the general three-level time scheme into a central-difference two-level time scheme, i.e. β = 1/2 and γ = 1.
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  • 41
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 989-1004 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new efficient formulation of the 36 degree-of-freedom conforming shallow shell element of an arbitrary triangular shape is presented. This formulation is based on natural co-ordinates and independently assumed natural strain fields, and applied to shallow shell analysis. The 3-node element incorporates the normal displacement and its first and second derivatives plus the tangential displacements and their first derivatives at each vertex. A closed form of the element stiffness matrix is achieved. The form of the stiffness matrix derived in this formulation explicitly reveals the essence of the shallow shell theory.The presented approach results in avoiding definite integrals and matrix inversions, and permits operation with lower-order numerical matrices, which are the same for all elements. The example applications presented demonstrate that accurate predictions of stresses as well as displacements are obtained with only a few elements.
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  • 42
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 1005-1011 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The formulation of a straight beam element to eliminate the shear locking phenomenon is presented. The element is based on curvature so that the bending energy is fully represented, and the shear strain energy is incorporated into the formulation by the equilibrium equation. Four examples are chosen to verify the concept of the element employed and its capability of the analysis. The solutions obtained reveal that the element describes the behaviour of the straight beam quite exactly and efficiently, showing no locking and that it is also applicable to the analysis of both thin and thick straight beams.
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  • 43
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 1013-1015 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 44
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 45
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 181-200 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with simple and effective C0 linear triangular bending elements based on the Hu-Washizu variational principle. The following key features are inherent in the proposed formulation: extensional, flexural and transverse shear strains and the corresponding stresses are referred to the directions of the triangle sides. The independent variation of displacements, strains and stresses yields discrete approximations consistent with the continuum theory. Furthermore, a proper identification of the deformational modes and the orthogonality requirements between the assumed transverse shear forces and the undesirable strain fields lead to element formulations with important attributes: minimization of superfluous energy, properly justified assumptions, simplicity of formulation and straightforward extension to non-linear problems. Alternative approximations of strains and stresses, also presented, enhance the element performance in the case of both thick and thin plates and shells. Test examples demonstrate the characteristic properties of the proposed element formulations.
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  • 46
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 221-235 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper a boundary element method for two-dimensional elastoplastic stress analysis of frictional contact problems is presented. The bodies in contact are treated as separate regions. The contact conditions are used to join the different system of equations for different regions of contacted bodies and, hence, an overall system of equation is obtained. An incremental and iterative procedure can be used to find the contact load, or the contact extent and the proper contact conditions. To include the plastic deformation in the analysis, the initial strain algorithm is employed. Elastic-perfectly plastic or work-hardening material behaviour can be assumed. For the numerical analysis, an isoparametric three-noded line elements are used to represent the boundary and eight-noded quadrilateral or six-noded triangular elements are used for the interior of the domain. The displacement rates and traction rates are assumed to vary quadratically and the shape functions for the interior strain rates are also of quadratic type. As an example, the behaviour of an elastic and elastoplastic body with a smooth, circular inclusion under the increasing load is presented.
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  • 47
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 237-254 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The basis of the boundary integral equation (BIE) development is the singular field solution for the Kelvin point load problem. The presence of the mathematical singularity in an otherwise non-singular problem has created over the years a variety of numerical coping strategies. The current paper extends some of the earlier works in a simple manner that eliminates the mathematical singularity through analytical integration of the critical terms. The resulting formulation is fully non-singular and is shown to be amenable to simple, low-order Gaussian integration. The critical class of problems involving thin sections and/or highly graded BIE meshes now can be solved without previous problems and concerns the accuracy of the numerical integrations used in creating the linear BIE equations. Extension of the formulation approach to remove hypersingular formulation problems in fracture mechanics is seen to be a future beneficiary of the semi-analytical BIE implementation reported herein.
