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  • Digitale Medien  (6.523)
  • 1975-1979  (6.523)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1920-1924
  • 1905-1909
  • 1840-1849
  • 1975  (6.523)
  • Chemistry  (5.504)
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  • Digitale Medien  (6.523)
Erscheinungszeitraum
  • 1975-1979  (6.523)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1920-1924
  • 1905-1909
  • 1840-1849
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 148 (1975), S. 25-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Extraocular muscles ; Muscle architecture ; Myomyous junctions ; Muscle fiber splitting
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Teasing preparations of cat extraocular muscles (EOM) were used to study the arrangement of muscle fibers and the distribution of the different cholinesterase-positive sites, i.e. (1) large motor endplates, (2) small motor endings of the “en grappe” type, (3) myotendinous junctions and (4) myomyous junctions. The distribution of these cholinesterase-positive structures gives clear evidence of a complex muscle architecture of cat EOM. In the global layer of cat EOM, only multiply innervated muscle fibers run the whole length of the muscle. The focally innervated muscle fibers are generally shorter; they are usually arranged in series of two to three fibers being interconnected by myomyous junctions. Moreover, muscle fiber splitting is frequently present resulting in a netlike arrangement of muscle fibers. Most of the myomyous junctions occur between focally innervated muscle fibers, but also end-to-side connections of focally to multiply innervated muscle fibers are observed; multiply innervated muscle fibers have not been found connected to each other. In this layer, large motor endplates are distributed in several bands between origin and insertion. In the orbital layer all muscle fibers run from tendon to tendon, focally as well as multiply innervated ones. Here, large motor endplates are confined to a band in the middle of the muscle, and myomyous junctions are generally absent. Some functional implications of this complex architecture of cat EOM are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 23 (1975), S. 259-278 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Brief light flashes ; Optic tract fibers ; Cat ; After-images ; Ricco's law
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. The action potentials of single optic tract axons were recorded in cats anaesthetized by pentobarbital. The receptive fields were stimulated with brief light flashes (20 or 25 msec) of variable area (0.18≤A≤11.8 degrees) and stimulus intensity (0.36≤I≤360 cd·m−2). 2. Retinal on-center and off-center neurons responded in one of two ways to brief light flashes: oscillatory responses (O-response) to certain stimulus combinations or non-oscillatory responses (N-response) for all stimulus combinations. 3. The O-response of on-center neurons was characterized in its PST-histogram by up to five peaks. Neurons exhibiting an O-response at medium and/or strong stimulus intensities responded at low AxI-values with an N-response. Other neurons, however, exhibited for all stimulus combinations an N-response, in which the instantaneous neuronal impulse rate decreased after an initial peak approximately exponentially with time. 4. The O-response of off-center neurons exhibited with medium AxI-values up to four peaks in the PST-histograms. N-type off-center neurons had at low and medium AxI-values a short primary inhibition period which was followed by a fast rising and slowly decaying activity period. 5. Ricco's law was only valid for small AxI-values not more than one 10log unit above threshold. For higher stimulus values (especially in the O-response) an increment of the stimulus intensity was usually more effective than an equal increment of the stimulus area. 6. On-center and off-center neurons located in about the same region of the retina had a strong tendency to discharge alternately with each other. 7. A superposition model is proposed as an explanation of the experimental data. 8. Possible correlations between the neurophysiological findings and the fast oscillatory after-images seen in corresponding psychophysical experiments are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 24 (1975), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebro-ponto-cerebellar pathway ; Pontine nuclei cells ; Fast and slow relays ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Cerebrally-induced responses of pontine nuclei cells (PN cells) were studied in cats anesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium and with the midbrain transected bilaterally sparing only the cerebral peduncles. After stimulating the subcortical white matter, the internal capsule or the cerebral peduncle, mass potentials were recorded from the cut end of fibres in the brachium pontis (BP) and in the pyramid at the level of the trapezoid body. These potentials were regarded as indicating, respectively, the size of an output volley of PN cells and the size of its causative input volley through the pyramidal tract. BP responses consisted of short- and long-latency potentials which were caused by fast and slow conducting pyramidal tract volleys, respectively. The input-output relations for fast component responses took a characteristic S-shaped form resembling those obtained for the monosynaptic spinal reflex. The input-output relations for slow component responses were almost linear. Both fast and slow BP responses were remarkably potentiated after single or relatively brief repetitive peduncular stimulation, but were depressed after long-lasting high-frequency activation. During repetitive stimulation with varied frequencies, fast and slow BP responses showed different patterns of frequency-dependence of their amplitudes. These results suggest the existence of two separate transmission lines with different properties in the cerebro-ponto-cerebellar pathway.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 24 (1975), S. 57-74 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Cerebral cortex ; Sensori-motor connections ; Columnar organization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Needle stitch lesions were made in the maximal point of the cerebral projection area of the low threshold muscle afferents near the postcruciate dimple of the cat's posterior sigmoid gyrus. The lesions did not exceed 500 μm in diameter and were restricted to the cortical grey matter. Degenerating nerve fibres and terminals were investigated with Fink-Heimer technique in four cats (survival time: 26, 48 and 96 hours). The cytoarchitectonic areas of the sensori-motor cortex were determined in cresyl violet and van Gieson sections. All lesions were made in area 3a. Degenerating U-fibres originating from the lesion travelled in the white matter to the cortex of area 4 γ, 3b and 2. They reentered the cortex and branched in layer III. Terminal degeneration was found in layer I. The degeneration was distributed to distinct columns with a diameter of about 1 mm. Such columns were observed laterally and medially in area 4 γ, in area 3b near the caudal end of the coronal sulcus, in area 2 near the lateral ansate sulcus and in the forelimb region of SII. The distribution of the cortico-cortical connections from the cerebral projection area of the forelimb group I muscle afferents was discussed in relation to the known cerebral projections of group I muscle afferents, low threshold joint afferents, pacinian afferents and low threshold skin afferents.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 23 (1975), S. 535-554 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Auditory cortex ; Cat ; Association connexions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The association connexions of the peri-auditory (SF, Ea and INS) and auditory (AI, AII and Ep) areas of the cat cortex were studied in silver impregnated material of 32 experiments with cortical lesions. The cortex of the lateral bank of the rostral part of the middle suprasylvian sulcus (SF) sends many fibres to AI and to the insular cortex (INS), and has scanty projections upon AII and Ep. In addition, it sends fibres to the visual area 17 as well as to the ventral bank of the medial part of the cruciate sulcus. It receives fibres from the three auditory areas AI, AII and Ep, as well as from Ea and INS. The dorsal part of the anterior ectosylvian gyrus (Ea) projects upon SF, AI, and AII. Ea sends few fibres to Ep, and receives relatively dense projections from AI and AII. The anterior sylvian gyrus (INS) projects heavily upon AII as well as upon the superficial part of SF. It sends few fibres also to Ep. INS receives heavy projections from AII and relatively lighter connections from SF, AI and Ep. The three auditory areas AI, AII and Ep are strongly mutually interconnected. AI and Ep have scanty projections upon the visual area 19, and AI also to the lateral suprasylvian visual area, as well as upon the ventral bank of the medial cruciate sulcus. Correlations of the association connexions with the functions of each area are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 24 (1975), S. 131-144 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Lateral reticular nucleus ; Dorsal funiculus ; Trigeminal nerves ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. The activation of neurones in the mLRN (major portion of lateral reticular nucleus comprising its parvi- and magnocellular parts) by a spinal path ascending in the dorsal funiculus (DF) and by trigeminal afferents has been studied. 2. Stimulation of the DF at C3 activated about one half of the mLRN neurones. The latencies were 2–28 ms. In experiments with the spinal cord interrupted at C3 except for the DF it was shown that cutaneous and high threshold muscle afferents in mainly forelimb nerves were effective. The latencies of the responses to nerve stimulation were 8–27 ms. 3. Stimulation of trigeminal afferents evoked a response in about one third of the mLRN neurones. The latencies were 2–27 ms. 4. Activation from the DF- and trigeminal paths occurred often in the same mLRN neurones and the neurones activated from the two paths had a similar location in the nucleus and a similar termination in the cerebellar cortex. 5. The DF- and trigeminal paths had similar properties. Activation was evoked from both ipsilateral and contralateral nerves. Fast adapting hair receptors were commonly effective. 6. Evidence is presented indicating that the DF- and trigeminal paths share a common final path to the mLRN neurones which is formed by brain stem interneurones intercalated between the DF- and trigeminal nuclei and the mLRN. It is suggested that these interneurones represent a supraspinal motor centre. 7. Activation from the DF- and trigeminal paths occurred with unequal frequency among groups of mLRN neurones activated from different spinal paths ascending in the ipsilateral lateral funiculus (cf. Clendenin et al., 1974a).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 22 (1975), S. 427-430 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Cortex ; Receptive fields ; Vision ; Visual “noise”
