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  • 101
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    Far-field polarization signatures of surface optical nonlinearity in noncentrosymmetric semiconductors (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-03
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 102
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    Macroscale mesenchymal condensation to study cytokine-driven cellular and matrix-related changes during cartilage degradation (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-05
    Description: Understanding the pathophysiological processes of cartilage degradation requires adequate model systems to develop therapeutic strategies towards osteoarthritis (OA). Although different in vitro or in vivo models have been described, further comprehensive approaches are needed to study specific disease aspects. This study aimed to combine in vitro and in silico modeling based on a tissue-engineering approach using mesenchymal condensation to mimic cytokine-induced cellular and matrix-related changes during cartilage degradation. Thus, scaffold-free cartilage-like constructs (SFCCs) were produced based on self-organization of mesenchymal stromal cells (mesenchymal condensation) and i) characterized regarding their cellular and matrix composition or secondly ii) treated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) for 3 weeks to simulate OA-related matrix degradation. In addition, an existing mathematical model based on partial differential equations was optimized and transferred to the underlying settings to simulate distribution of IL-1β, type II collagen degradation and cell number reduction. By combining in vitro and in silico methods, we aim to develop a valid, efficient alternative approach to examine and predict disease progression and effects of new therapeutics.
    Language: English
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  • 103
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    Adaptive reconstruction of imperfectly-observed monotone functions, with applications to uncertainty quantification (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-28
    Description: Motivated by the desire to numerically calculate rigorous upper and lower bounds on deviation probabilities over large classes of probability distributions, we present an adaptive algorithm for the reconstruction of increasing real-valued functions. While this problem is similar to the classical statistical problem of isotonic regression, the optimisation setting alters several characteristics of the problem and opens natural algorithmic possibilities. We present our algorithm, establish sufficient conditions for convergence of the reconstruction to the ground truth, and apply the method to synthetic test cases and a real-world example of uncertainty quantification for aerodynamic design.
    Language: English
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  • 104
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    Metasurface enhanced sensitized photon upconversion: towards highly efficient low power upconversion applications and nano-scale E-field sensors (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-14
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 105
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    Optimal Connected Subgraphs: Formulations and Algorithms (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-04-16
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 106
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    On the Unreasonable Effectiveness of the Greedy Algorithm: Greedy Adapts to Sharpness (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-02-23
    Language: English
    Type: conferenceobject , doc-type:conferenceObject
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  • 107
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    Locally Accelerated Conditional Gradients (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-26
    Language: English
    Type: conferenceobject , doc-type:conferenceObject
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  • 108
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    Restarting Algorithms: Sometimes there is Free Lunch (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-02-23
    Language: English
    Type: conferenceobject , doc-type:conferenceObject
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  • 109
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    The confined primal integral: a measure to benchmark heuristic MINLP solvers against global MINLP solvers (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-14
    Description: It is a challenging task to fairly compare local solvers and heuristics against each other and against global solvers. How does one weigh a faster termination time against a better quality of the found solution? In this paper, we introduce the confined primal integral, a new performance measure that rewards a balance of speed and solution quality. It emphasizes the early part of the solution process by using an exponential decay. Thereby, it avoids that the order of solvers can be inverted by choosing an arbitrarily large time limit. We provide a closed analytic formula to compute the confined primal integral a posteriori and an incremental update formula to compute it during the run of an algorithm. For the latter, we show that we can drop one of the main assumptions of the primal integral, namely the knowledge of a fixed reference solution to compare against. Furthermore, we prove that the confined primal integral is a transitive measure when comparing local solves with different final solution values. Finally, we present a computational experiment where we compare a local MINLP solver that uses certain classes of cutting planes against a solver that does not. Both versions show very different tendencies w.r.t. average running time and solution quality, and we use the confined primal integral to argue which of the two is the preferred setting.
    Language: English
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  • 110
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    An exact high performance solver for Steiner tree problems in graphs and related problems (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-02-22
    Language: English
    Type: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 111
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    The Restricted Modulo Network Simplex Method for Integrated Periodic Timetabling and Passenger Routing (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-14
    Description: The Periodic Event Scheduling Problem is a well-studied NP-hard problem with applications in public transportation to find good periodic timetables. Among the most powerful heuristics to solve the periodic timetabling problem is the modulo network simplex method. In this paper, we consider the more difficult version with integrated passenger routing and propose a refined integrated variant to solve this problem on real-world-based instances.
    Language: English
    Type: conferenceobject , doc-type:conferenceObject
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  • 112
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    The relative contributions of infectious and mitotic spread to HTLV-1 persistence (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-02-05
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 113
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    An exploratory computational analysis of dual degeneracy in mixed-integer programming (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-14
    Description: Dual degeneracy, i.e., the presence of multiple optimal bases to a linear programming (LP) problem, heavily affects the solution process of mixed integer programming (MIP) solvers. Different optimal bases lead to different cuts being generated, different branching decisions being taken and different solutions being found by primal heuristics. Nevertheless, only a few methods have been published that either avoid or exploit dual degeneracy. The aim of the present paper is to conduct a thorough computational study on the presence of dual degeneracy for the instances of well-known public MIP instance collections. How many instances are affected by dual degeneracy? How degenerate are the affected models? How does branching affect degeneracy: Does it increase or decrease by fixing variables? Can we identify different types of degenerate MIPs? As a tool to answer these questions, we introduce a new measure for dual degeneracy: the variable–constraint ratio of the optimal face. It provides an estimate for the likelihood that a basic variable can be pivoted out of the basis. Furthermore, we study how the so-called cloud intervals—the projections of the optimal face of the LP relaxations onto the individual variables—evolve during tree search and the implications for reducing the set of branching candidates.
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 114
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    Bounding the final rank during a round robin tournament with integer programming (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-04-20
    Description: This article is mainly motivated by the urge to answer two kinds of questions regarding the Bundesliga, which is Germany’s primary football (soccer) division having the highest average stadium attendance worldwide: “At any point in the season, what is the lowest final rank a certain team can achieve?” and “At any point in the season, what is the highest final rank a certain team can achieve?”. Although we focus on the Bundesliga in particular, the integer programming formulations we introduce to answer these questions can easily be adapted to a variety of other league systems and tournaments.
    Language: English
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  • 115
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    Markov Chain Importance Sampling - a highly efficient estimator for MCMC (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: Markov chain (MC) algorithms are ubiquitous in machine learning and statistics and many other disciplines. Typically, these algorithms can be formulated as acceptance rejection methods. In this work we present a novel estimator applicable to these methods, dubbed Markov chain importance sampling (MCIS), which efficiently makes use of rejected proposals. For the unadjusted Langevin algorithm, it provides a novel way of correcting the discretization error. Our estimator satisfies a central limit theorem and improves on error per CPU cycle, often to a large extent. As a by-product it enables estimating the normalizing constant, an important quantity in Bayesian machine learning and statistics.
    Language: English
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  • 116
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    Finite-size corrections for the static structure factor of a liquid slab with open boundaries (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-02-23
    Description: The presence of a confining boundary can modify the local structure of a liquid markedly. In addition, small samples of finite size are known to exhibit systematic deviations of thermodynamic quantities relative to their bulk values. Here, we consider the static structure factor of a liquid sample in slab geometry with open boundaries at the surfaces, which can be thought of as virtually cutting out the sample from a macroscopically large, homogeneous fluid. This situation is a relevant limit for the interpretation of grazing-incidence diffraction experiments at liquid interfaces and films. We derive an exact, closed expression for the slab structure factor, with the bulk structure factor as the only input. This shows that such free boundary conditions cause significant differences between the two structure factors, in particular, at small wavenumbers. An asymptotic analysis of this result yields the scaling exponent and an accurate, useful approximation of these finite-size corrections. Furthermore, the open boundaries permit the interpretation of the slab as an open system, supporting particle exchange with a reservoir. We relate the slab structure factor to the particle number fluctuations and discuss conditions under which the subvolume of the slab represents a grand canonical ensemble with chemical potential μ and temperature T. Thus, the open slab serves as a test-bed for the small-system thermodynamics in a μT reservoir. We provide a microscopically justified and exact result for the size dependence of the isothermal compressibility. Our findings are corroborated by simulation data for Lennard-Jones liquids at two representative temperatures.