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  • 48
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 255-271 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In distance geometry problems and many other applications, we are faced with the optimization of high-dimensional quadratic functions subject to linear equality constraints. A new approach is presented that projects the constraints, preserving sparsity properties of the original quadratic form such that well-known preconditioning techniques for the conjugate gradient method remain applicable. Very-large-scale cell placement problems in chip design have been solved successfully with diagonal and incomplete Cholesky preconditioning. Numerical results produced by a FORTRAN 77 program illustrate the good behaviour of the algorithm.
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  • 49
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 273-285 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this study the free vibration of circumferentially periodic structures has been analysed using the block Lanczos method in a semi complex domain for extracting real natural frequencies and complex mode shapes. The influence of the number of vectors in the block and also the effect of renumbering of nodes, depending on whether they are internal, adjacent or boundary nodes, on the CPU time are studied. The efficiency of the present method is compared with the subspace iteration schemes.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Low order finite elements are of vital interest for practical applications in linear and non-linear structural analysis. The possible discretization errors, when Reissner-Mindlin shell elements with bilinear shape functions are used, and modifications to prevent these errors are presented. On some numerical examples the influence of these errors and of various modifications on the results is shown. Finally, the case of membrane locking with low order Reissner-Mindlin elements for particular assumptions concerning the base vectors and methods to prevent this locking are discussed.
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  • 51
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 303-320 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An efficient solution procedure for elasto-plastic analysis of Reissner-Mindlin plates has been proposed in this work. The main ingredients which render efficiency are: what appears to be an optimally tuned four-node plate element with assumed shear strains and incompatible bending modes; an elasto-plastic constitutive model given directly in terms of stress resultants; and efficient computation of plastic flow which simplifies to a solution of a single scalar equation and remaining state update computation. The performance of the element has been proved very satisfying in both elastic singularity-dominated and elasto-plastic problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 321-330 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The numerical solution of the Helmholtz eigenvalue problem is considered. The application of the boundary element method reduces it to that of a non-linear eigenvalue problem. Through a polynomial approximation with respect to the wavenumber, the non-linear eigenvalue problem is reduced to a standard generalized eigenvalue problem. The method is applied to the test problems of a three-dimensional sphere with an axisymmetric boundary condition and a two-dimensional square.
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  • 53
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 355-355 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 54
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 1629-1660 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The mathematical structure underlying the rate equations of a recently-developed constitutive model for the coupled viscoplastic-damage response of anisotropic composites is critically examined. In this regard, a number of tensor projection operators have been identified, and their properties were exploited to enable the development of a general computational framework for their numerical implementation using the Euler fully-implicit integration method. In particular, this facilitated (i) the derivation of explicit expressions of the (consistent) material tangent stiffnesses that are valid for both three-dimensional as well as subspace (e.g. plane stress) formulations, (ii) the implications of the symmetry or unsymmetry properties of these tangent operators from a thermodynamic standpoint, and (iii) the development of an effective time-step control strategy to ensure accuracy and convergence of the solution. In addition, the special limiting case of inviscid elastoplasticity is treated. The results of several numerical simulations are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the schemes developed.