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 23 (1975), S. 425-442 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Sensory deprivation ; Visual-vestibular interaction ; Cat ; Ontoenesis ; Vestibulo-ocular reflex ; Nystagmus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The vestibular system contributes to the stabilisation of visual images on the retina by means of vestibulo-ocular compensatory reactions. The development of vestibular control of eye movements has been studied in twelve week old kittens, reared in total darkness, which have been compared with a control group of kittens reared in normal conditions. Postrotatory nystagmus, nystagmus during sinusoidal oscillations, visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus by fixation and pathological nystagmus following hemilabyrinthectomy, have been used as indicators of the functional state of the vestibulo-ocular control system. The results show that most of the essential features of this control are present in dark-reared kittens. However, differences have been noted which possibly concern precise regulation of compensatory movements and head-eye coordination. The frequency of vestibular nystagmus is much smaller and the initial deviation of post-rotatory nystagmus in the direction of the change of movement is weak or absent in dark-reared kittens. Habituation also seems to operate differently in the two groups of kittens. Visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus is present, however, showing that an important part of the neuronal basis for visual-vestibular interaction has developed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 22 (1975), S. 113-128 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Muscle spindle ; Gamma motor control ; Caudate nucleus ; Extensor muscle ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Effects of repetitive stimulation of the contralateral caudate nucleus on the static discharge and dynamic sensitivity of soleus muscle spindle primary and secondary endings were studied in cats anaesthetized with Halothane (Fluothane). By progressive increasing the depth of anaesthesia two different fusimotor effects could be observed. 1. A static facilitatory effect; under light anaesthesia the static discharge of primary and secondary endings were strongly increased. The response of the primary endings to phasic stretch of the muscle was generaly decreased. 2. A depressant effect; under deep anaesthesia the static discharge of primary and secondary endings were decreased. The dynamic sensitivity of the primary endings was lightly increased or remained unaltered. The ventro-lateral part of the caudate nucleus is mainly responsible for these effects. Caudate nucleus fusimotor effects were compared with those induced by gamma dynamic and gamma static fibers stimulations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Muscle spindle ; Gamma motor control ; Flexor muscle ; Caudate nucleus ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. Effects of repetitive stimulations of caudate nucleus were studied on static and dynamic sensitivities of contralateral flexor (tibialis anterior) muscle spindle primary and secondary endings in cats anaesthetized with Halothane (Fluothane). Fusimotor effects are interpreted in term of gamma dynamic and gamma static activation. 2. Threshold stimulation induce a gamma dynamic effect on the primary endings sensitivity. Secondary endings activity and muscle tension remainded unaltered. 3. A slight increase of the stimulus strength elicit a gamma dynamic-gamma static effect on the primary endings sensitivity. Simultaneously secondary endings activity was increased and muscle contractions induced. 4. Using graded voltage stimulation permit to increase primary and secondary endings activity without muscle contraction. 5. Two stimulations applied at sufficiently short time interval produce different fusimotor effects. The first stimulation induce the general motor effect previously obtained: gamma dynamic-gamma static modulation of primary endings sensitivity, increase of secondary endings activity, muscular contraction. The second stimulation elicit a gamma dynamic effect on primary endings sensitivity and a depressant effect on secondary endings activity during muscular contractions. 6. Tendon organs discharge during caudate nucleus stimulation was studied comparatively with the primary and secondary endings activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebro-ponto-cerebellar pathway ; Pontine nuclei cells ; Fast and slow relays ; Pyramidal collaterals ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Extracellular and intracellular recordings were made from single cells in the pontine nuclei (PN) of the cat. PN cells were identified by antidromic invasion from the cerebellum by stimulating either the brachium pontis (BP) or the white matter near the cerebellar nuclei. The cerebrally-induced impulses excited PN cells postsynaptically with a monosynaptic latency. Both fast and slow conducting cortical fibres contributed to the corticopontine excitation, so that the latency varied over a wide range. Measurements of the latencies for antidromic and corticopontine excitation and of the distances between stimulated sites permitted the calculation of conduction velocities of PN cell axons and of their cortical input fibres. PN cells with fast conducting axons received convergence from both fast and slow cortical fibres, whereas PN cells with slow axons were innervated only by slow cortical fibres. The majority of PN cells were also excited by stimulating the medullary pyramid through collaterals of the pyramidal tract. Evidence of abundant pyramidal collaterals was provided by the collision technique. The functional role of the PN is discussed in connection with the cerebro-cerebellar loop circuits.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 357 (1975), S. 313-321 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Spino-Bulbo-Spinal Reflex ; Nucleus Reticularis Gigantocellularis ; Descending Inhibition ; Spinal Cord ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. In precollicular decerebrate cats, the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in the medulla was identified to be critically involved in the spino-bulbospinal (SBS) reflex system. 2. Electrolytic lesion placed in this nucleus eliminated the SBS reflex and its associated effects in the spinal cord. 3. Ascending volleys from the spinal cord were found to excite neurons within this nucleus, whereupon further direct stimulation was able to enhance the inhibitory effects of the SBS reflex on spinal motoneurons. These interactions were also facilitated by physostigmine and suppressed by atropin,, indicating the cholinoceptive nature of these neurons, another criterion which qualified them as being associated with the SBS reflex. 4. The functional roles of SBS reflex and nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in somatic and visceral activities were discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 353 (1975), S. 43-57 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Motoneurone ; Inhibition ; Post-Tetanic Potentiation ; Spinal Cord ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The after effects of orthodromic tetanization on the discharge pattern of gastrocnemius motoneurones were investigated in decerebrate and spinalized cats. During stimulation of intact gastrocnemius nerves at 20 Hz, small motoneurones showed tonic activity, while large motoneurones exhibited phasic activity. Following tetanization for 8 sec, large motoneurones followed the 20 Hz stimulation in 1∶1 order, whereas small motoneurones became silent for about 37 sec. Thereafter, the impulse rate of large motoneurone decreased while that of small motoneurone increased, progressively reaching the pre-tetanic values in about 72 sec. When gastrocnemius nerves were tetanized for 20 sec, potentiation of large motoneurones and depression of small motoneurones lasted for about 120 sec. Post-tetanic potentiation of large motoneurone was still observed during stimulation with 40 Hz but not with 80 Hz. Inhibition of a small tonic motoneurone during repetitive activity of a large motoneurone was observed during stimulation of Group I+II afferents following injection of 0.025 mg/kg strychnine. Another strychnine injection of the same dose reduced this inhibition. It was concluded that large-phasic motoneurones may be highly susceptible to post-tetanic potentiation; and that small-tonic motoneurones may be inhibited by large motoneurones through a recurrent circuit.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 23 (1975), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Retina ; Ganglion cell ; Latency
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The axonal conduction latency of brisk-sustained and brisk-transient cat retinal ganglion cells increases with proximity to the area centralis. The trend is gradual with considerable local scatter of latencies, and is similar for cells with crossed and uncrossed axons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 23 (1975), S. 279-291 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Tendon organs ; Static force sensitivity ; Motor units ; Contraction strength ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The static force sensitivity of soleus tendon organ (Ib) afferents has been studied by noting their responses to graded force development produced by isometric contractions of either the whole muscle or single motor units. Data included responses of 23 Ib afferents to contraction of 8 whole muscles (8 experiments) and 16 Ib afferents to contraction of 30 motor units (5 experiments). Tendon organ responses of varying magnitude to contraction of the whole muscle or several of its individual motor units could be explained by differences in the number of muscle fibers that insert into each receptor's capsule and by differences in the contraction strength of these fibers. This finding suggests that soleus tendon organs have similar absolute sensitivities to static force development. An estimate was made of this absolute sensitivity and the value obtained (314 pps/g of force actually coupled to the receptor) is 2 orders of magnitude greater than those previously reported indices that simply relate Ib firing rate to force as measured at the tendon. The relationship between force exerted on a tendon organ's capsule and Ib firing rate is shown to be curvilinear and in keeping with a possible saturation effect that reduces the receptor's responsiveness to active contractions at relatively long muscle lengths.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 161 (1975), S. 293-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pineal gland ; Monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) ; Cat ; Central innervation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Silver-impregnated series of cat and monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) brains were studied in an attempt to demonstrate the existence of nervous connections between the brain and the pineal gland via the pineal stalk (central pineal connections). The presence of such connections between both the pineal gland and the habenular area, and between the pineal gland and the posterior commissure was verified in this study. A well defined median nerve tract between the pineal gland and the posterior commissure is described.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Milk ; Fat globule membrane ; Carbohydrates ; Chemistry ; Ruthenium red ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The fat globules of the cream fractions of human and rat milk were stained with ruthenium red. Under the electron microscope, discrete granules and an amorphous coat of lesser density are seen at the surface of the milk fat globules. Since ruthenium red binds anionic groups selectively, it is probable that the granules containe the greatest concentration of these groups. The cream fraction of rat milk contains hexoses, hexosamines, methylpentoses and sialic acid. Methylpentoses and hexosamines are significantly enriched in the cream fraction. It is concluded that the finding of a surface coat in milk fat globules is in keeping with the Bargmann-Knoop model and suggests a distinct mechanism for carrying certain complex carbohydrates in milk. The role of the negative charges at the outer surface of the membrane coat in maintaining fat globules in suspension and in binding certain cations such as calcium is suggested.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1841-1846 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The conformational phase diagram of poly(L-lysine) (4.6 × 10-4 M, residue) in sodium dodecyl sulfate (1.6 × 10-2 M) solution was constructed from circular dichroism results at various temperatures and pH's. Poly(L-lysine)-sodium dodecyl sulfate complexes undergo a β-helix transition upon raising the pH of the solution. The transition pH tends to shift downward at elevated temperatures. No helix-β transition can be detected for poly(L-lysine) in sodium dodecyl sulfate solution (pH 〉 11) even after 1-hr heating at 70°C. This is in marked contrast with uncharged poly(L-lysine) solution without sodium dodecyl sulfate, which is converted into the β-form upon mild heating of the solution above 50°C.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1885-1903 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A normal coordinate analysis of V-amylose has been performed for an isolated 61 helical chain. Negligible splitting from interactions of vibrations of successive residues is expected between A and E vibrational species due to the large size of the monomer unit. As a result, calculation of only the totally symmetric A modes represents an adequate approximation to the vibrational spectrum of helical polysaccharides. Using this method together with a valence force field we have obtained good agreement between the observed and calculated frequencies. In addition, the computed potential energy distribution and Cartesian displacement coordinates match previous experimental assignments, based on deuterium exchange. The analysis also supports the proposed mechanism for conversion of V-amylose to the more extended B-form. This conversion results in an observed frequency shift for the Raman line at 946 cm-1 which is predicted by the calculations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2025-2033 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The circular dichroism of Ac-(Ala)x-OMe and H-Lys-(Lys)x-OH with x = 1, 2, 3, and 4 has been measured in aqueous solutions. The oligomers with x = 4 show similar circular dichroism spectra in water when the lysyl amino groups are protonated, and they respond in similar fashion to heating and to sodium perchlorate. Both oligomers at 15°C exhibit a positive circular dichroism band at 217-218 nm, which is eliminated by the isothermal addition of 4 M sodium perchlorate or by heating. The positive circular dichroism of the lysine oligomer is also eliminated when the pH is elevated to deprotonate the amino groups. Positive circular dichroism is still observed for Ac-(Ala)4-OMe at elevated pH. Circular dichroism spectra have been estimated for poly(L-alanine) and poly(L-lysine) as statistical coils under the above conditions, based on the trends established with the oligomers. Poly(L-lysine) and poly(L-alanine) are predicted to exhibit similar circular dichroism behavior in aqueous solution so long as the lysyl amino groups are protonated. The circular dichroism of the statistical coil of poly(L-lysine), but not poly(L-alanine), is predicted to change when the pH is elevated sufficiently to deprotonate the lysyl amino groups. These results suggest that the unionized lysyl side chains participate in interactions that are not available to poly(L-alanine). Hydrophobic interactions may occur between the unionized lysyl side chains. Protonation of the lysyl amino groups is proposed to disrupt these interactions, causing poly(L-alanine) and protonated poly(L-lysine) to have similar circular dichroism properties.