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  • 117
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    Projection-Free Optimization on Uniformly Convex Sets (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-26
    Language: English
    Type: conferenceobject , doc-type:conferenceObject
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  • 118
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    Stand-alone quantum dot-based single-photon source operating at telecommunication wavelengths (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-13
    Language: English
    Type: conferenceobject , doc-type:conferenceObject
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  • 119
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    Modal expansion of optical far-field quantities using quasinormal modes (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-13
    Language: English
    Type: conferenceobject , doc-type:conferenceObject
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  • 120
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    Quasi-normal mode expansion as a tool for the design of nanophotonic devices (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-13
    Language: English
    Type: conferenceobject , doc-type:conferenceObject
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  • 121
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    Investigation and application of contour integral methods for resonance expansion in nanophotonics (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-13
    Language: English
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
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  • 122
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    Modeling Optical Materials at the Single Scatterer Level: The Transition from Homogeneous to Heterogeneous Materials (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-13
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 123
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    Bayesian optimization with improved scalability and derivative information for efficient design of nanophotonic structures (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-13
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 124
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    Front Cover: Plug&Play Fiber‐Coupled 73 kHz Single‐Photon Source Operating in the Telecom O‐Band (Adv. Quantum Technol. 6/2020) (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-13
    Language: English
    Type: other , doc-type:Other
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  • 125
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    Extracting dimensional parameters of gratings produced with self-aligned multiple patterning using grazing-incidence small-angle x-ray scattering [Source Code] (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-13
    Language: English
    Type: researchdata , doc-type:ResearchData
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  • 126
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    Leveraging a Heterogeneous Memory System for a Legacy Fortran Code: The Interplay of Storage Class Memory, DRAM and OS (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-13
    Description: Large capacity Storage Class Memory (SCM) opens new possibilities for workloads requiring a large memory footprint. We examine optimization strategies for a legacy Fortran application on systems with an heterogeneous memory configuration comprising SCM and DRAM. We present a performance study for the multigrid solver component of the large-eddy simulation framework PALM for different memory configurations with large capacity SCM. An important optimization approach is the explicit assignment of storage locations depending on the data access characteristic to take advantage of the heterogeneous memory configuration. We are able to demonstrate that an explicit control over memory locations provides better performance compared to transparent hardware settings. As on aforementioned systems the page management by the OS appears as critical performance factor, we study the impact of different huge page settings.
    Language: English
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  • 127
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    On enhanced sensing of chiral molecules in optical cavities (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-13
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 128
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    Nanophotonics for Solar Energy (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-13
    Language: English
    Type: other , doc-type:Other
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  • 129
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    Boosting Frank-Wolfe by Chasing Gradients (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-27
    Language: English
    Type: conferenceobject , doc-type:conferenceObject
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  • 130
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    Hot electrons generated in chiral plasmonic nanocrystals as a mechanism for surface photochemistry and chiral growth (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-27
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 131
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    Minimum Cycle Partition with Length Requirements (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-27
    Description: In this article we introduce a Minimum Cycle Partition Problem with Length Requirements (CPLR). This generalization of the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) originates from routing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Apart from nonnegative edge weights, CPLR has an individual critical weight value associated with each vertex. A cycle partition, i.e., a vertex disjoint cycle cover, is regarded as a feasible solution if the length of each cycle, which is the sum of the weights of its edges, is not greater than the critical weight of each of its vertices. The goal is to find a feasible partition, which minimizes the number of cycles. In this article, a heuristic algorithm is presented together with a Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) formulation of CPLR. We furthermore introduce a conflict graph, whose cliques yield valid constraints for the MIP model. Finally, we report on computational experiments conducted on TSPLIB-based test instances.
    Language: English
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  • 132
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    Multi-dimensional modeling and simulation of semiconductor nanophotonic devices (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-07-07
    Language: English
    Type: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 133
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    Endo-Sim2Real: Consistency learning-based domain adaptation for instrument segmentation (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: Surgical tool segmentation in endoscopic videos is an important component of computer assisted interventions systems. Recent success of image-based solutions using fully-supervised deep learning approaches can be attributed to the collection of big labeled datasets. However, the annotation of a big dataset of real videos can be prohibitively expensive and time consuming. Computer simulations could alleviate the manual labeling problem, however, models trained on simulated data do not generalize to real data. This work proposes a consistency-based framework for joint learning of simulated and real (unlabeled) endoscopic data to bridge this performance generalization issue. Empirical results on two data sets (15 videos of the Cholec80 and EndoVis'15 dataset) highlight the effectiveness of the proposed Endo-Sim2Real method for instrument segmentation. We compare the segmentation of the proposed approach with state-of-the-art solutions and show that our method improves segmentation both in terms of quality and quantity.
    Language: English
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  • 134
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    Making spherical-harmonics-based Geometric Morphometrics (SPHARM) approachable for 3D images containing large cavity openings using Ambient Occlusion - a study using hermit crab claw shape variability (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: An advantageous property of mesh-based geometric morphometrics (GM) towards landmark-based approaches, is the possibility of precisely examining highly irregular shapes and highly topographic surfaces. In case of spherical-harmonics-based GM the main requirement is a completely closed mesh surface, which often is not given, especially when dealing with natural objects. Here we present a methodological workflow to prepare 3D segmentations containing large cavity openings for the conduction of spherical-harmonics-based GM. This will be exemplified with a case study on claws of hermit crabs (Paguroidea, Decapoda, Crustacea), whereby joint openings – between manus and “movable finger” – typify the large-cavity-opening problem. We found a methodology including an ambient-occlusion-based segmentation algorithm leading to results precise and suitable to study the inter- and intraspecific differences in shape of hermit crab claws. Statistical analyses showed a significant separation between all examined diogenid and pagurid claws, whereas the separation between all left and right claws did not show significance. Additionally, the procedure offers other benefits. It is easy to reproduce and creates sparse variance in the data, closures integrate smoothly into the total structures and the algorithm saves a significant amount of time.
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  • 135
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    Surgical phase recognition by learning phase transitions (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: Automatic recognition of surgical phases is an important component for developing an intra-operative context-aware system. Prior work in this area focuses on recognizing short-term tool usage patterns within surgical phases. However, the difference between intra- and inter-phase tool usage patterns has not been investigated for automatic phase recognition. We developed a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), in particular a state-preserving Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) architecture to utilize the long-term evolution of tool usage within complete surgical procedures. For fully automatic tool presence detection from surgical video frames, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based architecture namely ZIBNet is employed. Our proposed approach outperformed EndoNet by 8.1% on overall precision for phase detection tasks and 12.5% on meanAP for tool recognition tasks.
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  • 136
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    Bi-invariant Two-Sample Tests in Lie Groups for Shape Analysis (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: We propose generalizations of the T²-statistics of Hotelling and the Bhattacharayya distance for data taking values in Lie groups. A key feature of the derived measures is that they are compatible with the group structure even for manifolds that do not admit any bi-invariant metric. This property, e.g., assures analysis that does not depend on the reference shape, thus, preventing bias due to arbitrary choices thereof. Furthermore, the generalizations agree with the common definitions for the special case of flat vector spaces guaranteeing consistency. Employing a permutation test setup, we further obtain nonparametric, two-sample testing procedures that themselves are bi-invariant and consistent. We validate our method in group tests revealing significant differences in hippocampal shape between individuals with mild cognitive impairment and normal controls.