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  • 55
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 1703-1716 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A program for finite element analysis of 3D linear elasticity problems is described. The program uses quadratic hexahedral elements. The solution process starts on an initial coarse mesh; here error estimators are determined by the standard Babuška-Rheinboldt method and local refinement is performed by partitioning of indicated elements, each hexahedron into eight new elements. Then the discrete problem is solved on the second mesh and the refinement process proceeds in the following way-on the ith mesh only the elements caused by refinement on the (i-1)th mesh can be refined. The control of refinement is the task of the user because the dimension of the discrete problem grows very rapidly in 3D. The discrete problem is being solved by the frontal solution method on the initial mesh and by a newly developed and very efficient local multigrid method on the refined meshes. The program can be successfully used for solving problems with structural singularities, such as re-entrant corners and moving boundary conditions. A numerical example shows that such problems are solved with the same efficiency as regular problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 1747-1763 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An oblique (skew) co-ordinate system defined at the origin of the isoparametric co-ordinates is introduced as the reference co-ordinate system for assumed stresses in the formulation of a 4-node hybrid membrane element. The initially uncoupled stresses in these reference co-ordinates can be constrained to satisfy the equilibrium conditions pointwise by using the procedure of Pian and Wu7, when suitable incompatible displacements are introduced. Such strategy allows the element stiffness to be formulated by using either the Hellinger-Reissner or the complementary energy functional. Numerical results show that the performances of three elements, constructed by using different sets of incompatible displacements in this paper, are practically identical and are all of slightly higher accuracy than that of the Pian-Sumihara element6.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 437-455 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Time-harmonic elastic wave scattering problems such as those encountered in ultrasonic non destructive evaluation are solved by the boundary element method (BEM). Selected results for spherical and spheroidal shaped voids and inclusions are compared with analytical and other numerical solutions. Results for ellipsoids, which require a full three-dimensional formulation, are provided as a benchmark for comparison when other numerical methods would be developed for this problem class in the future. The modelling of cracklike defects with this formulation is discussed. Recent theoretical findings regarding the fictitious eigenfrequency difficulty (FED) are confirmed by a numerical study.
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  • 58
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 457-497 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We investigate the effect of the ordering of the blocks of unknowns on the rate of convergence of a preconditioned non-linear GMRES algorithm, for solving the Navier-Stokes equations for compressible flows, using finite element methods on unstructured grids. The GMRES algorithm is preconditioned by an incomplete LDU block factorization of the Jacobian matrix associated with the non-linear problem to solve. We examine a wide range of ordering methods including minimum degree, (reverse) Cuthill-McKee and snake, and consider preconditionings without fill-in. We show empirically that there can be a significant difference in the number of iterations required by the preconditioned non-linear GMRES method and suggest a criterion for choosing a good ordering algorithm, according to the problem to solve.We also consider the effect of orderings when an incomplete factorization which allows some fill-in is performed. We consider the effect of automatically controlling the sparsity of the incomplete factorization through the level of fill-in.Finally, following the principal ideas of non-linear GMRES algorithm, we suggest other inexact Newton methods.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 499-509 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A simple algorithm is developed for adaptive and automatic h refinement of two-dimensional triangular finite element meshes. The algorithm is based on an element refinement ratio that can be calculated from an a posteriori error indicator. The element subdivision algorithm is robust and recursive. Smooth transition between large and small elements is achieved without significant degradation of the aspect ratio of the elements in the mesh. Several example problems are presented to illustrate the utility of the approach.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 511-521 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A commonly adopted procedure to solve a structural optimum design problem is to improve the design iteratively by solving a sequence of simpler problems, where each of these is obtained as an approximation of the original problem. Considering structures with linear response, this procedure works very well and can be implemented quite straightforwardly. However, considering structures with non-linear response, the situation is more sophisticated since structural stability properties have to be taken into account.The paper presents an approach to optimal design of statically loaded structures with non-linear response. It is proposed to replace the original problem with a sequence of similar problems from which corresponding approximate problems can easily be obtained. These similar problems additionally contain an estimation of the critical load constraint while other constraints are imposed at some properly chosen load level, which is lower or at most equal to the critical load level. By this approach, the structural stability requirements are taken into account in an effective manner. The efficiency is illustrated with several examples involving kinematic as well as material non-linear effects.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 537-538 
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  • 62
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993) 
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  • 63
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 523-536 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A method for the direct computation of mean values and variances of the temperature in conduction-heated objects with random variable thermophysical properties is presented. This method is based on a Taylor expansion of the finite element formulation of the heat conduction equation and offers a powerful alternative to the computationally expensive Monte Carlo method. Both steady-state and transient problems are considered. Some example problems are solved and the results discussed. The simulations indicate that the variability of the thermophysical properties may cause a considerable variability of the temperature within the heated object. This may have important consequences on the design of heating operations in food process engineering.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 539-567 
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    Notes: This paper addresses the problem of assessing the quality of an a posteriori error estimate of a finite element solution. An error estimate based on local L2-projections is analysed in the case of translation-invariant meshes. It is shown that for general meshes this technique does not lead to an asymptotically exact estimator. The problem is analysed in detail in the one-dimensional setting. It is shown that an asymptotically exact estimator is not the optimal one when the solution is not sufficiently smooth. An optimal estimator for adaptively constructed meshes is given. Finally, a general mathematical framework for the quality assessment of estimators is introduced.