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Synthesis of nonapeptide hydrazide (sequence 93-101), [Thr107]-decapeptide (sequence 99-108), [Thr107]-tridecapeptide (sequence 96-108), [Thr107]-hexadecapeptide (sequence 93-108), [Thr107]-heptacosapeptide (sequence 82-108), and Nα-benzyloxycarbonyl-[Thr107]-dotetracontapeptide (sequence 67-108) of the proposed primary structure of baker's yeast iso-1-cytochrome c are described. Evidence is presented to indicate that these materials are sequentially homogeneous.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2115-2135 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Poly-β-benzyl-L-aspartate (poly[Asp(OBzl)]) forms either a lefthanded α-helix, β-sheet, ω-helix, or random coil under appropriate conditions. In this paper the Raman spectra of the above poly[Asp(OBzl)] conformations are compared. The Raman active amide I line shifts from 1663 cm-1 to 1679 cm-1 upon thermal conversion of poly[Asp(OBzl)] from the α-helical to β-sheet conformation while an intense line appearing at 890 cm-1 in the spectrum of the α-helix decreases in intensity. The 890 cm-1 line also displays weak intensity when the polymer is dissolved in chloroform-dichloroacetic acid solution and therefore is converted to the random coil. This line probably arises from a skeletal vibration and is expected to be conformationally sensitive. Similar behavior in the intensity of skeletal vibrations is discussed for other polypeptides undergoing conformational transitions.The Raman spectra of two cross-β-sheet copolypeptides, poly(Ala-Gly) and poly(Ser-Gly), are examined. These sequential polypeptides are model compounds for the crystalline regions of Bombyx mori silk fibroin which forms an extensive β-sheet structure. The amide I, III, and skeletal vibrations appeared in the Raman spectra of these polypeptides at the frequencies and intensities associated with β-sheet homopolypeptides. Since the sequential copolypeptides are intermediate in complexity between the homopolypeptides and the proteins, these results indicate that Raman structure-frequency correlations obtained from homopolypeptide studies can now be applied to protein spectra with greater confidence.The perturbation scheme developed by Krimm and Abe for explaining the frequency splitting of the amide I vibrations in β-sheet polyglycine is applied to poly(L-valine), poly-(Ala-Gly), poly(Ser-Gly), and poly[Asp(OBzl)]. The value of the “unperturbed” frequency, V0, for poly[Asp(OBzl)] was significantly greater than the corresponding values for the other polypeptides. A structural origin for this difference may be displacement of adjacent hydrogen-bonded chains relative to the standard β-sheet conformation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 24
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Circular dichroism studies on synthetic peptides related to the C-terminal region of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c were carried out and compared with conformational studies on horse cytochrome c fragments. Evidence is presented for a weaker predisposition for ordered structure in the former peptides when compared with the corresponding region in horse cytochrome c. These findings agree with theoretical predictions and with observations that yeast and other mammalian type cytochromes c differ in several minor respects.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2107-2114 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A polarimetric electric-field-jump relaxation apparatus is described and used to determine the relaxation spectrum for the helix-coil transition of poly(α,L-glutamic acid) in water at 24°C. A maximum relaxation time of 1.7 μc occurs at the transition midpoint (pH = 5.9) yielding a rate constant for helical growth of 6 × 107 sec-1.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2181-2195 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Mixtures of a weak polybase (polyethylenimine) and a weak polyacid acrylamide-acrylic acid copolymer in aqueous solutions at several ionic strengths and polymer concentrations are studied potentiometrically. When the concentrations of the polyethylenimine and acrylamide-acrylic acid copolymer charges are not too different, phase separation into two liquid phases (“complex coacervation”) is observed. In the pH region where no phase separation occurs, potentiometric titrations are performed on mixtures of both polymers. From the titrations of polyethylenimine solutions, acrylamide-acrylic acid copolymer solutions, and the mixtures, the free energy of interaction has been evaluated according to the theory of Litan. The dependence of the free energy of interaction on pH, polymer concentrations, and ionic strength is explained quantitatively with a model of cooperative electrostatic physical association.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2231-2246 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The problem of deducing the DNA structure with correct base pairing and specific symmetry is formulated in the form of algebraic equations. In this way the number of independent variables determining double-helix conformation can be reduced from six to four. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated by the computations for A-DNA and B-DNA. The method allows one to predict all possible conformations of the complementary nucleic acids.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2211-2230 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The synthesis and characterization of a series of sequential polypeptides with the repeating sequences Aze-Pro-Aze, Pro-Aze-Pro, Pro-Aze-Gly, Aze-Pro-Gly, Ala-Aze-Gly, Aze-Ala-Gly, and Pro-Pro-Gly are reported. The polymers were prepared by the active ester method, using the p-nitrophenyl, pentachlorophenyl, and N-hydroxysuccinimide esters as the polymerizable tripeptide derivatives. Except for poly(Ala-Aze-Gly) obtained via the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, all polymers were isolated in good yields and have weight-average molecular weights in the range 10,000-30,000. The molecular weights have been determined by applying the calibrated gel chromatography system described by Fairweather et al. [J. Chromatogr. (1972) 67, 157] and by viscometry. All di- and tripeptide intermediates were chemically and optically pure.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Synthetic regular polytripeptides of the type (Gly-R2-R3) where R2, R3, or both, are imino acids have been widely studied as model compounds for collagen. One such polytripeptide is poly(Gly-Pro-Hyp), since triplets with this sequence constitute about 10% of collagen. Recently, a new model has been proposed for this polytripeptide in which one of the three peptide bonds in the tripeptide unit is in the cis conformation, and the γ-hydroxyl group of hydroxyproline forms a direct interchain hydrogen bond within the triple helix. We have confirmed this structure by model building using computer techniques, and the helical parameters obtained by us are close to the experimentally observed values. The model is also found to be comparable in stability with other models from energy considerations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2479-2487 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Several globular proteins have values of the Scheraga-Mandelkern β parameter significantly below the theoretical minimum value, β0 = 2.112 × 106, for an impermeable sphere. Using the Felderhof-Deutch generalization of the Debye-Bueche-Brinkman theory of hydrodynamics of porous spheres, we have shown that values of β slightly below this supposed minimum are theoretically expected. A porous sphere of uniform density has a minimum β of 2.084 × 106 at a Debye shielding ratio of 6.5, corresponding, for example, to a sphere radius of 11 Å and an inverse hydrodynamic shielding length of 0.6 Å-1, values not far from those of small proteins. A two-layer porous sphere model gives similar results. Although this is the first theoretical explanation of values of β below β0, the theory is incomplete since β values as low as 2.03 × 106 are observed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2489-2506 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: NMR measurements of poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) are reported in several different strengths of magnetic field to determine the relaxation time of the helix-coil transition. Nmr spectra of various samples had line shapes varying from the double to single, depending on the extent of the polydispersity of the sample. This result indicated that the correct line shape of a polypeptide is obscured in the overlapping of multipeaks, which are due to the heterogeneity of the molecular weight in the sample. Thus, the conventional line-shape analysis could not be applied to the kinetic study of the helix-coil transition of polypeptides without consideration of this polydispersity effect on the line shape.To overcome this difficulty, we measured linewidths of nmr spectra for fairly monodisperse samples, using various nmr spectrometers, having field strengths from 60 to 220 MHz. The results were analyzed by a quadratic equation, which involves an additional term proportional to the frequency difference of two sites. The equation differs from the conventional quadratic equation, usually utilized in the case of the fast-exchange limit, only in this additional term. This modification is required to evaluate correctly the unusual broadening of the linewidth resulting from the polydispersity effect and to determine the relaxation time reflected in nmr.Nmr spectra of three samples (DP-35, 85, and 250) were measured by 220-, 100-, and 60-MHz spectrometers in trifluoroacetic acid/chloroform at 28°C and linewidths were analyzed. Relaxation times of the helix-coil transition obtained at the transition midpoint are 2.5 × 10-4, 7 × 10-4, and 1.1 × 10-3 sec, for DP-35, 85, and 250, respectively.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2537-2553 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Theoretical expressions are derived for the change in the polarized components of the fluorescence, resulting from the orientation of a rigid molecule bearing a chromophore with arbitrary angles for the absorption and transition moments \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \vec \mu _a $\end{document} and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \vec \mu _e $\end{document} with respect to the molecular axis. The break in the symmetry relation HV = VH is related to the tilt angle between \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \vec \mu _a $\end{document} and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \vec \mu _e $\end{document}. The theory is applied to a sonicated DNA-2-hydroxy-4,4′-diamidinostilbene complex, in the blue and red emission bands of this peculiar dye. Simultaneous measurements of linear dichroism and fluorescence lead to the determination of an angle of 47° between a fluorescent bound dye and the DNA axis, with no difference for the blue- and red-emitting species, but confirm the presence of nonfluorescent bound dye in a more perpendicular arrangement.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2613-2623 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The translational drag, rotational drag, and intrinsic viscosity of spherical multisubunit structures have been calculated analytically using the Felderhof-Deutch theory of polymer frictional properties. The structures considered were hollow shells, spheres with uniform subunit density, and spheres covered with a subunit layer of different density. Changes in the transport coefficients resulting from the random removal of subunits and from the variation of subunit size are calculated. For the case of the shell, the results agree with the numerical computations of Bloomfield, Dalton, and Van Holde [Biopolymers 5, 135, 149 (1967)].