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  • 137
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    Analyzing laparoscopic cholecystectomy with deep learning: automatic detection of surgical tools and phases (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: Motivation: The ever-rising volume of patients, high maintenance cost of operating rooms and time consuming analysis of surgical skills are fundamental problems that hamper the practical training of the next generation of surgeons. The hospitals prefer to keep the surgeons busy in real operations over training young surgeons for obvious economic reasons. One fundamental need in surgical training is the reduction of the time needed by the senior surgeon to review the endoscopic procedures performed by the young surgeon while minimizing the subjective bias in evaluation. The unprecedented performance of deep learning ushers the new age of data-driven automatic analysis of surgical skills. Method: Deep learning is capable of efficiently analyzing thousands of hours of laparoscopic video footage to provide an objective assessment of surgical skills. However, the traditional end-to-end setting of deep learning (video in, skill assessment out) is not explainable. Our strategy is to utilize the surgical process modeling framework to divide the surgical process into understandable components. This provides the opportunity to employ deep learning for superior yet automatic detection and evaluation of several aspects of laparoscopic cholecystectomy such as surgical tool and phase detection. We employ ZIBNet for the detection of surgical tool presence. ZIBNet employs pre-processing based on tool usage imbalance, a transfer learned 50-layer residual network (ResNet-50) and temporal smoothing. To encode the temporal evolution of tool usage (over the entire video sequence) that relates to the surgical phases, Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) units are employed with long-term dependency. Dataset: We used CHOLEC 80 dataset that consists of 80 videos of laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed by 13 surgeons, divided equally for training and testing. In these videos, up to three different tools (among 7 types of tools) can be present in a frame. Results: The mean average precision of the detection of all tools is 93.5 ranging between 86.8 and 99.3, a significant improvement (p 〈0.01) over the previous state-of-the-art. We observed that less frequent tools like Scissors, Irrigator, Specimen Bag etc. are more related to phase transitions. The overall precision (recall) of the detection of all surgical phases is 79.6 (81.3). Conclusion: While this is not the end goal for surgical skill analysis, the development of such a technological platform is essential toward a data-driven objective understanding of surgical skills. In future, we plan to investigate surgeon-in-the-loop analysis and feedback for surgical skill analysis.
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  • 138
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    D’Arcy W. Thompson’s Cartesian transformations: a critical evaluation (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: The images of D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson’s book “On Growth and Form” got an iconic status and became influential for biometrics and other mathematical approaches to organismic form. In particular, this is true for those of the chapter on the theory of transformation, which even has an impact on art and humanities. Based on his approach, Thompson formulated far-reaching conclusions with a partly anti-Darwinian stance. Here, we use the example of Thompson’s transformation of crab carapaces to test to what degree the transformation of grids, landmarks, and shapes result in congruent images. For comparison, we applied the same series of tests to digitized carapaces of real crabs. Both approaches show similar results. Only the simple transformations show a reasonable form of congruence. In particular, the transformations to majoid spider crabs reveal a complicated transformation of grids with partly crossing lines. By contrast, the carapace of the lithodid species is relatively easily created despite the fact that it is no brachyuran, but evolved a spider crab-like shape convergently from a hermit crab ancestor.
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  • 139
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    Nonlinear Regression on Manifolds for Shape Analysis using Intrinsic Bézier Splines (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: Intrinsic and parametric regression models are of high interest for the statistical analysis of manifold-valued data such as images and shapes. The standard linear ansatz has been generalized to geodesic regression on manifolds making it possible to analyze dependencies of random variables that spread along generalized straight lines. Nevertheless, in some scenarios, the evolution of the data cannot be modeled adequately by a geodesic. We present a framework for nonlinear regression on manifolds by considering Riemannian splines, whose segments are Bézier curves, as trajectories. Unlike variational formulations that require time-discretization, we take a constructive approach that provides efficient and exact evaluation by virtue of the generalized de Casteljau algorithm. We validate our method in experiments on the reconstruction of periodic motion of the mitral valve as well as the analysis of femoral shape changes during the course of osteoarthritis, endorsing Bézier spline regression as an effective and flexible tool for manifold-valued regression.
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  • 140
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    Image analysis pipeline for segmentation of a biological porosity network, the lacuno-canalicular system in stingray tesserae (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: A prerequisite for many analysis tasks in modern comparative biology is the segmentation of 3-dimensional (3D) images of the specimens being investigated (e.g. from microCT data). Depending on the specific imaging technique that was used to acquire the images and on the image resolution, different segmentation tools will be required. While some standard tools exist that can often be applied for specific subtasks, building whole processing pipelines solely from standard tools is often difficult. Some tasks may even necessitate the implementation of manual interaction tools to achieve a quality that is sufficient for the subsequent analysis. In this work, we present a pipeline of segmentation tools that can be used for the semi-automatic segmentation and quantitative analysis of voids in tissue (i.e. internal structural porosity). We use this pipeline to analyze lacuno-canalicular networks in stingray tesserae from 3D images acquired with synchrotron microCT. * The first step of this processing pipeline, the segmentation of the tesserae, was performed using standard marker-based watershed segmentation. The efficient processing of the next two steps, that is, the segmentation of all lacunae spaces belonging to a specific tessera and the separation of these spaces into individual lacunae required modern, recently developed tools. * For proofreading, we developed a graph-based interactive method that allowed us to quickly split lacunae that were accidentally merged, and to merge lacunae that were wrongly split. * Finally, the tesserae and their corresponding lacunae were subdivided into anatomical regions of interest (structural wedges) using a semi- manual approach.
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 141
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    Co-aligned chondrocytes: Zonal morphological variation and structured arrangement of cell lacunae in tessellated cartilage (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: In most vertebrates the embryonic cartilaginous skeleton is replaced by bone during development. During this process, cartilage cells (chondrocytes) mineralize the extracellular matrix and undergo apoptosis, giving way to bone cells (osteocytes). In contrast, sharks and rays (elasmobranchs) have cartilaginous skeletons throughout life, where only the surface mineralizes, forming a layer of tiles (tesserae). Elasmobranch chondrocytes, unlike those of other vertebrates, survive cartilage mineralization and are maintained alive in spaces (lacunae) within tesserae. However, the function(s) of the chondrocytes in the mineralized tissue remain unknown. Applying a custom analysis workflow to high-resolution synchrotron microCT scans of tesserae, we characterize the morphologies and arrangements of stingray chondrocyte lacunae, using lacunar morphology as a proxy for chondrocyte morphology. We show that the cell density is comparable in unmineralized and mineralized tissue from our study species and that cells maintain the similar volume even when they have been incorporated into tesserae. This discovery supports previous hypotheses that elasmobranch chondrocytes, unlike those of other taxa, do not proliferate, hypertrophy or undergo apoptosis during mineralization. Tessera lacunae show zonal variation in their shapes—being flatter further from and more spherical closer to the unmineralized cartilage matrix and larger in the center of tesserae— and show pronounced organization into parallel layers and strong orientation toward neighboring tesserae. Tesserae also exhibit local variation in lacunar density, with the density considerably higher near pores passing through the tesseral layer, suggesting pores and cells interact (e.g. that pores contain a nutrient source). We hypothesize that the different lacunar types reflect the stages of the tesserae formation process, while also representing local variation in tissue architecture and cell function. Lacunae are linked by small passages (canaliculi) in the matrix to form elongate series at the tesseral periphery and tight clusters in the center of tesserae, creating a rich connectivity among cells. The network arrangement and the shape variation of chondrocytes in tesserae indicate that cells may interact within and between tesserae and manage mineralization differently from chondrocytes in other vertebrates, perhaps performing analogous roles to osteocytes in bone.
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 142
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    Unknown
    Characterization of the Airflow within an Average Geometry of the Healthy Human Nasal Cavity (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: This study’s objective was the generation of a standardized geometry of the healthy nasal cavity. An average geometry of the healthy nasal cavity was generated using a statistical shape model based on 25 symptom-free subjects. Airflow within the average geometry and these geometries was calculated using fluid simulations. Integral measures of the nasal resistance, wall shear stresses (WSS) and velocities were calculated as well as cross-sectional areas (CSA). Furthermore, individual WSS and static pressure distributions were mapped onto the average geometry. The average geometry featured an overall more regular shape that resulted in less resistance, reduced wall shear stresses and velocities compared to the median of the 25 geometries. Spatial distributions of WSS and pressure of average geometry agreed well compared to the average distributions of all individual geometries. The minimal CSA of the average geometry was larger than the median of all individual geometries (83.4 vs. 74.7 mm²). The airflow observed within the average geometry of the healthy nasal cavity did not equal the average airflow of the individual geometries. While differences observed for integral measures were notable, the calculated values for the average geometry lay within the distributions of the individual parameters. Spatially resolved parameters differed less prominently.