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  • 65
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 569-593 
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    Notes: An augmented Lagrangian formulation is proposed for large-slip frictionless contact problems between deformable discretized bodies in two dimensions. Starting from a finite element discretization of the two bodies, a node-on-facet element is defined. A non-linear gap vector and its first variation are derived in terms of the nodal displacements. The relevant action and reaction principle is stated. The gap distance is then related to the conjugate pressure by a (multivalued non-differentiable) unilateral contact law. The resulting inequality constrained minimization problem is transformed into an unconstrained saddle point problem using an augmented Lagrangian function. Large slip over several facets is possible and the effects of target convexity or concavity are investigated. A generalized Newton method is used to solve the resulting piecewise differentiable equations necessary for equilibrium and contact. The proper tangent (Jacobian) matrices are calculated. The primal (displacements) and dual (contact forces) unknowns are simultaneously updated at each iteration.
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  • 66
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 2031-2048 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A finite element procedure, which utilizes Fourier series, is developed to compute the large deformations and deflections in axisymmetric elastomeric solids subjected to non-axisymmetric loading. Nearly incompressible and incompressible, isotropic strain energy density functions describe the elastic properties. The nearly incompressible functions become compatible with an analytical integration scheme by using a novel variable to approximate the dilatation. A large spherical elastomeric bearing is analysed with this procedure.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 2073-2085 
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    Notes: This paper presents an application of the dual reciprocity boundary element method to non-linear magnetic field analysis. Advanced techniques employed in the procedure include discontinuous elements, quasi-singular and hyper-singular integration schemes and the Galerkin formulation. Numerical results are included to show the performance of the proposed approach.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 3815-3840 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The theoretical prediction of elastoplastic behaviour of single crystals is a basic problem which is central to the prediction of the overall behaviour of the crystal aggregate. It is generally well known that quasi-static and isothermal plastic deformation in single crystals arises almost solely from slip on specific crystallographic planes, and that this process occurs when the resolved shear stress on a critical slip system reaches a certain maximum value. What is not obvious is how one can identify the specific slip systems activated by a given load increment, since the process usually involves selection from a pool of linearly dependent slip systems. In this paper we use small-deformation multisurface plasticity theory to phrase properly the problem of crystal slips at infinitesimal increments. We then describe an ‘ultimate’ algorithm for systematically identifying the active slip systems at finite increments. We arrive at the following major conclusions when the ultimate algorithm is applied to f.c.c. crystals: For perfectly plastic crystals the combination of active slip systems may or may not be unique; however, the imposition of the discrete Kuhn-Tucker conditions is sufficient to determine the (unique) final crystal stresses. For Taylor hardening crystals in which active and latent slip systems harden by the same amount, the discrete Kuhn-Tucker conditions are also sufficient to make the mathematical problem of crystal stress integration well posed, i.e. the final stresses can be determined uniquely albeit the combination of active slip systems may not be unique. To illustrate the latter point, an accurate return-mapping algorithm for perfectly plastic and Taylor hardening crystals is described and tested against the ultimate algorithm to demoustrate numerically that it is possible to generate different combinations of active slip systems and yet produce identical final stresses.