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Interactions of glutaraldehyde with either n-butylamine, poly(α,L-lysine), or collagen resulted in a fast release of protons in dilute aqueous solutions at various pH values, followed by much slower changes. The latter reactions, which extended over hours and days, were followed spectrophotometrically and revealed the formation of distinct absorption bands in the visible and near-ultraviolet regions in all the above systems. The visible-range bands disappeared upon treatment with sodium borohydride. A qualitative relationship between oxygen uptake by the system n-butylamine-glutaraldehyde and the slow formation of colored products has been established, while the chemical nature of the reaction products has not been determined.Sedimentation velocity, viscosity, and optical rotation measurements on the products of interaction between poly(L-lysine) and glutaraldehyde in aqueous solution indicated large conformational changes in the polyamino acid present in excess (in residues) over the dialdehyde. In particular, the intrinsic viscosity dropped considerably after interaction, indicating intramolecular crosslinking. At molar ratios of 1:1 between polylsine residues and aldehyde groups, intermolecular crosslinking of polylysine was obtained at pH 8.6.Electron microscopic examinations of collagen samples treated by glutaraldehyde at various pH values indicated changes from unordered to more ordered structures upon treatment with glutaraldehyde, in particular at pH 10.The present structural and optical investigations are considered to be relevant to tanning processes of hides and to fixation procedures.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2625-2637 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: In order to obtain a molecular picture of the A and B forms of a DNA subunit, potential energy calculations have been made for dGpdC with C(3′)-endo and C(2′)-endo [or C(3′)-exo] sugar puckerings. These are compared with results for GpC. The global minima for dGpdC and GpC are almost identical. They are like A-form duplex DNA and RNA, respectively, with bases anti, the ω′, ω angle pair near 300°, 280°, and sugar pucker C(3′)-endo. For dGpdC, a B-form helical conformer, with sugar pucker C(2′)-endo and ω′ = 257°, ω = 298°, is found only 0.4 kcal/mol above the global minimum. A second low-energy conformation (2.3 kcal/mol) has ω′ = 263°, ω = 158° and ψ near 180°. This has dihedral angles like the original Watson-Crick model of the double helix. In contrast, for GpC, the C(2′)-endo B form is 6.9 kcal/mol above the global minimum. These theoretical results are consistent with experimental studies on DNA and RNA fibers. DNA fibers exist in both A and B forms, while RNA fibers generally assume only the A form. A low-energy conformation unlike the A or B forms was found for both dGpdC and GpC when the sugars were C(3′)-endo. This conformation - ω′,ω near 20°,80° - was not observed for C(2′)-endo dGpdC. Energy surface maps in the ω′,ω plane showed that C(2′)-endo dGpdC has one low-energy valley. It is in the B-form helical region (ω′ ∼ 260°, ω ∼ 300). When the sugar pucker is C(3′)-endo, dGpdC has two low-energy regions: the A-form helical region and the region with the minimum at ω′ = 16°, ω = 85°.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 319-334 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The properties of apomyoglobin were examined in aqueous solutions and various helix- and random-coil-forming solvents by solvent perturbation, optical rotation, circular dichroism, and viscosity measurements. The solvent perturbation data obtained in neutral aqueous solutions suggest 25-40% exposure of the two tryptophyl residues and 50-60% exposure of the three tyrosyls. The estimates of burial of these groups are in the ranges expected for myoglobin based on its X-ray structure. In the helicogenic alcohols, methanol, ethanol, 2-chloroethanol, trifluoroethanol, and 1-propyl alcohol, as well as in acidic solutions, 8 M urea and 6M guanidine hydrochloride, essentially all the tryptophyl and tyrosyl residues are found to be exposed to solvent based on this method. Analysis of the ORD and CD data indicates that in the alcohols the α-helix content of apomyoglobin has in most cases changed from 58-59% to about 80-95%. Analysis of the intrinsic viscosity data based on the equations of Simha and Kirkwood and Auer indicates that the polypeptide chain in these solvents has the dimensions of fully extended α-helical rods, with lengths of 221-251 Å and mean diameters of 12.8-13.6 Å. It is concluded that apomyoglobin in the various alcohols must have an extended but somewhat irregular rodlike structure, having a few bend or irregular sequences between the α-helical segments due largely to the presence of the four proline residues, 37, 88, 100, and 120 in the amino acid sequence.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 335-351 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The fluorescence parameters, lifetime, relative quantum yield, maximum and mean wavelength, half-width, and polarization, of bovine serum albumin (BSA) were measured at 15°C in aqueous solutions containing varying concentrations of different chemical perturbants, glycerol, Cu2+ ions, guanidine hydrochloride, and urea. By considering a quenching mechanism as being either dynamic or static, depending upon whether the quenching is or is not accompanied by a change in the fluorescence lifetime, we were able to correlate the changes produced in the various fluorescence parameters by the different chemical perturbants with changes in macromolecular structure as the concentration of perturbant was gradually increased. The addition of glycerol and of Cu2+ ions indicated that in aqueous BSA both tryptophan residues are below the surface of the macromolecule, out of contact with solvent water, and, as a consequence, they are statically quenched. “Ultra-Pure” guanidine hydrochloride at 2.4 M or more caused a drastic conformation change, which resulted in the emergence of a visible tyrosine peak at 304 nm in the BSA fluorescence spectrum when either 260- or 270-nm excitation was employed. With the same excitation, the enhancement of BSA tyrosine fluorescence by 6-8 M ultra-pure urea produced only a shoulder near 304 nm in the BSA fluorescence spectrum. We have introduced the use of a new relative quantum yield for protein fluorescence, q′, referenced to the quantum yield of unquenched free tryptophan, which eliminates the quenching action of water from the reference.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 409-417 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The storage and loss shear moduli, G′ and G″, have been measured for dilute solutions of unaggregated and aggregated tobacco mosaic virus samples in glycerol-water mixtures, by the Birnboim-Schrag multiple-lumped resonator modified for use with aqueous solvents. The frequency range was 100-5800 Hz, the concentration range 0.6-2.1 × 10-3 g/ml, and the temperatures 25.0° and 37.8°C. The number-average and weight-average molecular weights of the aggregated sample were estimated as 1.4 and 2.0 × 108, respectively, from electron microscopy. The extrapolated intrinsic moduli [G′] and [G″] were compared with the predictions of the Kirkwood-Auer theory for rigid rodlike molecules. For the unaggregated sample, the frequency dependence of [G′] and [G″] agreed well with the theory assuming the intrinsic viscosity to be 27 ml/g, though the asymptotic limit of [G′]M/RT at higher frequencies was slightly larger than the theoretical value of 3/5. For the aggregated sample, the data agreed with theory for rigid rods as modified to account for molecular-weight distribution.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1109-1114 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Manning's and Scatchard's models for the description of ion-polyelectrolyte interactions are compared in the case of linear polyelectrolytes and bivalent counterions, where “condensation” of the counterions is known to occur for certain concentration ratios of the two species in solution. This comparison leads to the definition of certain conditions on Scatchard's parameters for a precise structural interpretation of Scatchard's plots to be valid. Experimental data obtained with both models are compared and found in good agreement under such conditions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1121-1132 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Semi-empirical energy calculations for an internal Pro-Pro dimer are presented that take into account the nature of the flexibility of the proline ring due to its puckering. Calculations show that three stable conformations are available for the dimer: the cis (ω = 0°, ψ = 160°); the trans (ω = 180°, ψ = 160°, also referred to as trans′); and the cis′ (ω = 180°, ψ = -40°) conformations. The best conformational pathways between these stable conformations are determined. Calculations also show that the barrier for cis′-trans′ conversion is of the same order of magnitude as that for cis-trans conversion.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Using the free energy difference between double-helix and random-coil forms of DNA as a measure of the stability of the double helix, we calculate the dependence of the stability on excess univalent cation concentration and on polynucleotide phosphate concentration, both as functions of the equivalent ratio r of divalent cation-to-phosphate concentrations. The theoretical tool is merely to compare the free energy of one polyelectrolyte solution, characterized by the polyelectrolyte linear charge density, with the free energy of another, characterized by a different value of the charge density. It is assumed only that the charge density of the double helix is greater than that of the coil form. The calculation represents the only molecular theory given to date (for r ≠ O) for these aspects of helix stability.We find that, as excess univalent cation concentration increases, the helix stability increases if r is small but decreases if r is large (i.e., of the order of unity). Moreover, as the concentration of nucleotide phosphate increases, the helix stability does not change for small values of r but increases for large values. For both effects, a continuous transition as a function of r bridges the low-r and high-r behaviour.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1423-1435 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The association of chloroform-soluble derivatives of uracil and adenine has been examined in chloroform solution in the presence of dissolved water. Analysis by infrared spectroscopy shows that complex formation still occurs in these conditions, and that the extent of association is substantially unchanged by the presence of water. Evidence is presented for the coexistence of two kinds of base pair (involving, respectively, the C2 and C4 carbonyl groups of the pyrimidine) in the solutions, and for some displacement in their relative balance by the added water. The binding of water to the C2 and C4 carbonyl groups can be separately observed in both the free uracil derivative and its 1:1 complex with 9-ethyladenine. Little or no competition has been found to occur between the formation of base pairs and binding of water to the bases, as judged by measurements of water solubility in chloroform solutions of the bases individually and in 1:1 mixtures. The evidence suggests that this phenomenon can be largely explained by the formation of double hydrogen bonds by the uracil carbonyl groups. Taken together with recent published observations, the results indicate that hydrogen bonding may make a much greater energetic contribution to conformational stability of biopolymers in aqueous solution that has been supposed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1437-1446 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: By use of a polycondensation procedure free of racemization, stereoregular polymethionines have been synthesized from C-activated D-methionyl-L-methionine and L-methionyl-D-methionyl-L-methionine.The poly(D-methionyl-L-methionine) and poly(L-methionyl-D-methionyl-L-methionine) so prepared are soluble in chloroform and can be purified through dissolution in this solvent and precipitation by ligroin.Poly(D-Met-L-Met)which is obtained in a 25% yield, is about 5000 in average molecular weight. It has no discernible optical activity when examined between 400 and 600 nm in a trifluoroacetic acid solution.Poly(L-Met-D-Met-L-Met) (40% yield, M. W. = 10,000) is an optically active polymer. [α]43624 ≈ + 170° for a chloroformic solution (c = 0.2 CHCl3).