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 143
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Time-Space Trade-Offs for Computing Euclidean Minimum Spanning Trees (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: We present time-space trade-offs for computing the Euclidean minimum spanning tree of a set S of n point-sites in the plane. More precisely, we assume that S resides in a random-access memory that can only be read. The edges of the Euclidean minimum spanning tree EMST(S) have to be reported sequentially, and they cannot be accessed or modified afterwards. There is a parameter s in {1, ..., n} so that the algorithm may use O(s) cells of read-write memory (called the workspace) for its computations. Our goal is to find an algorithm that has the best possible running time for any given s between 1 and n. We show how to compute EMST(S) in O(((n^3)/(s^2)) log s) time with O(s) cells of workspace, giving a smooth trade-off between the two best-known bounds O(n^3) for s = 1 and O(n log n) for s = n. For this, we run Kruskal's algorithm on the "relative neighborhood graph" (RNG) of S. It is a classic fact that the minimum spanning tree of RNG(S) is exactly EMST(S). To implement Kruskal's algorithm with O(s) cells of workspace, we define s-nets, a compact representation of planar graphs. This allows us to efficiently maintain and update the components of the current minimum spanning forest as the edges are being inserted.
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 144
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Co-aligned chondrocytes: Zonal morphological variation and structured arrangement of cell lacunae in tessellated cartilage (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: In most vertebrates the embryonic cartilaginous skeleton is replaced by bone during development. During this process, cartilage cells (chondrocytes) mineralize the extracellular matrix and undergo apoptosis, giving way to bone cells (osteocytes). In contrast, sharks and rays (elasmobranchs) have cartilaginous skeletons throughout life, where only the surface mineralizes, forming a layer of tiles (tesserae). Elasmobranch chondrocytes, unlike those of other vertebrates, survive cartilage mineralization and are maintained alive in spaces (lacunae) within tesserae. However, the function(s) of the chondrocytes in the mineralized tissue remain unknown. Applying a custom analysis workflow to high-resolution synchrotron microCT scans of tesserae, we characterize the morphologies and arrangements of stingray chondrocyte lacunae, using lacunar morphology as a proxy for chondrocyte morphology. We show that the cell density is comparable in unmineralized and mineralized tissue from our study species and that cells maintain the similar volume even when they have been incorporated into tesserae. This discovery supports previous hypotheses that elasmobranch chondrocytes, unlike those of other taxa, do not proliferate, hypertrophy or undergo apoptosis during mineralization. Tessera lacunae show zonal variation in their shapes—being flatter further from and more spherical closer to the unmineralized cartilage matrix and larger in the center of tesserae— and show pronounced organization into parallel layers and strong orientation toward neighboring tesserae. Tesserae also exhibit local variation in lacunar density, with the density considerably higher near pores passing through the tesseral layer, suggesting pores and cells interact (e.g. that pores contain a nutrient source). We hypothesize that the different lacunar types reflect the stages of the tesserae formation process, while also representing local variation in tissue architecture and cell function. Lacunae are linked by small passages (canaliculi) in the matrix to form elongate series at the tesseral periphery and tight clusters in the center of tesserae, creating a rich connectivity among cells. The network arrangement and the shape variation of chondrocytes in tesserae indicate that cells may interact within and between tesserae and manage mineralization differently from chondrocytes in other vertebrates, perhaps performing analogous roles to osteocytes in bone.
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 145
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    Unknown
    Sperm-specific meiotic chromosome segregation in C. elegans (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 146
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    Unknown
    Making spherical-harmonics-based Geometric Morphometrics (SPHARM) approachable for 3D images containing large cavity openings using Ambient Occlusion - a study using hermit crab claw shape variability (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: An advantageous property of mesh-based geometric morphometrics (GM) towards landmark-based approaches, is the possibility of precisely examining highly irregular shapes and highly topographic surfaces. In case of spherical-harmonics-based GM the main requirement is a completely closed mesh surface, which often is not given, especially when dealing with natural objects. Here we present a methodological workflow to prepare 3D segmentations containing large cavity openings for the conduction of spherical-harmonics-based GM. This will be exemplified with a case study on claws of hermit crabs (Paguroidea, Decapoda, Crustacea), whereby joint openings – between manus and “movable finger” – typify the large-cavity-opening problem. We found a methodology including an ambient-occlusion-based segmentation algorithm leading to results precise and suitable to study the inter- and intraspecific differences in shape of hermit crab claws. Statistical analyses showed a significant separation between all examined diogenid and pagurid claws, whereas the separation between all left and right claws did not show significance. Additionally, the procedure offers other benefits. It is easy to reproduce and creates sparse variance in the data, closures integrate smoothly into the total structures and the algorithm saves a significant amount of time.
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 147
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Semi-automatic stitching of filamentous structures in image stacks from serial-section electron tomography (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: We present a software-assisted workflow for the alignment and matching of filamentous structures across a 3D stack of serial images. This is achieved by combining automatic methods, visual validation, and interactive correction. After an initial alignment, the user can continuously improve the result by interactively correcting landmarks or matches of filaments. Supported by a visual quality assessment of regions that have been already inspected, this allows a trade-off between quality and manual labor. The software tool was developed to investigate cell division by quantitative 3D analysis of microtubules (MTs) in both mitotic and meiotic spindles. For this, each spindle is cut into a series of semi-thick physical sections, of which electron tomograms are acquired. The serial tomograms are then stitched and non-rigidly aligned to allow tracing and connecting of MTs across tomogram boundaries. In practice, automatic stitching alone provides only an incomplete solution, because large physical distortions and a low signal-to-noise ratio often cause experimental difficulties. To derive 3D models of spindles despite the problems related to sample preparation and subsequent data collection, semi-automatic validation and correction is required to remove stitching mistakes. However, due to the large number of MTs in spindles (up to 30k) and their resulting dense spatial arrangement, a naive inspection of each MT is too time consuming. Furthermore, an interactive visualization of the full image stack is hampered by the size of the data (up to 100 GB). Here, we present a specialized, interactive, semi-automatic solution that considers all requirements for large-scale stitching of filamentous structures in serial-section image stacks. The key to our solution is a careful design of the visualization and interaction tools for each processing step to guarantee real-time response, and an optimized workflow that efficiently guides the user through datasets.
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 148
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    Unknown
    Scattering and phase-contrast X-ray methods reveal damage to glass fibers in endodontic posts following dental bur trimming (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 149
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Quantitative PA tomography of high resolution 3-D images: experimental validation in tissue phantoms (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: Quantitative photoacoustic tomography aims recover the spatial distribution of absolute chromophore concentrations and their ratios from deep tissue, high-resolution images. In this study, a model-based inversion scheme based on a Monte-Carlo light transport model is experimentally validated on 3-D multispectral images of a tissue phantom acquired using an all-optical scanner with a planar detection geometry. A calibrated absorber allowed scaling of the measured data during the inversion, while an acoustic correction method was employed to compensate the effects of limited view detection. Chromophore- and fluence-dependent step sizes and Adam optimization were implemented to achieve rapid convergence. High resolution 3-D maps of absolute concentrations and their ratios were recovered with high accuracy. Potential applications of this method include quantitative functional and molecular photoacoustic tomography of deep tissue in preclinical and clinical studies.
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 150
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In-situ defect detection in laser powder bed fusion by using thermography and optical tomography – comparison to computed tomography (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 151
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Geodesic Analysis in Kendall's Shape Space with Epidemiological Applications (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: We analytically determine Jacobi fields and parallel transports and compute geodesic regression in Kendall’s shape space. Using the derived expressions, we can fully leverage the geometry via Riemannian optimization and thereby reduce the computational expense by several orders of magnitude over common, nonlinear constrained approaches. The methodology is demonstrated by performing a longitudinal statistical analysis of epidemiological shape data. As an example application we have chosen 3D shapes of knee bones, reconstructed from image data of the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). Comparing subject groups with incident and developing osteoarthritis versus normal controls, we find clear differences in the temporal development of femur shapes. This paves the way for early prediction of incident knee osteoarthritis, using geometry data alone.