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    Notes: A moving-grid finite element model for the analysis of thermal ablation, fluid flow and deformation in elastic porous media is presented. The model is formulated in terms of temperatures, fluid pressures and solid displacements, and takes into account a moving phase boundary. Supporting algorithms for treating the moving phase boundary and solving the coupled equations are described. The model has application to several important moving-boundary geotechnical problems. Numerical test cases are provided for model verification and example applications corresponding to thermal ablation, consolidation and underground coal gasification are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 745-764 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Most of the recently proposed computational methods for solving partial differential equations on multiprocessor architectures stem from the 'divide and conquer' paradigm and involve some form of domain decomposition. For those methods which also require grids of points or patches of elements, it is often necessary to explicitly partition the underlying mesh, especially when working with local memory parallel processors. In this paper, a family of cost-effective algorithms for the automatic partitioning of arbitrary two- and three-dimensional finite element and finite difference meshes is presented and discussed in view of a domain decomposed solution procedure and parallel processing. The influence of the algorithmic aspects of a solution method (implicit/explicit computations), and the architectural specifics of a multiprocessor (SIMD/MIMD, startup/transmission time), on the design of a mesh partitioning algorithm are discussed. The impact of the partitioning strategy on load balancing, operation count, operator conditioning, rate of convergence and processor mapping is also addressed. Finally, the proposed mesh decomposition algorithms are demonstrated with realistic examples of finite element, finite volume, and finite difference meshes associated with the parallel solution of solid and fluid mechanics problems on the iPSC/2 and iPSC/860 multiprocessors.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 783-797 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Accurate computation of boundary stress components is important in stress-base shape optimization. The boundary element method usually gives us more accurate solutions of them compared with those obtained by the finite element method. In the present paper we propose a new approach to calculate the boundary stress components by using the regularized boundary integral equation relating the boundary displacement gradients to the tractions. Although the original integral equation must be evaluated in the sense of the Cauchy principal value, it can be regularized by subtracting and adding the displacement gradients at the source point from and to the original integral equation. When the displacement gradients satisfy the Hölder continuity at the source point, the regularized integral equation becomes non-singular and can be evaluated numerically by using the standard Gaussian quadrature formula. The numerical implementation of the proposed integral equation is presented and the effectiveness of the approach is also discussed through some numerical demonstrations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 799-809 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A novel algorithm for handling material non-linearities in bodies consisting of subregions having different, temperature dependent heat conductivities is developed. The technique is based on Kirchhoff's transformation. The material non-linearity is reduced to a solution dependent function of unified form added to unknown nodal Kirchhoff's transforms. Assembling of element contributions brings the non-linearity to the right hand sides of the global set of equations. The first step of the solution of this set is the Gaussian pre-elimination (condensation) of linear degrees of freedom. At this stage efficient block solvers can be used. Then, a set of non-linear equations is extracted from the condensed one and solved employing the Newton-Raphson technique. The iteratively solved set consists of the least possible number of equations and its Jacobian matrix is calculated efficiently by taking advantage of the specific form of the equations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 2681-2682 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 4009-4025 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new interior feasible direction method for optimization problems with linear objective functions but non-linear constraints is proposed. The method is particularly suitable for weight minimization problems in structural design where the design variables are the cross-sectional areas of members and arbitrary stress and displacement constraints are applied. Four truss structures are analysed and in each case the minimum weight consistent with or lower than that currently available in the literature is achieved. Although still expensive in its current version, the method is comparable in cost and robustness with other methods such as the ‘trust region’ multiplier method. Apart from one tolerance value, a reconnaissance