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1581-1595 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The structure of β-chitin has been refined by rigid-body least-squares methods, based on the intensity data for highly crystalline specimens from the pogonophore Oligobrachia ivanovi. The structure consists of an array of poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine chains all having the same sense, which are linked together in sheets by N—H … O=C hydrogen bonding of the amide groups. In addition to the O-3′—H … O-5 intramolecular hydrogen bond, analogous to that in cellulose, the CH2OH side chain forms an intrasheet hydrogen bond to the carbonyl oxygen on the next chain. This structure shows considerably better agreement between observed and calculated intensities than that possessing an intersheet hydrogen bond, as had been proposed previously. The structure is consistent with the swelling properties of β-chitin and can also be seen to be analogous to that of native cellulose.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Conformational analysis of N-methylamide of pyroglutamic acid has been performed by theoretical energy calculations and experimental physical techniques, namely, laser Raman spectroscopy and depolarized Rayleigh scattering. The two theoretically predicted conformations are evidenced in crystalline state (ψ1 = +169°) and in aqueous solution (ψ1 ≃ -20°). This study confirms the interest of a careful vibrational analysis of peptides and N-deuterated derivatives for providing an estimate of the dihedral angle ψ. The relationship between amide III frequency and ψ values is emphasized.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1553-1563 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The adsorption of globular proteins at solid/liquid or liquid/liquid interfaces provides evidence of unfolded molecular conformation. Proteins with high apolar character are strongly unfolded, while those with high polar character are generally incompletely unfolded. Structural changes of globular proteins at adsorption on mercury electrodes were studied by ac polarography and capacity-time curves. The surface area per molecule of nine globular proteins was determined from the adsorption kinetics at the dropping mercury electrode. For all the proteins investigated, this value was greater than the maximal molecular cross section of the native proteins. The surface area was about 19 Å2 per amino acid residue, which coincides with the value for unfolded proteins at the water/air interface. Differences between dropping mercury electrode and hanging drop mercury electrode occurred only with lysozyme and phosphorylase; for the other proteins, the structure of the adsorption layer was independent of the time of interaction at the electrode. Since not all of the reducible groups of the adsorbed proteins come into contact with the electrode, the flattening should be incomplete.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Classical potential energy calculations have been made for the ribodinucleoside monophosphates ApA, CpC, GpG, and UpU. Van der Waal's, electrostatic, and torsional contributions to the energy were calculated, and the energy was minimized with the seven backbone conformational angles as simultaneously variable parameters. At the global minimum, ApA and CpC have conformations like double helical RNA: the angles ω′ and ω are g-g-, the sugar pucker is C3′-endo, and the bases are anti. GpG and UpU, on the other hand, have the ω′,ω angle pair g-t at the global minimum, and for GpG the bases are syn. Energy contour maps for ω′ and ω show two broad, low energy regions for ApA, CpC, and UpU: one is g-g-, and the second encompasses g-t and g+g+ within a single lowenergy contour. The two regions are connected by a path at 10-13 kcal./mole. For GpG, with bases syn, however, only a small low-energy region at g-t is found. The helical ‘A’ RNA conformation is 8.5 kcal/mole higher for this molecule. Thus, the base composition is shown to influence the conformations adopted by dinucleoside phosphates. Comparison of calculations with experimetal data, where available, show good agreement.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1615-1622 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The far infrared spectra of poly(L-proline) I (190-35 cm-1) and II (400-35 cm-1) were obtained in the solid state at both 300° and 110°K. A significant difference in the region below 100 cm-1 was observed. A very intense band located at 60 cm-1 in the infrared spectrum of form II has no counterpart in form I. This indicates the sensitivity of low-frequency vibrations to the difference in conformation assumed by both forms in the solid state.Additional bands observed in this study are correlated with ir and Raman data previously reported and tentative assignments are made using the results of normal mode calculations (in the single-chain approximation) which have been reported.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1623-1631 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Potentiometric titrations of poly(S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine) and poly(S-carboxy-ethyl-L-cysteine) were carried out in aqueous sodium chloride solutions and in water. For samples of both polymers of high molecular weight, a new pattern was observed concerning the change of titration curve with time; the β-coil transition became sharper and the transition free energy increased by about 100 cal mole-1 as the equilibrium was approached. This suggests that equilibrium data were not obtained in most previous studies on the titration involving the β-coil transition. It also shows that the reversbility is not necessarily sufficient to confirm the equilibrium. Another pattern, which was previously observed, was also confirmed with a low molecular weight sample of poly(S-carboxymethytl-L-cysteine). The titration curves were shown to be insensitive to polymer concentration, even when aggregation or phase separation was present. The validity of the Gouy model to describe the titration curve of the β-structure was found to depend on molecular weight as well as on the nature of the side chain.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1651-1666 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Three kinds of fluorescence enhancement result from the interaction of 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate and calf-skin collagen. They are negatively cooperative, independent, and highly cooperative fluorescence enhancement. In the independent region at pH 3.7, the binding number is about 36 moles of 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate per mole of tropocollagen with a binding constant of 2.0 × 104 M-1; with ΔG = -5.7 kcal/mole, ΔH = -4.0 kcal/mole, and ΔS = 6 e.u. The pH dependence of fluorescence of native collagen shows that the deprotonated forms of the β and γ carboxyl groups of aspartic and glutamic acid decrease the intensity, possibly by charge repulsion of the negatively charged sulfonate group of 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate. The positive charge of lysine is found to be unimportant in the interaction of 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate with collagen. Fluorescence enhancement is caused mainly by the hydrophobic interactions of 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate and collagen. Salt bridge formation between basic and acidic side chains in very low salt concentration may be detectable by 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate fluorescence.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A series of copolymers of L-lysine and L-valine [poly(L-lysinef L-valine100-f)] containing 0-13% L-valine have been studied, in 0.10M KF solution, using potentiometric titration and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Incorporation of increasing amounts of valine into the copolymers favors β-sheet formation over α-helix formation at high pH and room temperature. The titrations were analyzed using the method of Zimm and Rice and the partial free energy (ΔG0cβ) for the coil-to-β-sheet transition for valine is estimated at 900 cal/mole at 25°C. From the temperature dependence of the free energy, the partial enthalpy, ΔH0cβ, and entropy, ΔS0cβ, of the transition for valine is estimated to be 854 cal/mole and 6.0 e.u., respectively. The corresponding partial thermodynamic parameters for L-lysine are in agreement with published results. The fraction of β-sheet versus pH has been calculated for poly(L-lysine86.8 L-valine13.2) at 25.0°C using the titration data; data obtained from circular dichroism spectroscopy for the same copolymer are in good accord. It is concluded from these results that L-valine is a very strong β-sheet forming amino acid. Furthermore, these results indicate that the Zimm-Rice method is applicable to transitions between the coil and β-sheet states for a polypeptide containing two different residues.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1667-1684 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Conformational analysis of double-stranded helical polynucleotides was carried out in terms of internal and external parameters, using semiempirical energy potential functions. The results obtained show that the structures proposed on the basis of the X-ray analysis for A-DNA and RNA's are almost identical to those corresponding to the conformational energy minima, whereas that proposed for B-DNA still appears to suffer from conformational strains. On the other hand, the B-DNA structure theoretically predicted is stabilized by both van der Waals energy and possible specific interactions with water molecules and counterions. This may explain the stability of the B form with respect to the A form at high relative humidity and ion strength. A possible role of the A + T fraction in stabilizing the B-type DNA emerges in connection with its preferential ability to bind ions. This agrees with the results on the crystalline structures of GpC and ApU. For RNA's, the occurrence of only A-type structures is explained as being due to the C(3′)-endo puckering of ribose in a double helix.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1685-1700 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A very general approach to the chemical equilibria between many interacting molecules during sedimentation (boundary, band, or active enzyme) taking into account boundary conditions, cell geometry, equilibrium constants, diffusion, enzyme kinetics, etc., is presented. Through a Fortran program, the method has been applied to two very simple but typical cases. With only minor adjustments, the method presented here for sedimentation studies can be extended to all sorts of problems in which “pools” of various species are interacting with each other.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1769-1772 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1717-1738 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The theoretical study of the cooperative binding of a small ligand to a linear homopolymer is extended to systems in which two different complexes can form. The binding isotherms are derived under the assumption that the cooperative interactions exist only between molecules belonging to the same type of binding mode and are limited to nearest neighbors (Ising model). The binding to a single-stranded chain is first considered and two extreme cases are studied: (1) the two complexes can form independently from each other (model of independent classes of binding sites); (2) only one class of binding site exists, each possessing two different states of complexation (three-state model).Binding to a double-helical chain is also considered. Three simple types of competition between the different modes of binding are distinguished. The corresponding models are defined as: (1) the model of independent classes of binding sites; (2) the model of monoexclusive interactions between the different kinds of complexes (the symmetric and asymmetric cases are both considered); (3) the model of biexclusive interactions. The comparative study of the different cases shows that the binding isotherms are very similar at large polymer-to-ligand concentration ratios, while they can be very different at low polymer-to-ligand ratios. This can be used to obtain information on the mechanism of dye binding to nucleic acids by equilibrium studies as shown in a subsequent paper.