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 152
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Image analysis pipeline for segmentation of a biological porosity network, the lacuno-canalicular system in stingray tesserae (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: A prerequisite for many analysis tasks in modern comparative biology is the segmentation of 3-dimensional (3D) images of the specimens being investigated (e.g. from microCT data). Depending on the specific imaging technique that was used to acquire the images and on the image resolution, different segmentation tools will be required. While some standard tools exist that can often be applied for specific subtasks, building whole processing pipelines solely from standard tools is often difficult. Some tasks may even necessitate the implementation of manual interaction tools to achieve a quality that is sufficient for the subsequent analysis. In this work, we present a pipeline of segmentation tools that can be used for the semi-automatic segmentation and quantitative analysis of voids in tissue (i.e. internal structural porosity). We use this pipeline to analyze lacuno-canalicular networks in stingray tesserae from 3D images acquired with synchrotron microCT. * The first step of this processing pipeline, the segmentation of the tesserae, was performed using standard marker-based watershed segmentation. The efficient processing of the next two steps, that is, the segmentation of all lacunae spaces belonging to a specific tessera and the separation of these spaces into individual lacunae required modern, recently developed tools. * For proofreading, we developed a graph-based interactive method that allowed us to quickly split lacunae that were accidentally merged, and to merge lacunae that were wrongly split. * Finally, the tesserae and their corresponding lacunae were subdivided into anatomical regions of interest (structural wedges) using a semi- manual approach.
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 153
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    Unknown
    A comparative description of the mesosomal musculature in Sphecidae and Ampulicidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) using 3D techniques (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: Conflicting hypotheses about the relationships among the major lineages of aculeate Hymenoptera clearly show the necessity of detailed comparative morphological studies. Using micro-computed tomography and 3D reconstructions, the skeletal musculature of the meso- and metathorax and the first and second abdominal segment in Apoidea are described. Females of Sceliphron destillatorium, Sphex (Fernaldina) lucae (both Sphecidae), and Ampulex compressa (Ampulicidae) were examined. The morphological terminology provided by the Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology is used. Up to 42 muscles were found. The three species differ in certain numerical and structural aspects. Ampulicidae differs significantly from Sphecidae in the metathorax and the anterior abdomen. The metapleural apodeme and paracoxal ridge are weakly developed in Ampulicidae, which affect some muscular structures. Furthermore, the muscles that insert on the coxae and trochanters are broader and longer in Ampulicidae. A conspicuous characteristic of Sphecidae is the absence of the metaphragma. Overall, we identified four hitherto unrecognized muscles. Our work suggests additional investigations on structures discussed in this paper.
    Language: English
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  • 154
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Automated Virtual Reconstruction of Large Skull Defects using Statistical Shape Models and Generative Adversarial Networks (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: We present an automated method for extrapolating missing regions in label data of the skull in an anatomically plausible manner. The ultimate goal is to design patient-speci� c cranial implants for correcting large, arbitrarily shaped defects of the skull that can, for example, result from trauma of the head. Our approach utilizes a 3D statistical shape model (SSM) of the skull and a 2D generative adversarial network (GAN) that is trained in an unsupervised fashion from samples of healthy patients alone. By � tting the SSM to given input labels containing the skull defect, a First approximation of the healthy state of the patient is obtained. The GAN is then applied to further correct and smooth the output of the SSM in an anatomically plausible manner. Finally, the defect region is extracted using morphological operations and subtraction between the extrapolated healthy state of the patient and the defective input labels. The method is trained and evaluated based on data from the MICCAI 2020 AutoImplant challenge. It produces state-of-the art results on regularly shaped cut-outs that were present in the training and testing data of the challenge. Furthermore, due to unsupervised nature of the approach, the method generalizes well to previously unseen defects of varying shapes that were only present in the hidden test dataset.
    Language: English
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  • 155
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Jerash Silver Scroll: Virtually Unfolded Volume (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-22
    Description: A new virtual unfolding technique was applied to a silver scroll excavated in Jerash, Jordan, in 2014. As result of the unfolding, 17 lines of writing are clearly visible in the unfolded volumetric data that is published here.
    Language: English
    Type: researchdata , doc-type:ResearchData
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  • 156
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    Unknown
    Stochastic Dynamics in Computational Biology (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-28
    Language: English
    Type: book , doc-type:book
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  • 157
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    Unknown
    Single molecule mu-opioid receptor membrane-dynamics reveal agonist-specific dimer formation with super-resolved precision (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-28
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 158
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    A weak characterization of slow variables in stochastic dynamical systems (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-28
    Language: English
    Type: incollection , doc-type:Other
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  • 159
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    Dimensionality Reduction of Complex Metastable Systems via Kernel Embeddings of Transition Manifolds (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-28
    Description: We present a novel kernel-based machine learning algorithm for identifying the low-dimensional geometry of the effective dynamics of high-dimensional multiscale stochastic systems. Recently, the authors developed a mathematical framework for the computation of optimal reaction coordinates of such systems that is based on learning a parameterization of a low-dimensional transition manifold in a certain function space. In this article, we enhance this approach by embedding and learning this transition manifold in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space, exploiting the favorable properties of kernel embeddings. Under mild assumptions on the kernel, the manifold structure is shown to be preserved under the embedding, and distortion bounds can be derived. This leads to a more robust and more efficient algorithm compared to the previous parameterization approaches.
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 160
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    Unknown
    Generalisierte Markov-Modellierung (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-28
    Description: Markov State Models (MSM) sind der Goldstandard zur Modellierung biomolekularer Dynamik, da sie die Identifizierung und Analyse metastabiler Zustände ermöglichen. Die robuste Perron-Cluster-Cluster-Analyse (PCCA+) ist ein verbreiteter Spectral-Clustering-Algorithmus, der für das Clustering hochdimensionaler MSM verwendet wird. Da die PCCA+ auf reversible Prozesse beschränkt ist, wird sie zur Generalisierten PCCA+ (G-PCCA) verallgemeinert, die geeignet ist, nichtreversible Prozesse aufzuklären. Bernhard Reuter untersucht hier mittels G-PCCA die nichtthermischen Auswirkungen von Mikrowellen auf die Proteindynamik. Dazu führt er molekulardynamische Nichtgleichgewichtssimulationen des Amyloid-β-(1–40)-Peptids durch und modelliert diese.
    Language: German
    Type: book , doc-type:book
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  • 161
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    Unknown
    Singular Value Decomposition of Operators on Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-28
    Language: English
    Type: incollection , doc-type:Other
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  • 162
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    A probabilistic algorithm for aggregating vastly undersampled large Markov chains (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-28
    Description: Model reduction of large Markov chains is an essential step in a wide array of techniques for understanding complex systems and for efficiently learning structures from high-dimensional data. We present a novel aggregation algorithm for compressing such chains that exploits a specific low-rank structure in the transition matrix which, e.g., is present in metastable systems, among others. It enables the recovery of the aggregates from a vastly undersampled transition matrix which in practical applications may gain a speedup of several orders of mag- nitude over methods that require the full transition matrix. Moreover, we show that the new technique is robust under perturbation of the transition matrix. The practical applicability of the new method is demonstrated by identifying a reduced model for the large-scale traffic flow patterns from real-world taxi trip data.
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 163
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    Transactions on Red-black and AVL trees in NVRAM (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-05
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 164
    Book
    Book
    Computing : archives for informatics and numerical computation; Supplementum (1977-2003)
    Wien [u.a.] :Springer, ; 1.1977 - 16.2003; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Details
    Title: Computing : archives for informatics and numerical computation; Supplementum
    Publisher: Wien [u.a.] :Springer,
    Year of publication: 1977-2003
    Dates of Publication: 1.1977 - 16.2003; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Type of Medium: Book
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    ZIB Catalog
    Zuse Institute Berlin get availability status
  • 165
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Journal of molecular modeling (1996-2002)
    Berlin ; Heidelberg :Springer, ; 1.1995(1996) - 8.2002
    Details
    Title: Journal of molecular modeling
    Publisher: Berlin ; Heidelberg :Springer,
    Year of publication: 1996-2002
    Dates of Publication: 1.1995(1996) - 8.2002
    ISSN: 0949-183X
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Language: Undetermined
    Subsequent Title: Forts. ---〉:Journal of molecular modeling
    Note: Kumuliert jeweils den abgeschlossenen Jg. der Internetausg.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. ---〉:Molecular modeling annual
    URL: http://www.springerlink.com/content/100529
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    Zuse Institute Berlin
  • 166
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    SIGBIO newsletter / (from 1969-2001)
    New York, NY :ACM, ; 1.1969 - 7.1975/76; N.S. 1.1976 - 21.2001,1; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Details
    Title: SIGBIO newsletter /
    Author: Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Biomedical Computing
    Publisher: New York, NY :ACM,
    Year of publication: 1969-2001
    Dates of Publication: 1.1969 - 7.1975/76; N.S. 1.1976 - 21.2001,1; damit Ersch. eingest.