parameter needs to be specified. The fact that the same value of the parameter was used for all the examples, and that the method is relatively insensitive to the choice thereof, confirms the robustness of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 4027-4043 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An axisymmetrical shell element for large deformations is developed by using Ogden's non-linear elastic material law. This constitutive equation, however, demands the neglect of transverse shear deformations in order to yield a consistent theory. Therefore, the theory can be applied to thin shells only. Eventually a ‘quasi-Kirchhoff-type theory’ emerges. Within this approach the computation of the deformed director vector d is a main assumption which is essential to describe the fully non-linear bending behaviour. Furthermore, special attention is paid to the linearization procedure in order to obtain quadratic convergence behaviour within Newton's method. Finally, the finite element formulation for a conical two-node element is given. Several examples show the applicability and performance of the proposed formulation.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 4111-4113 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 4069-4109 
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    Notes: The reformulated four-node element has exhibited an excellent behaviour in static finite element analyses being free of shear and machine locking problems and of zero energy modes and modelling accurately relatively thick plates. In the present paper, the element under consideration is shown to exhibit an analogous excellent performance in modelling highly demanding boundary layer plate bending problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 969-984 
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    Notes: This paper investigates the transient wave scattering by a crack by means of the Boundary Integral Equation Method (BIEM). The author has developed a new formulation to solve the BIE for the Crack Opening Displacement (COD). The resolution is done directly in the time domain. The solution is represented by means of a retarded double layer potential, and the resulting BIE, with the COD as unknown, has a hypersingular kernel. The corresponding difficulty is overcome by using a variational method. We present the application of this method to an antiplane crack, describe the approximate problem and finally give some numerical results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 931-944 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Singularity conditions that arise during structural optimization can seriously degrade the performance of the optimizer. The singularities are intrinsic to the formulation of the structural optimization problem and are not associated with the method of analysis. Certain conditions that give rise to singularities in linear elastic structures have been identified in earlier papers, along with a proposition to alleviate the consequences of their presence.1-3 These singularities were global in nature, encompassing the entire structure. Further examination revealed more complex sets of conditions in which singularities occur. Some of these singularities are local in nature, being associated with only a segment of the structure. Moreover, the likelihood that one of these local singularities may arise during an optimization procedure can be much greater than that of the global singularity identified earlier. This paper provides examples of these additional forms of singularities. It gives a framework in which these singularities can be recognized. In particular, the singularities can be identified by examination of the stress-displacement relations along with the compatibility conditions and/or the displacement-stress relations derived in the integrated force method of structural analysis. Methods for the elimination of the effects of these singularities are suggested and numerical illustrations are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 985-995 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Many forward gradient schemes have been proposed for the time-integration of the stiff constitutive equations of rate sensitive solids. It is shown here that one of these methods can be interpreted as a hybrid ordinary differential equation integrator which combines explicit and semi-implicit Runge-Kutta methods. This observation permits development of higher order schemes, illustrated here by one of second order. An embedded first order estimate provides a reliable step-size control. The method is applied to an overstress model and to an internal variable model, and is used in a finite element analysis of hydrostatic bulging of sheet metal.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 1013-1027 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The study of an axially-loaded damped Timoshenko beam on a viscoelastic foundation is presented. The effects of the axial force, viscoelastic foundation and all the various damping components to a Timoshenko beam are considered in the formulation. The dynamic stiffness matrix is established and intensively discussed for applications. Free vibrations and the overall dampings are solved accordingly. Examples and discussions are also included.