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The infrared spectra of poly(L-valine)'s with varying degrees of polymerization have been investigated, as well as copolymers of L-alanine and L-valine. The spectra of nujol mulls of various molecular-weight poly(L-valine)'s, isolated directly from the polymerization media, as well as spectra of these same samples after treatment with strong acid, are recorded. In the 700-250-cm-1 region, bands at 543 and 414 cm-1 are found to increase with increasing degree of polymerization in the nujol mulls, but are missing in the acid-treated samples. These bands are assigned to the L-valine residues with an β-helixlike local conformation. It is inferred that the polymerization proceeds initially in the β form, and after a critical degree of polymerization the chains adopt an appreciable amount of an α-helixlike local conformation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1811-1826 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Fluorescent probe analysis of purified elastin using 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate has been used to investigate reversible structural changes that accompany stretching of this rubberlike protein. There is a specific binding of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate to elastin with a single dye molecule attached per 74,000 molecular-weight protein subunit. When labeled elastin is stretched, the intensity of the 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate fluorescence decreases reversibly, and this decrease appears to be linked to an increase in the environmental polarity in the immediate vicinity of the bound dye molecule. The results of experiments carried out in H2O and D2O indicate that this polarity change is due to an increase in the exposure of the 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate to water as the hydrophobic interior of the protein subunit is unfolded during stretching. The data are consistent with the proposal that the elastin network is a two-phase system of hydrophobic protein globules surrounded by free solvent spaces.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 9 (1975), S. 10-17 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 9 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 9 (1975), S. 33-34 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1847-1861 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) and circular dichroism (CD) spectra of single- and multistranded polyribonucleotides undergo extensive changes on binding of the silver ion. These changes are consistent with the proposition that Ag(I) binds to the heterocyclic bases and not to the phosphate groups of polynucleotides. ORD and CD of silver complexes of poly(A)·poly(U) and double-helical rice dwarf viral RNA display negative Cotton effects when there is more than one Ag(I) per two nucleotide residues in solution. These observations suggest a significant distortion of the double-helical conformation as a result of Ag(I) binding. Silver(I) binding sites of pyrimidine polynucleotides are apparently saturated when there is one Ag(I) per two nucleotide residues and those of purine polynucleotides at one Ag(I) per nucleotide in solution. These data are consistent with the supposition that some Ag(I) binding sites exist on the pyrimidine ring and additional sites on the imidazole ring of polynucleotides. The sedimentation coefficient of poly(A) increases by severalfold when one Ag(I) is present per nucleotide residue. Silver(I) may introduce intra- and interstrand cross-links (through bidentate chelates) in single-stranded polynucleotides, resulting in structures with high sedimentation coefficients. Among the polynucleotides studied, poly(U) was an exception. Silver(I) did not affect the optical properties (absorbance, ORD, and CD) of poly(U) at neutral pH.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1915-1932 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A method for estimating the zero shear rate viscosity for dilute solutions of rigid macromolecules with complex configurations is proposed; this method is based on the macromolecular kinetic theory of Curtiss, Bird, and Hassager. Macromolecular models constructed from a collection of spheres, cylindrical rods, circular discs, and parallelepipeds with arbitrary dimensions and relative orientations can be easily handled by this method. Comparison with available experimental data for several biopolymers shows excellent agreement. As an application to this method, we investigate the effect of surface roughness on the intrinsic viscosity of spherical particles.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1991-1993 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1933-1949 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Analysis of the time decay of fluorescence of 1-anilino-naphthalene-8-sulfonate bound to phosphorylase b reveals the presence of two components with different decay times. In glycylglycine buffer, pH 7.0, the addition of the activators AMP or IMP, or the conversion to phosphorylase a results in a preferential decrease in the amplitude of the component of longer decay time, arising probably from a preferential dissociation of 1-anilino-naphthalene-8-sulfonate from the corresponding site as a consequence of a change in molecular state.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1995-2005 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The changes in conformation undergone by α-gelatin molecules on quenching aqueous solutions to below the temperature at which they can gel have been monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance and dielectric relaxation techniques. The relative rates of these conformational transitions are compared with changes in rheological properties. The nmr spectral intensity changes for 0.2 and 0.5% w/v α-gelatin solutions correspond to a unimolecular process with k ∼ 10-2 min-1 at 15°C; this process occurs independently of whether or not the solution is concentrated enough to form a gel. The process involves a slow intramolecular nucleation step, followed by a rapid conformational change of the whole molecule from random coil to a rigid stage. Comparison with other data suggests that the transition gives rise to a triple collagen-like helix. In dilute solution (but above the critical concentration for gel formation, e.g., 0.5% w/v), the gelatin process follows the formation of the rigid molecular species. It probably involves the formation of junction zones consisting of three polypeptide chains in a collagen-like triple-helical conformation. These junctions may form, at low concentrations, from a reorganization of previously formed, intramolecular, triple helices. Solutions below a concentration of about 0.4% w/v α-gelatin cannot gel by this mechanism, and only form viscous liquids.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2035-2048 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The preparation and characterization of α-L-glutamic acid oligomers with degree of polymerization (DP) up to 12 are described. The preparation of polymers with low DP corresponding to various A/I ratios (where A and I are monomer and initiator concentrations, respectively) with end groups blocked is given. The conditions of the fractionation, which separates the different oligomers by ion-exchange chromatography, are discussed. Finally, the isolation from salt solutions of the pure acidic form is given. Each polymer obtained for a given A/I is characterized at the end of the polymerization by its molecular-weight distribution. The average DP values calculated are compared to the A/I values; agreement is very good. Potentiometric behaviour during neutralization is obtained as a function of the degree of polymerization and the elaboration of the polyelectrolytic phenomenon is discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2095-2106 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: 5′-8NH2GMP forms an ordered structure in moderately acid (pD 4.7) solution. We propose for this ordered form a novel hemiprotonated G·G structure with a twofold rotation axis and three hydrogen bonds between each pair of guanine residues. Gel formation does not occur with this nucleotide in either neutral or acid solution. In neutral solution 5′-8NH2GMP also forms a regular, ordered structure, quite different from the acid form and similar to that formed by 5′-GMP under the same neutral conditions. We suggest that this ordered structure consists of a regularly stacked array of planar tetramers, similar to that proposed for 3′-GMP at pH 5.2
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1905-1913 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Purine polyribonucleotides poly(A), poly(G), and poly(I) associate reversibly with agarose gels at high NaCl molarities over the pH range 6-10, at 20°-40°C. Pyrimidine polyribonucleotides poly (C) and poly(U) could not be immobilized in agarose gels under the above conditions. However, poly(C) could be immobilized in agarose without precipitation between pH 3.2 and 4.0.Association of poly(G) and poly(I) with agarose appears to decrease progressively with deprotonation of their purine residues, and both polymers interact with the gel very weakly above pH 10 regardless of NaCl concentration. The binding to agarose of these polymers at pH 7.5 is also strongly influenced by temperature in the range 20°-40°C. The association of single-stranded poly(A) is only shifted toward higher NaCl molarities by increased pH; its binding is also little affected by temperature in the above range.At NaCl molarities effecting the saturating retention in agarose and at neutral pH, the immobilization of several polynucleotides could be prevented by urea in a concentration-dependent manner. The corresponding profiles of urea molarity appear to disclose a number of hydrophobic interactions between polynucleotides and agarose, some of which could be relatively strong, especially in the case of poly(A).