    ISSN: 0163-5697
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Parallel Title: Internetausg. ---〉:Biomedical computing
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  • 167
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    ¬The¬ journal of logic programming (from 1984-2000)
    New York, NY :North-Holland, ; 1.1984 - 46.2000
    Details
    Title: ¬The¬ journal of logic programming
    Publisher: New York, NY :North-Holland,
    Year of publication: 1984-2000
    Dates of Publication: 1.1984 - 46.2000
    ISSN: 0743-1066
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Subsequent Title: Forts. ---〉:¬The¬ journal of logic and algebraic programming
    Parallel Title: Internetausg. ---〉:¬The¬ journal of logic and algebraic programming
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  • 168
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    IEEE concurrency / (from 1997-2000)
    Los Alamitos, Calif. :Soc., ; 5.1997 - 8.2000; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Details
    Title: IEEE concurrency /
    Author: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers / Computer Group
    Publisher: Los Alamitos, Calif. :Soc.,
    Year of publication: 1997-2000
    Dates of Publication: 5.1997 - 8.2000; damit Ersch. eingest.
    ISSN: 1092-3063
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
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  • 169
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    CWI quarterly (from 1988-1999)
    Amsterdam :CWI, ; 1.1988 - 12.1999; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Details
    Title: CWI quarterly
    Author: Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica 〈Amsterdam〉
    Publisher: Amsterdam :CWI,
    Year of publication: 1988-1999
    Dates of Publication: 1.1988 - 12.1999; damit Ersch. eingest.
    ISSN: 0168-826X , 0922-5366
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Former Title: Vorg. ---〉:Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica 〈Amsterdam〉: CWI newsletter
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  • 170
    Book
    Book
    Computer personnel : a quarterly publ. of the Special Interest Group on Computer Personnel Research, SIGCPR (1971-1999)
    New York, NY :ACM, ; Nachgewiesen 2.1971 - 20.1999,4; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Details
    Title: Computer personnel : a quarterly publ. of the Special Interest Group on Computer Personnel Research, SIGCPR
    Publisher: New York, NY :ACM,
    Year of publication: 1971-1999
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2.1971 - 20.1999,4; damit Ersch. eingest.
    ISSN: 0160-2497
    Type of Medium: Book
    Parallel Title: Internetausg. ---〉:Computer personnel
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  • 171
    E-Resource
    E-Resource
    Medical image analysis CD : an international journal of computer vision, visualization and image- guided intervention in medicine (1996-1999)
    Oxford :Univ. Press, ; 1.1996/97 - 3.1999; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Details
    Title: Medical image analysis CD : an international journal of computer vision, visualization and image- guided intervention in medicine
    Publisher: Oxford :Univ. Press,
    Year of publication: 1996-1999
    Dates of Publication: 1.1996/97 - 3.1999; damit Ersch. eingest.
    ISSN: 1361-8431
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Language: Undetermined
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. ---〉:Medical image analysis
    Parallel Title: Internetausg. ---〉:Medical image analysis
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  • 172
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Computer networks and ISDN systems : the international journal of computer and telecommunications networking (from 1985-1998)
    Amsterdam [u.a.] :Elsevier [u.a.], ; 9.1985 - 30.1998
    Details
    Title: Computer networks and ISDN systems : the international journal of computer and telecommunications networking
    Publisher: Amsterdam [u.a.] :Elsevier [u.a.],
    Year of publication: 1985-1998
    Dates of Publication: 9.1985 - 30.1998
    ISSN: 0169-7552 , 0376-5075
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Subsequent Title: Vorg. u. Forts. ---〉:Computer networks
    Note: Computer networks for research in Europe
    Additional Information: In 14,1=15 von:Networkshop: Conference report
    Additional Information: 16,1/2=4; 17,4/5=5 von:European Networkshop: European Networkshop
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  • 173
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    SIGNUM newsletter (from 1969-1998)
    New York, NY :ACM, ; 4.1969 - 33.1998,2; damit Ersch. eingest
    Details
    Title: SIGNUM newsletter
    Author: Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Numerical Mathematics
    Publisher: New York, NY :ACM,
    Year of publication: 1969-1998
    Dates of Publication: 4.1969 - 33.1998,2; damit Ersch. eingest
    ISSN: 0163-5778
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Former Title: Vorg. ---〉:Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Committee on Numerical Mathematics: SICNUM newsletter
    Additional Information: 16,3=3,2 von:Association for Computing Machinery / Technical Committee on Fortran: FORTEC forum
    Parallel Title: Internetausg. ---〉:Numerical mathematics
    URL: Nur Table of Contents.
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  • 174
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    SIGART bulletin : a quarterly publ. of the Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence (from 1990-1998)
    New York, NY :ACM, ; 1.1990 - 9.1998
    Details
    Title: SIGART bulletin : a quarterly publ. of the Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence
    Author: Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence
    Publisher: New York, NY :ACM,
    Year of publication: 1990-1998
    Dates of Publication: 1.1990 - 9.1998
    ISSN: 1053-4830
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Former Title: Vorg. ---〉:Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence: SIGART newsletter
    Subsequent Title: Forts. ---〉:Intelligence
    Parallel Title: Internetausg. ---〉:Artificial intelligence
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  • 175
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Unix review : the publication for the Unix community (from 1983-1998)
    San Francisco, Calif. :Miller Freeman, ; 1.1983 - 16.1998,3
    Details
    Title: Unix review : the publication for the Unix community
    Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. :Miller Freeman,
    Year of publication: 1983-1998
    Dates of Publication: 1.1983 - 16.1998,3
    ISSN: 0742-3136
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Subsequent Title: Forts. ---〉:Unix review's performance computing
    Parallel Title: Internetausg. ---〉:Unix review.com
    URL: Zugriff lizenzfrei
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  • 176
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Computers in physics / (from 1987-1998)
    Woodbury, NY :AIP, ; 1.1987,1(Nov./Dez.); 2.1988 - 12.1998
    Details
    Title: Computers in physics /
    Contributer: American Institute of Physics
    Publisher: Woodbury, NY :AIP,
    Year of publication: 1987-1998
    Dates of Publication: 1.1987,1(Nov./Dez.); 2.1988 - 12.1998
    ISSN: 0894-1866
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Subsequent Title: Forts. ---〉:Computing in science & engineering
    URL: http://www.aip.org/cip/
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  • 177
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exact order reduction method in mode conversion problems (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 3129-3140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The exact order reduction method solves the fourth-order system of equations from the Vlasov equations that describe mode conversion by breaking the solution into two steps. The first step is to find the numerical solutions of a pair of second-order equations for the fast waves and slow waves, respectively, which are easily obtained. The second step uses an associated integral equation to obtain the coupling between the fast and slow waves. Potential difficulties due to singularities in the kernel of the integral equations near the axis are resolved by altering the integration path. This allows accurate estimates for mode conversion efficiencies in realistic geometries as the integral equation is solved only in a narrow region near resonance, while the global fast wave solution of the reduced second-order equation covers the entire cross section. The method makes virtually no approximations except that it keeps only the lowest nontrivial order terms in the Larmor radius expansion. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872452
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  • 178
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Turbulization of nonlinear Langmuir oscillations in a cold plasma (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 3200-3203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: It is shown that the electric field of Langmuir oscillations in a cold plasma contains a component, independent of time, setting ions in motion. Using Lagrange variables, one-dimensional dynamics of plasma in respect to the interaction between electron oscillations and ion movement is investigated. As a consequence of this interaction, the crossing of electron trajectories occurs even at small amplitudes at time tc, i.e., one-dimensional turbulence appears in the system. The expression for tc is derived. In time tc ion displacements as well as ion energy are found to depend only on the electron–ion mass relationship. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872460
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  • 179
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The bootstrap current in a tokamak with electron cyclotron heating (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 3211-3216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The bootstrap current in a non-Maxwellian tokamak plasma with electron cyclotron heating is calculated. The calculation is exact in the limit of highly charged ions, where pitch-angle scattering dominates over quasilinear diffusion, and shows that the current is entirely determined by the pressure of the trapped electrons. If the ion charge is finite, the current is shown to consist of two terms: one driven by collisions, and one driven by the heating and losses. The former is calculated approximately by using a model collision operator, and is found to be determined by the distribution of trapped electrons alone; the latter is discussed qualitatively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872462
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  • 180