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  • 82
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 997-1012 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents the results of investigations conducted to evaluate the added mass to represent fluid-structure interaction effects in vibration/dynamic analysis of floating bodies such as ship hulls. While the structural plating is idealized by 9-noded plate/shell finite elements, the fluid domain is modelled by 20-noded/21-noded 3-D finite elements in the investigations conducted. A new 8-noded element has been developed to model the interface between the structure and the fluid. An efficient computational methodology has been used for computation of added mass. The finite element models are validated by comparing the results with those given by analytical solution for a submerged sphere. The efficacy of the finite element model is demonstrated through convergence of the results obtained for a floating barge problem. A better convergence rate and distribution of added mass in three orthogonal directions have been obtained.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 83
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 1065-1065 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 84
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 1067-1069 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 85
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 2895-2919 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a parallel implementation of LDLT factorization on a distributed-memory parallel computer. Specifically, the parallel LDLT factorization procedure is based on a row-oriented sparse storage scheme. In addition, a strategy is proposed for the parallel solution of a triangular system of equations. The strategy is to compute the inverses of the dense principal diagonal block submatrices of the factor L, stored in a row-oriented structure. Experimental results for a number of finite element models are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the parallel solution schemes.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 86
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 3097-3130 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This work presents a specialization of the integral identities used in the boundary element method. This modification is especially tailored to deal with three-dimensional elastostatic problems involving geometries which contain two parallel planar surfaces (e.g. three-dimensional plate problems). The formulation makes use of the three-dimensional fundamental solution for a point load acting in the interior of an infinite layer of uniform thickness (obtained by Benitez and Rosakis8,9).It is shown that this procedure is especially suited for the analysis of three-dimensional problems involving cavities in plate structures. In such problems it is demonstrated that, in addition to the cavity surfaces, only the lateral surfaces of the structure need to be discretized, with no discretization required on the traction-free parallel surfaces.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 87
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 3187-3203 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We consider the approximate solution of self-adjoint elliptic problems in three space dimensions by piecewise linear finite elements with respect to a highly non-uniform tetrahedral mesh which is generated adaptively. The arising linear systems are solved iteratively by the conjugate gradient method provided with a multilevel preconditioner. Here, the accuracy of the iterative solution is coupled with the discretization error. As the performance of hierarchical bases preconditioners deteriorates in three space dimensions, the BPX preconditioner is used, taking special care of an efficient implementation. Reliable a posteriori estimates for the discretization error are derived from a local comparison with the approximation resulting from piecewise quadratic elements. To illustrate the theoretical results, we consider a familiar model problem involving reentrant corners and a real-life problem arising from hyperthermia, a recent clinical method for cancer therapy.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 88
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 3221-3221 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 89
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 90
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 3239-3258 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We discuss both linear and geometrically non-linear finite element analysis of elastic beams, taking into account the shear deformation. In linear analysis, a novel shallow beam element formulaton is consistently derived, and the end result is more suitable for the finite element implementation than earlier attempts. The element is very resourceful for an explanation of membrane and shear locking phenomena and exploration of their possible remedies. In addition, it sheds some light on locking phenomena in non-linear analysis. In non-linear analysis, we discuss the finite element implementation of the finite strain beam theory of Reissner.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 91
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 3259-3270 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Several renumbering strategies for unstructured grids are discussed. They lead to a minimization of eache-misses and an optimal grouping of elements for different computer platforms, from superscalar workstations to multiprocessor register-to-register vector machines. Timings for a typical computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code that employs these renumbering strategies indicate that CPU requirements may be halved by applying them. The renumbering strategies discussed are all of linear time complexity, making them ideally suited for applications requiring frequent mesh changes. Furthermore, these renumbering strategies are not only valid for element-based codes but carry over to edge-based or face-based field solvers.
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  • 92
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 3283-3302 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The boundary integral equation method is very often used to solve exterior problems of scattering of waves (elastic waves, acoustic waves, water waves and electromagnetic waves). It is known, however, that this method fails to provide a unique solution at the so-called irregular frequencies. This difficulty is inherent to the method used rather than the nature of the problem. In the context of elastodynamics. we proposed, in a recent work1, two methods for eliminating these irregular frequencies. Both are based on modifying the fundamental solution. Here we present numerical results pertaining to the solutions of the modified and unmodified integral equations.