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1987-1990 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The characterization of recently synthesized (Pro-Pro-Gly)n, n = 7, 8 is described, along with melting profile studies of its association equilibrium, and thermal quenching studies of the kinetics of its association reaction. The order of the kinetic reaction is about 3, implying that three peptide chains are involved in the activated state of the rate-limiting step. The reaction rate was found to exhibit a negative temperature coefficient. With the (Pro-Pro-Gly)7 peptide, the concentration dependence of the (Pro-Pro-Gly)n association equilibrium was observed for the first time.Detailed thermodynamic analysis for these n = 7, 8 data, together with literature data for n = 10, 15, 20 were carried out for both the simple “all-or-none” binding model and for a series of complex equilibrium models. For the latter, all of the (Pro-Pro-Gly)n data (in 10% acetic acid) are fit best with a maximally cooperative near-neighbor model with a standard enthalpy change ΔH = -650 cal/mole of residues, and a standard entropy change ΔS = -14.63 -10/n cal/deg-mole of residues, wherein the -10 eu represents an end-effect contribution to the binding free energy.With regard to optical rotatory properties and thermodynamic parameters, the data for the new n = 7, 8 peptides match rather well with the literature data for the n = 10, 15, and 20 peptides.The enthalpic stabilization per residue of the triple-helical form of (Pro-Pro-Gly)n was nearly an order of magnitude smaller than the enthalpic stabilization per additional proline obtained from direct calorimetric measurements on native collagens of different (and much lower) proline contents by Privalov and Tiktopulo. [Biopolymers (1970) 9, 127-139.] Possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Kinetics of proton transfer between lysozyme and a pH indicator p-nitrophenol (p-Np) were measured by the temperature-jump method in a pH range of 6.0-7.0. Two well-defined relaxation processes were observed. The fast process (τ ≃ 15 μsec) was also observed for a lysozyme derivative succinylated at the terminal α-amino group of Lys 1. Therefore, the fast process was found to be attributable to the proton transfer reaction of His 15 with p-Np. The slow process (τ ≃ 50 μsec) was found to be characteristic of the proton transfer reaction of Glu 35, because it disappeared completely in solution containing a lysozyme derivative having an ester crosslink between the carboxyl group of Glu 35 and indol C-2 of Trp 108. The rate constants for proton transfer from Glu 35 and His 15 to p-Np were found to be 9 × 106/sec/M (±65%, 23°C) and 3 × 108/sec/M (±20%, 25°C), respectively. These data indicate that the proton of the carboxyl group of Glu 35 is kinetically stabilized in lysozyme.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2247-2262 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The study of Cu(II)-poly(L-arginine) complexes by potentiometric titration, as well as by optical, circular dichroism, and infrared spectra, provides information about the nature of ligands and the coordination sphere around the metal ion. Three different complexes have been identified. The first, which is formed below pH 8, contains two guanidinium nitrogens and two water molecules at the corners of the coordination square. The constant of the overall process as determined by the Gregor method equals 2.0 ± 0.1 × 10-9. The two other complexes form between pH 8 and 10.5 and they contain two guanidinium and two peptide nitrogens as nearest ligands. One of them is a monomer and the other probably a dimer, which differ in the symmetry of the coordination sphere around the cupric ion. The optical spectra of the three complexes show an absorption band at 260 nm that we have assigned to a charge-transfer transition between a σ metal nitrogen (amine) molecular orbital and a dx2-y2 metal orbital. The spectra of the two complexes containing peptide nitrogens exhibit another absorption band at 320 nm, which we have assigned to a charge transfer from a π orbital of the amide group to the dx2-y2 metal orbital.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2297-2309 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Statistical thermodynamic theories have been developed in order to explore the consequences of two prominent models of length regulation in linear protein aggregates: the length-determining factor model and the cumulated strain model. In the former, the possibility that the final subunit is bound with extra stability has been incorporated. Calculations explore the dependence of the sharpness of the onset of extensive polymerization, and the breadth, shape, and most probable value of the distribution as functions of concentrations of template and polymerizing subunit, of subunit association constant, of the strain free energy, and of the maximum length and extra stability of the last subunit in the length-determining factor model. Numerical calculations are made with particular reference to the parameters of bacteriophage T4 tail-core polymerization. Both models predict suitably narrow length distributions with plausible values of the thermodynamic parameters. The length-determining factor model may exhibit highly cooperative behaviour, with either fully polymerized or very short aggregates being observed as the product K[C] of association constant and free monomer constant is varied. This cooperativity is accentuated as binding of the final subunit becomes more stable. Species of intermediate length will be observable only if the length-determining factor is shortened. In the cumulated strain model, if K[C] is lowered at constant strain free energy per subunit, shorter aggregates will be observed; but increasing K[C] will not yield appreciably longer polymers. As [C] is lowered, the distribution will remain narrow.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2363-2372 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: An electron microscopic investigation on the structure of fibrin is reported. Fibrin morphology was investigated in a wide variety of experimental conditions, and by carefully controlled staining procedures. Two main band patterns A (230-Å-spaced main dark bands) and B (230-Å-spaced main light bands) are observed for stained fibrin; it is shown that the former results from the superimposition of both positive and negative staining, and the latter is given by positive staining. By suitable denaturation experiments, it was found that the fiber is composed of a regular alternation of lose and dense regions along the axis.We have assumed that the monomer of fibrin is described by the three-nodular model of Hall and Slayter, as supported by recent investigations. The monomers are arrayed according to a head-to-tail sequence along the fiber, and to a staggered lateral association. This model accounts for all the experimental observations, and predicts well the high-resolution band pattern of fibrin. It further agrees with the results of a recent work on the early stages of the fibrinogen-to-fibrin conversion.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2417-2420 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2421-2423 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2441-2443 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Oligopeptides having the general formula N-carbobenzoxy(γ-methyl-L-glutamyl)n-dimethyl-L-glutamate (with n = 1, 3, 5, 7, 11) were prepared, using both solid-phase synthesis and conventional peptide couplings in solution. The appearance of an ordered structure with increasing chain length was studied in organic solvents and at the air-water interface. The results obtained by thin-layer chromatography were interpreted. All the studies have demonstrated a very similar behaviour of this type of oligopeptide in solution and in monolayers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2311-2327 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Raman spectra are reported for crystalline nonactin, monactin, dinactin, trinactin, and tetranactin and their solutions in CCl4, CHCl3, CH3OH, and 4:1 (v/v) CH3OH:CHCl3. The macrotetrolide nactins selectively bind a wide variety of cations, and are important model compounds for the study of ion complexation. The conformations of nonactin, monactin, and dinactin in solution are similar. Their conformations are found to be sufficiently open to permit the ester carbonyl groups to form hydrogen bonds with CH3OH; this gives rise to characteristic changes in the vibration frequencies associated with the ester groups. Nonactin, which is the least soluble of the nactins in CH3OH, is also the least effective at forming hydrogen bonds with CH3OH. The greater ability of the higher nactins to form hydrogen bonds with CH3OH may be due to the increased inductive effect of ethyl over methyl side chains, which may increase the dipole moment of the ester carbonyl groups. Spectra of crystalline nonactin, monactin, and tetranactin are fairly similar, while the spectra of dinactin and trinactin comprise a second, distinct family. This is consistent with X-ray crystallographic studies, which show that nonactin and tetranactin form monoclinic crystals, while trinactin is triclinic.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2373-2385 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The kinetics of the acid hydrolysis of Streptococcus salivarius levan were studied by examining the weight-average molecular weight. The molecular weights were obtained in a continuous manner from light scattering. Two first order reactions were observed: an initial rapid reaction in competition with a slower reaction.Activation energies, activation entropies, as well as the rate dependence upon substrate and hydrogen ion concentrations were determined. The data seem to indicate that the fast reaction is related to the breaking of branch-point bonds while the slower reaction is related to the breaking of main-chain bonds. Thus, levan hydrolysis seems to be fundamentally different from the completely random degradation of other branched polysaccharides, i.e., dextran, glycogen, and amylopectin.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The conformations accessible to the internucleotide phosphodiester group in deoxydinucleoside monophosphates, deoxydinucleoside triphosphates, and deoxypolynucleotides have been explored in detail by potential energy calculations. The two most predominant conformations for the nucleotide moiety (3E and 2E) and their possible combinations (3E-3E, 3E-2E, 2E-2E, 2E-3E) have been employed, similar to our earlier studies on polyribonucleotides. The internucleotide P-O bond torsions are very sensitive to the sugar pucker (3E and 2E) and sugar type (ribose and 2′-deoxyribose) on the 3′-residue of dinucleoside phosphates. The preferred phosphodiester conformations found for the deoxydinucleoside monophosphates and triphosphates, in general, follow the same pattern as those obtained for ribose sugars when the sugar on the 3′-side of the molecule has the 3E sugar-ring conformation. The internucleotide P-O bonds show a greater degree of conformational freedom when the 3′-sugar has the 2E pucker. The double gauche g-g- conformation for the phosphodiester, which leads to the overlap of the adjacent bases, is shown to be one of the energetically most favored conformations for all the sequence of sugar puckers. It is found that the 2E-2E sequence of sugar puckers shows a greater energetic preference for the stacked helical conformation (g-g-) than the (3E-3E) and the mixed sugar-pucker combinations. This effect becomes more pronounced in going from a dinucleoside monophosphate to a dinucleoside triphosphate suggesting that the 2′-deoxy sugars favor the 2E sugar pucker in di-, oligo-, and polydeoxyribonucleotide structures. In addition to g-g-, the conformations g+g-, tg-, g-t, tg+, and g+t are also found to be possible for the phosphodiester in a polydeoxyribonucleotide and their populations depend to some extent on the sugar-pucker sequence. It is shown that the short-range intramolecular interactions involving the sugar and the phosphate groups dictate to a large extent the backbone conformations of nucleic acids and polynucleotides.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2401-2415 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Interaction between polylysine and DNA's of varied G + C contents was studied using thermal denaturation and circular dichroism (CD). For each complex there is one melting band at a lower temperature tm, corresponding to the helix-coil transition of free base pairs, and another band at a higher temperature t′m, corresponding to the transition of polylysine-bound base pairs. For free base pairs, with natural DNA's and poly(dA-dT) a linear relation is observed between the tm and the G + C content of the particular DNA used. This is not true with poly(dG)·poly(dC), which has a tm about 20°C lower than the extrapolated value for DNA of 100% G + C. For polylysine-bound base pairs, a linear relation is also observed between the t′m and the G + C content of natural DNA's but neither poly(dA-dT) nor poly(dG)·poly(dC) complexes follow this relationship. The dependence of melting temperature on composition, expressed as dtm/dXG·C, where XG·C is the fraction of G·C pairs, is 60°C for free base pairs and only 21°C for polylysine-bound base pairs. This reduction in compositional dependence of Tm is similar to that observed for pure DNA in high ionic strength. Although the t′m of polylysine-poly(dA-dT) is 9°C lower than the extrapolated value for 0% G + C in EDTA buffer, it is independent of ionic strength in the medium and is equal to the tm0 extrapolated from the linear plot of tm against log Na+. There is also a noticeable similarity in the CD spectra of polylysine· and polyarginine·DNA complexes, except for complexes with poly(dA-dT). The calculated CD spectrum of polylysine-bound poly(dA-dT) is substantially different from that of polyarginine-bound poly(dA-dT).