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anomalous width variations for ion acoustic rarefactive solitary waves in a warm ion plasma with two electron temperatures (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 3204-3210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Anomalous width–amplitude variations were observed in large amplitude rarefactive solitary waves which show increasing width with increasing amplitude, contrasting the usual reciprocal relation between the square of the width and the amplitude, beyond a certain value of the plasma parameters [S. S. Ghosh, K. K. Ghosh, and A. N. Sekar Iyengar, Phys. Plasmas, 3, 3939 (1996)]. For the limiting maximum amplitude, the "increasing width" solitary wave tends to a double layer-like solution. The overall variation was found to depend crucially on the specific parameter space. From a detailed investigation of the above behavior, a plausible physical explanation has been presented for such increases in the width. It is found that the ions' initial kinetic energies and the cold electron concentration within the perturbed region play a significant role in determining the observed width–amplitude variation. This contradicts the investigation of Sayal, Yadav, and Sharma [Phys. Scr. 47, 576 (1993)]. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872461
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  • 181
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aspect ratio scaling of toroidal plasma equilibria and the tokamak bootstrap effect (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 3254-3261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The aspect ratio scaling of toroidal plasma equilibria is examined using a parametrization of an exact Solov'ev solution to the Grad–Shafranov equation in Boozer coordinates. The equilibrium analysis suggests that simultaneous enhancements in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability and the bootstrap effect are possible in tight aspect ratio (A→1) tokamaks. The fundamental physical mechanism causing the enhancements is shown to be the natural increase of the MHD safety factor q in tight aspect ratio toroidal geometries. The results of the scaling model suggest that the lowest bootstrap current fractions are obtained in tokamaks with aspect ratios A(approximate)3. It is also shown that a tight aspect ratio bootstrapped tokamak can be a weakly paramagnetic device. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872410
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  • 182
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistive pressure gradient-driven turbulence at stellarator plasma edge (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 3282-3292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: High resolution calculations of resistive pressure gradient-driven turbulence for the plasma edge parameters of the Advanced Toroidal Facility (ATF) [J. F. Lyon et al., Fusion Technol. 10, 179 (1986)] electron cyclotron heated discharges give fluctuation levels, consistent with the experimental measurements. This turbulence model is also used to simulate the transition from the low confinement to the high confinement mode. The transition is triggered through the poloidal flow amplification induced by the Reynolds stress. After the transition, the confinement improvement is relatively low (30%–40%), even for unrealistically low poloidal viscosity. In the high confinement mode, the characteristic radial scale length of the poloidal flow in the three-dimensional calculations (separation between the lowest-n resonant surfaces) is different from the single helicity results (radial correlation length of the fluctuations). The simple criterion based on the ratio of shearing rate to the linear growth rate does not quantitatively account for the fluctuation reduction. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872469
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  • 183
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extended neoclassical transport theory for incompressible tokamak plasmas (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 3320-3322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Conventional neoclassical transport theory is extended to include the effects of orbit squeezing, and to allow the effective poloidal Mach number UpM=[(V(parallel)/vt)+(VEB/vtBp)] of the order of unity for incompressible tokamak plasmas. Here, V(parallel) is the parallel mass flow, vt is the ion thermal speed, VE is the poloidal E×B drift speed, B is the magnetic field strength, and Bp is the poloidal magnetic field strength. It is found that ion thermal conductivity is reduced from its conventional neoclassical value in both banana and plateau regimes if UpM〉1 and S〉1. Here, S=[1+cI2Φ′′/(Ω0B0)] is the orbit squeezing factor with c the speed of light, I=RBt, R the major radius, Φ the electrostatic potential, B0 the magnetic field strength on the axis, Ω0=eB0/Mc, M the ion mass, e the ion charge, Φ′′=d2Φ/dψ2, and ψ the poloidal flux function. However, there is an irreducible minimum for the ion thermal conductivity in the banana-plateau regime set by the conventional Pfirsch–Schlüter transport. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872472
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  • 184
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of instability and transport in sheared-slab plasmas with very weak magnetic shear (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 3334-3340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ion temperature gradient (ITG or ηi) driven microinstabilities are studied, using kinetic theory, for tokamak plasmas with very weak (positive or negative) magnetic shear (VWS). The gradient of magnetic shear as well as the effects of parallel and perpendicular velocity shear (v(parallel)′ and vE′) are included in the defining equations. Two eigenmodes: the double (D) and the global (G) are found to coexist. Parametric dependence of these instabilities, and of the corresponding quasilinear transport is systematically analyzed. It is shown that, in VWS plasmas, a parallel velocity shear (PVS) may stabilize or destabilize the modes, depending on the individual as well as the relative signs of PVS and of the gradient of magnetic shear. The quasilinear transport induced by the instabilities may be significantly reduced with PVS in VWS plasmas. The vE′ values required to completely suppress the instabilities are much lower in VWS plasmas than they are in normal plasmas. Possible correlations with tokamak experiments are discussed. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872474
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  • 185
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of a wiggler on two-stream instability (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 3380-3381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In a plasma-filled free electron laser two-stream instability is a serious consideration. The growth rate of the instability could be significantly reduced by coupling it to the electromagnetic modes/quasimodes through the wiggler. The effect is important near wiggler plasma resonance, where plasma frequency equals the product of wiggler wave number and beam velocity. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872478
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  • 186
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A high-efficiency free-electron laser-peniotron hybrid with a longitudinal wiggler magnetic field (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 3390-3393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Stimulated emission from the interaction of a cold, relativistic beam of electrons gyrating in a combined solenoidal and longitudinally polarized periodic wiggler magnetic field is considered as a source of high-efficiency and short-wavelength radiation. The analysis of electron motion in such a combined field shows the motion covers rich Fourier components. The first Fourier component, with the cyclotron frequency of ωc+kwv(parallel), has relatively large transverse velocity compared with the velocity of the motion. The study of the interaction of this Fourier component with the peniotron electromagnetic mode indicates that a high efficiency of 36% is obtained. Its working mechanism is explained and the influence of the wiggler field on the saturation efficiency is analyzed. The electron bunching in the transverse plane and the evolution of the efficiency with the interaction distance is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872480
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  • 187
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fishbone mode excitation in the ion kinetic regime (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 2785-2787 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: By solving the dispersion relation in the ion kinetic regime, it is found that the threshold of the plasma beta value for exciting the ion-fishbone mode is lowered. Thus, for most of the present-day tokamaks where the Bussac criterion [Bussac et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 1638 (1975)] is not satisfied, it will still be possible to excite the ion-fishbone mode. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872445
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  • 188
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of sheared flow during ion cyclotron resonance heating in tokamak plasmas (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 2788-2790 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An approach of producing the poloidal ion rotation by using ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) is presented in core tokamak plasmas. The mechanism employed here is inducing a poloidal density inhomogeneity by rf cyclotron heating and then destabilizing the anomalous Stringer spin-up. A criterion for destabilization of the poloidal ion rotation in the presence of a rf wave is given, which depends on the ratio of the characteristic time of inhomogeneous density formation to the ion collision time. The numerical results have shown that the poloidal ion rotation can be destabilized in the present ICRH power level. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872446
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  • 189
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rarefactive ion acoustic soliton excitation using a modulated high-frequency sinusoidal wave in a negative ion plasma (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 2893-2898 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Experiments on the excitation of rarefactive ion acoustic solitons using a fine mesh grid in a negative ion plasma are described. The excitation is novel in that a modulated high-frequency sinusoidal wave voltage signal is applied to the grid. An interpretation of the velocity modulation and bunching of free-streaming ions that pass through the grid to which the signal is applied is given. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872420
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  • 190
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Description of turbulent transport in tokamaks by invariants (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 2907-2919 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In general, turbulent transport drives a plasma toward a state of turbulent equipartition, in which Lagrangian invariants are uniformly distributed. Different invariants decay with different rates, and in tokamaks the frozen-in law of particles in the poloidal magnetic field survives longer than the corresponding law for the toroidal field, assuming that the trapped particles dominate the turbulent transport. Therefore, the plasma profiles depend on the safety factor q(r), and the condition for convection of trapped particles is that the shear dq/dr is positive. There are two ways to suppress this convection and thereby enhance confinement. The first one is to reverse the magnetic shear. The energy of typical trapped particles then increases outward instead of inward, which suppresses instabilities. The second method is to eliminate the trapped ions by poloidal rotation, and thereby create a transport barrier. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872422