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  • 93
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 3317-3332 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Quadratic B-spline finite elements are defined for a graded mesh. Hermite infinite elements are proposed to extend the applicability of these finite elements to unbounded regions. Test problems used to compare this technique with published procedures show that the quadratic B-spline finite element solution has, as expected, lower error bounds than a linear element solution. These experiments also demonstrate that the Hermite infinite elements used to close the B-spline finite element arrays lead to error norms comparable in size with other infinite element formulations.The generation of solitary waves in a semi-infinite shallow channel by boundary forcing is modelled by the Korteweg-de Vries equation using an array of graded elements closed by a zero pole infinite element. The resulting simulation of solitary wave motion across a non-uniform mesh confirms existing work and illustrates the effectiveness of the present formulation.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 3400-3400 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 95
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 3399-3399 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 96
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 1519-1540 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A robust two-field hexahedral element capable of handling plate/shell, beam and nearly incompressible material analyses without locking are presented. Starting with the assumed stress element of Pian and Tong,7 parasitic strain components leading to locking in plate, shell and beam analyses are first identified. Locking can be alleviated by scaling down selectively the parasitic strain components in the leverage matrix. Unfortunately, the element then fails the patch test. However, patch test correction and reduction in computation can be achieved by the recently proposed admissible matrix formulation. The resulting element is lock-free and very efficient. All matrices involved in constructing the stiffness matrix can be derived explicitly. The accuracy of the element is tested by popular bench-mark problems.
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  • 97
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 1563-1572 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new boundary-integral formulation is proposed to analyse the heat transfer in zoned three-dimensional geometries. The proposed formulation couples the boundary formula, the gradient of the boundary formula and the exterior formula. An advantage of this method over the traditional methods is that any linear condition at the interface between subdomains may be incorporated into the formulation at the outset. In addition, the new method provides a sparse and well-conditioned matrix of coefficients with a minimum number of equations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 98
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 2997-3017 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A three-dimensional (3-D) time-domain boundary integral equation method (BIEM) is presented for transient elastodynamic crack analysis. A non-hypersingular traction BIE formulation is used with the crack opening displacements and their derivatives as unknown quantities. A collocation method in conjunction with a time-stepping scheme is developed to solve the non-hypersingular time-domain BIEs. To simplify the analysis and to describe the proper behaviour of the unknown quantities at the crack front, a constant spatial shape function is applied for elements away from the crack front, while a spatial ‘square-root’ crack-tip shape function is adopted for elements near the crack front. A linear temporal shape function is used in the time-stepping scheme. Numerical calculations, have been carried out for penny-shaped and square cracks. Results for the elastodynamic stress intensity factors are presented as functions of the temporal and the spatial variables. For the test examples considered, good agreement between the present results and those of other authors is obtained.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 99
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 2981-2996 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A broad class of engineering problems in fracture mechanics, thermal/fluid transport and electromagnetic theory involve the evaluation of two-dimensional finite part integrals of the form A method for evaluation of such integrals is developed by deriving an equivalent integral using Fourier transformation. This equivalent integral does not involve a kernel with singular behaviour. Consequently, standard numerical integration methodologies with conventional analytical evaluation techniques can be used in the finite element computations. The accuracy and convergence of the developed numerical procedure are successfully demonstrated by numerical examples for planar fracture geometries.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 100
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 3019-3039 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In engineering applications often problems with symmetric system and symmetric loading occur. It is well known that these symmetry conditions can be used to reduce the computational effort. Thus, only a symmetric reduced system is treated with sufficient boundary and loading conditions. Especially for non-linear problems this procedure is very effective. Such a strategy allows the computation of solution paths with the constraint that the solution has to be symmetric. Consequently in a stability analysis, only limit points and bifurcation points with associated symmetrical eigenvectors can be found. Often the stability behaviour is dominated by symmetry-breaking bifurcation points which cannot be detected considering only the tangent stiffness matrix of the reduced system. Hence, in case of stability considerations a calculation of the complete system is necessary. This paper introduces a special form of stability analysis of the complete system using only certain matrices known from the symmetric reduced system, and some transformations concerning the topology of the total system. The proposed methods base on a substructure technique for symmetry under reflections and rotations, and are formulated for the finite element method. Numerical examples are given to show the efficiency of the proposed procedures and algorithms.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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