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2445-2456 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to study the coupling of Mn2+ ions with the tRNAVal1 modified with a spin label at four pseudouridylic residues and with the valyl-tRNAVal1 modified with a spin label at the α-amine group of the valyl residue. A sharp increase of spin-label mobility has been found in these samples, due to the conformational transition induced by the first and second Mn2+ ions. Analysis of dipole-dipole couplings of spin labels with the coordinated ions revealed a definite order in the occupation of ion coordination sites in the tRNA. For some valyl-tRNAVal1 molecules, the second Mn2+ ions were shown to coordinate on the α-amine group of the valyl residue at a distance of 15-25 Å from a spin label. As a result of the conformational transition, a coordination site appeared in the tRNA at one of the pseudouridylic residues, its distance from the spin label being less than 10 Å. It has been suggested that the conformational transition induced by ions excluded some bases from the system of hydrogen bonds at the level of the tRNA tertiary structure. As a result, these bases acquired sufficient sterical freedom to participate in the Mn2+ ion coordination.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2525-2535 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: We have studied the electrical conductivity of NaDNA solutions under “saltfree” conditions at temperatures well below the melting point of DNA, using radio-frequency dielectric and noise measurements. A conductivity discontinuity is observed at a temperature well below that at which the usual denaturation processes and trans conformation may commence. The radio-frequency permittivity also exhibits a discontinuity at the same temperature. For the premelting phase, the conductivity versus temperature curves consist of two linear regions with a change in slope occurring at 23°C. This effect is related to the behavior of the ionic sheath covering the DNA macromolecule. The activation energy of the alternative current conductivity as well as that the equivalent noise conductivity results as 3.11 kcal/mole below and 4.08 kcal/mole.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The solution complexes of ethidium bromide with nine different deoxydinucleotides and the four self-complementary ribodinucleoside monophosphates as well as mixtures of complementary and noncomplementary deoxydinucleotides were studied as models for the binding of the drug to DNA and RNA. Ethidium bromide forms the strongest complexes with pdC-dG and CpG and shows a definite preference for interaction with pyrimidine-purine sequence isomers. Cooperativity is observed in the binding curves of the self-complementary deoxydinucleotides pdC-dG and pdG-dC as well as the ribodinucleoside monophosphates CpG and GpC, indicating the formation of a minihelix around ethidium bromide. The role of complementarity of the nucleotide bases was evident in the visible and circular dichroism spectra of mixtures of complementary and noncomplementary dinucleotides. Nuclear magnetic resonance measurements on an ethidium bromide complex with CpG provided evidence for the intercalation model for the binding of ethidium bromide to double-stranded nucleic acids. The results also suggest that ethidium bromide may bind to various sequences on DNA and RNA with significantly different binding constants.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 173-196 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The Miyazawa-Blout-Krimm (M-B-K) treatment of polypeptide absorption in the infrared is extended to the calculation of circular dichroism (CD), linear dichroism, and oriented CD for the amide I and amide II transitions. Matrix methods are applied to the α helix and β structures using measured values for the strengths and directions of the transition dipole moments and empirical values from M-B-K for the coupling constants.Relatively small aggregates, a 36-residue helix, and 8-chain × 4-residue β sheets, are large enough to show calculated absorption agreeing with M-B-K results, which are based on infinite lattices.In all cases the predicted CD is an approximately conservative couple. The strongest CD should appear in the α helix, Δε/ε ≃± 10-3 for both transitions. The amide II transition should show moderate CD couples in both β structures, Δε/ε ≃ (+2 to -1) × 10-4. The amide I transitions in β structures should show weak CD couples, Δε/ε = (+3 to -2) × 10-5, except that the negative branch in the antiparallel structure may be detectable (Δε/ε ≃ -2 × 10-4) because absorption is very low at its wavelength peak.CD on oriented samples should be enhanced over the unoriented cases, giving values as large as Δε/ε = 3 × 10-3 because particular directions of observation allow the light to avoid much of the absorption in the sample.If all three structures are considered as helices, then the larger distance of the transition dipoles from the axis in the α helix, and the orientations of the transitions in the different structures, are the factors that, in terms of our previous theoretical work [Snir and Schellman (1973) J. Phys. Chem. 77, 1653] satisfactorily explain the calculated results. Simple dipole-dipole interaction is calculated to make a substantial contribution to the coupling between groups.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The hexanucleotide Gm-A-A-Y-A-ψp excised from the anticodon loop of yeast tRNAPhe and its constituent oligonucleotides have been studied by ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, static fluorescence, and circular dichroism. Gm-Ap has a melting point of 45°C and a high melting enthalpy when compared with G-Ap; hence 2′-O-methylation seems to stabilize stacking interactions. The nucleobase Y adjacent to the 3′-side of the anticodon triplet interacts stronger with its 3′-neighboring A than with its 5′-neighboring A. It is concluded that the base Y disconnects the stack of the anticodon itself from the stack of the anticodon stem, thereby setting a reading frame for the mRNA in the course of protein biosynthesis. From the opposite signs of the short-wavelength Cotton effects in the spectra of Gm-A-A-Y-Ap and Gm-A-A-Y, it is concluded that Y after removal of its 3′ neighbor undergoes a dramatic change in its conformation. The fluorescence of the nucleobase Y upon addition of Mg2+ is enhanced in oligonucleotides longer than two. An identical enhancement is observed for tRNAPhe, indicating that this Mg2+ effect is a property of an oligonucleotide segment and does not reflect conformational changes of the whole tRNA. The data presented here reveal that the basic structural features of the anticodon loop are already present in the hexanucleotide Gm-A-A-Y-A-ψp and are not determined by the overall structure of tRNA.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Native, NaCl-treated, trypsin-treated, and polylysine-bound nucleohistones were studied in 2.5 × 10-4 M EDTA, pH 8.0, using circular dichroism (CD) and thermal denaturation. Removal of histone I by 0.6 M NaCl has a much smaller effect on both Δε220 and Δε278 than the removal of other histones. This indicates that histone I has less helical content and less conformational effect on the DNA in nucleohistone. By extrapolating to 100% binding by histones other than I, the positive CD band near 275 nm is close to zero. Comparison is also made between the effects of binding by the more basic and the less basic halves of histones by trypsin-digestion and polylysine-binding experiments. Trypsin digestion of nucleohistone reduces melting band IV at 82°C much more than melting band III at 72°C. However, the CD changes of Δε278 and Δε220 induced by trypsin digestion are small, unless melting band III is also reduced by the use of a higher trypsin level. This implies that the less basic halves of histones, which stabilize DNA to 72°C (melting band III), have more helical structure and are more responsible for conformational change in DNA than are the more basic halves, which stabilize DNA to 82°C (melting band IV). Polylysine binding to nucleohistone diminishes melting band III but has no effect on melting band IV. This binding affects only slightly the Δε220 of nucleohistone, indicating that polylysine interferes very little with the structure of the less basic halves of bound histones. The implications of these studies with respect to chromatin structure are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The structural features of calcium guanosine-3′,5′-cytidine monophosphate (GpC) have been elucidated by X-ray diffraction analysis. The molecule was crystallized in space group P21 with cell constants of a = 21.224 Å, b = 34.207 Å, c = 9.327 Å, and β = 90.527°, Z = 8. The hydration of the crystal is 21% by weight with 72 water molecules in the unit cell. The four GpC molecules in the asymmetric unit occur as two Watson-Crick hydrogen-bonded dimers related by a pseudo-C face centering. Each dimer consists of two independent GpC molecules whose bases are hydrogen bonded to each other in the traditional Watson-Crick fashion. Each dimer possesses a pseudo twofold axis broken by a calcium ion and associated solvent.The four molecules are conformationally similar to helical RNA, but are not identical to it or to each other. Instead, values of conformational angles reflect the intrinsic flexibility of the molecule within the range of basic helical conformations. All eight bases are anti, sugars are all C3′-endo, and the C4′-C5′ bond rotations are gauche-gauche. The R factor is 12.6% for 2918 observed reflections at 1.2-Å resolution.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 309-317 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The growth of the weight-average double-strand length of renaturing sonicated DNA was investigated as a function of the degree of renaturation. Endonuclease S1 was used to digest single-strand ends and gaps. The ratio of the average renatured length to the initial length was found to be 0.6 ± 0.1 early in the reaction and to approach 1.0 at infinite time, while the ratio of the average single-strand length of native regions increased from 0.6 ± 0.1 to 0.8 ± 0.1 at infinite time. The ratio increases are nonlinear, with the greatest growth occuring around 50% renaturation. Relaxation times of double-strand DNA were measured in low salt using alternating field electric birefringence and were found to increase to only 70% of the relaxation time of the initial DNA at infinite time. In the molecular-weight range examined (150-320,000 daltons), relaxation times vary with the 2.3 ± 0.3 power of molecular weight.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 353-362 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Poly-β-1-naphthylmethyl-L-aspartate and copolymers of β-1-naphthylmethyl-L-aspartate and γ-benzyl-L-glutamate were prepared. From the results obtained by a study of infrared and circular dichroism spectra, poly-β-1-naphthylmethyl-L-aspartate was found to be a left-handed α-helix both in the solid state and in solution. The fluorescence spectra of these polymers showed excimer emission of the naphthyl chromophores and gave some information about the arrangement of the side-chain chromophores. By optical titration experiments, it was found that an increasing amount of β-1-naphthylmethyl-L-aspartate residues in the copolymers induces a progressive instability of the helical structure.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 363-377 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The Raman spectrum of poly-DL-alanine (PDLA) in the solid state is interpreted in terms of the disordered chain conformation, in analogy with the spectrum of mechanically deformed poly-L-alanine. The polymer is largely disordered with only a small α-helical content in the solid state. When PDLA is dissolved in water, the spectra suggest that short α-helical segments are formed upon dissolution. These helical regions might be stabilized by hydrophobic bonds between side-chain methyl groups. Addition of methanol to the aqueous PDLA solutions results in a Raman spectrum resembling that of solid PDLA. This result suggests that the methanol disrupts the helical regions by breaking the hydrophobic bonds.The Raman spectra of poly-DL-leucine (PDLL) and poly-L-leucine (PLL) are compared and only slight differences are observed in the amide I and III regions, indicating that PDLL does not have an appreciable disordered chain content. Significant differences are observed in the skeletal regions. The 931-cm-1 lines in the PLL and PDLL spectra are assigned to residues in α-helical segments of the preferred screw sense, i.e., L-residues in right-handed segments and D-residues in left-handed segments (in PDLL). On the other hand, the 890-cm-1 line in the spectrum of PDLL is assigned to residues not in the preferred helical sence, i.e., L-residues in left-handed segments and D-residues in right-handed ones. The Raman spectra of poly-DL-lysine and poly-L-lysine in salt-free water at pH 7.0 are compared. The Raman spectra of the two polymers are very similar. However, this does not negate the hypothesis of local order in poly-L-lysine because the distribution of the residues in poly-DL-lysine probably tends towards blocks, and the individual blocks may take up the 31 helix.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 379-391 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The Raman spectra of collagen, gelatin, and elastin are presented. The Raman lines in the latter two spectra are assigned by deuterating the amide N-H groups in gelatin and by studying the superposition spectra of the constituent amino acids. Two lines appear at 1271 and 1248 cm-1 in the spectra of collagen and gelatin that can be assigned to the amide III mode. Possibly, the appearance of two amide III lines is related to the biphasic nature of the tropocollagen molecule, i.e., proline-rich (nonpolar) and proline-poor (polar) regions distributed along the chain. The melting, or collagen-to-gelatin transition, in water-soluble calf skin collagen is studied and the 1248-cm-1 amide III line is assigned to the 31 helical regions of the tropocollagen molecule.Elastin is thought to be mostly random and the Raman spectrum confirms this assertion. Strong amide I and III lines appear at 1668 and 1254 cm-1, respectively, and only weak scattering is observed at 938 cm-1. These features have been shown to be characteristic of the disordered conformation in proteins.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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