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  • 191
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    Studies of transport scaling and reduction under feedback (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 2933-2939 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A feedback control system using an ion beam as a remote suppressor has been previously shown to be very effective in suppressing plasma instabilities in the Columbia Linear Machine [G. A. Navratil et al., Plasma Phys. 24, 184 (1982)]. The first experimental measurements for the effect of this feedback system on anomalous particle transport, as determined from the cross-correlation of density and potential fluctuations is presented. It is shown that feedback reduces transport due to a rotational E×B mode by up to a factor of 3 in this experiment. Also, it was found that particle transport scales linearly with fluctuation amplitude and feedback control does not alter this scaling. Last, the experimentally observed scaling of particle transport does not agree with any theoretical predictions. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872425
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  • 192
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of finite parallel wave number in low frequency fluctuations in toroidal current less plasma (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 2955-2961 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In this paper we present results related to studies of low frequency electrostatic fluctuations in a toroidal plasma of varying length and without a toroidal current. The toroidal length of plasma is varied from fully toroidal (major radius R=45 cm) to 278, 212 and 142 cm. The characteristics of fluctuations changed, showing the effect of finite system length on the nature of the fluctuations. The major results are (1) a drastic reduction in the amplitude of fluctuations, (2) this reduction is mainly due to the disappearance of coherent peaks at 3 kHz and its harmonics observed in unbounded system, (3) the presence of a broad coherent feature around 10 kHz, only in bad curvature region, at low magnetic field (200 G) and (4) the appearance of a large number of coherent peaks, in one particular system length, at a higher magnetic field (400 G). These results indicate that the Rayleigh–Taylor instability with finite k|| may be excitable in the device. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872428
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  • 193
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    Electronic Resource
    Signatures of deuterium recombination in the DIII-D divertor (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 2989-2996 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Thomson scattering measurements performed in the divertor of the DIII-D tokamak [Plasma Physics Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research, 1986 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1987), Vol. I, p. 159] during detached operation show that the electron temperatures are typically between 0.8 and 2.0 eV throughout a region which may extend several centimeters above the target plate. At such low temperatures the excitation of recycling deuterium atoms or impurities should be weak. Nevertheless, significant radiation is frequently detected in these locations. It has been suggested that recombination processes, which become important only below about 1.5 eV for deuterium, are responsible for the observed emission. This hypothesis has been investigated by comparing ratios of deuterium lines from attached and detached plasmas with theoretical ratios expected for ionizing or recombining conditions. The analysis of several discharges indicates that the mechanism for production of the emission changes from being collisional excitation of atomic deuterium to a mixture of collisional-radiative recombination and collisional excitation as plasmas evolve from attached to detached states. Localization of D-α emission to low-temperature regions using tangentially viewing camera data together with Thomson scattering results and measurements of deuterium atom temperatures are consistent with these conclusions. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872432
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  • 194
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    Electronic Resource
    High-intensity illumination of an exploding foil (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 3006-3011 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In an experiment relevant to the fast ignitor fusion concept, a preformed plasma simulating the corona of a fusion target has been probed with laser intensities exceeding 1018 W/cm2. It is seen that the f number of the probe beam is increased as it propagates through the target plasma—a channeling of the power. The transmission and backscatter of the probe beam have been examined, and the analysis suggests anomalous absorption of laser light in shorter scale length plasmas. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872435
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  • 195
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    Signatures of target performance and mixing in titanium-doped, laser-driven target implosions (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 3021-3030 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Absorption-spectroscopy measurements using an embedded titanium layer have been performed on laser implosions of spherical shells. Predicted absorption features formed by the titanium layer were observed: absorption lines due to 1s–2p transitions in titanium ions of incomplete L shell, as well as K-edge absorption in cold titanium. Also observed were oscillations due to EXAFS (Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure) above the Ti K edge. The core temperature and shell areal density and temperature are derived from the measurements and are found to fall short of the values predicted by one-dimensional code simulations. This shortfall is attributed to the lack of irradiation symmetry, which leads to hydrodynamic instability and mixing (smoothing by phase plates was not used in this experiment). Signatures of mixing include the emission of the He-α line of Ti+20 due to titanium migrating to the core, as well as the EXAFS spectrum indicating cold titanium close to peak compression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872443
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  • 196
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    Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of beam instabilities in gyrotrons (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 3043-3048 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Extensive simulations are performed to investigate effects of electron cyclotron instabilities on the gyrotron beam quality, using two-dimensional axisymmetric particle-in-cell (PIC) codes. Both electrostatic and electromagnetic models, as well as realistic geometries of the gyrotron, are considered. It is found that a large beam density can lead to an electrostatic-instability-induced energy spread which substantially degrades the gyrotron efficiency. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872439
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  • 197
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    Confinement of a neutral plasma using nested electric potential wells (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 2313-2315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A self-consistent, two-dimensional analysis is presented on confining a region of neutral plasma with a Penning/Malmberg type plasma trap using a nested well configuration. It is found that a neutral plasma region having disparate electron and ion temperatures or having high charge state ions can be confined with static fields. For confining a neutral region comprised of electrons and equal temperature low charge state ions, a quasistatic approach appears promising. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872404
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  • 198
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    Linear stability of the collisionless, large Larmor radius Z-pinch (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 2322-2330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The Vlasov fluid model is used to study the m=0 and m=1 internal and free boundary modes in a collisionless, large Larmor radius Z pinch. Two methods (initial value and variational) are employed, and give good agreement. The growth rate can be reduced from its zero Larmor radius value by a factor of up to 10 for m=1, and up to 3 for m=0. Stability thresholds and the role of resonant ions are discussed. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872237
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  • 199
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    Impulsive and transient excitation of Bohm–Gross waves in a dissipative plasma (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 2336-2347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Based on the resolution of the partial differential equation describing the external excitation of the Bohm–Gross longitudinal wave, analytical expressions for causal responses of a dissipative macroscopic plasma are derived. Both impulsive and harmonic solutions representing the spatial Green's functions of the radiation problem are given. These exact responses of the plasma, expressed in terms of two-variable Lommel functions, are then used to gain some better understanding of the excitation and dynamics of the well-known thermal wave. Special attention is paid to the resonant excitation case. Intrinsic characteristics of the secular behavior of the radiated signal are illustrated and analyzed. It is shown that the proffered algebraic solutions constitute a generalization of previous results inferred from an asymptotic representation of the Green's functions, or from the familiar steady state harmonic approach. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872239
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  • 200
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    Ion acoustic soliton excitation using a modulated high-frequency sinusoidal wave (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 2436-2442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Experiments on the excitation of ion acoustic solitons using a fine mesh grid in a normal two component plasma are described. The excitation is novel in that a modulated high-frequency sinusoidal wave voltage signal is applied to the grid. The carrier frequency of the high-frequency sinusoidal wave is above the ion plasma frequency. An interpretation of the velocity modulation and bunching of free streaming ions that pass through the grid to which the signal is applied is given. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872224
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