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  • 1975-1979
  • 1965-1969  (17)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1800-1809
  • 1969  (7)
  • 1966  (10)
  • 1895
  • 1894
  • Cerebellum
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The inhibitory vestibular efferent system and its relation to the cerebellum in the frog (1969)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 9 (1969), S. 16-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Vestibular efferents ; Purkinje cell inhibition ; Frog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In the frog, peripheral stimulation of the anterior and posterior branches of the VIIIth nerve evokes antidromic activation of Purkinje cells in the ipsilateral cerebellar auriculum. 2. The antidromic Purkinje cell invasion is followed by orthodromic action potentials due to the activation of direct and secondary vestibulo-cerebellar afferents. 3. In order to demonstrate the existence of vestibular efferent fibers at the level of the vestibular nerve, its anterior or posterior branches were electrically activated and a recording electrode placed proximally in the same nerve. Under these circumstances, efferent fiber action potentials with an average latency of 3 msec could be recorded, even after the peripheral vestibular organ had been removed. 4. Comparison of the latency for orthodromic activation of Purkinje cells at the auricular lobe with that of the action potentials recorded at the vestibular nerve level agrees very well, there being on the average a slight lead at the Purkinje cell level which can be explained by the conduction time (0.6 msec) from the cerebellum to the vestibular organ. 5. The vestibular efferent system could not be easily activated by moderate angular acceleration adequate for afferent fiber activation, or by tilting or vibratory stimulation. On some occasions, contralateral rotation evoked efferent discharge. 6. Activation of the vestibular efferent system following VIIIth nerve or auricular stimulation produces an inhibition on the spontaneous activity of saccular and utricular afferents for an average period of 15 msec. 7. It is therefore concluded that a direct cerebello-otolithic efferent system represented by axons of Purkinje cells is present in the frog. This cerebello-otolithic system, which is shown to be inhibitory, represents the first demonstration of cerebellar control of a sensory input.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235449
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental electron microscopic studies on excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the cerebellar cortex of the rat (1969)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 9 (1969), S. 73-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Synapsis ; Excitatory ; Inhibitory ; Mediator substances ; Acetylcholine ; GABA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Excitatory synapses in the rat cerebellar cortex contain large, spheroid vesicles and inhibitory synapses contain small, ovoid vesicles. Presynaptic terminals can be characterized by the ratio of spheroid: ovoid vesicles (Q-value). Neither the inhibition of acetylcholine synthesis by hemicholinium, nor the inhibition of GABA synthesis by thiosemicarbazide, does induce any significant alterations in the Q values. It is suggested that synaptic vesicles bind mediator substances on their surface membranes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235453
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The distribution to the cerebellar anterior lobe of the climbing and mossy fiber inputs from the plantar and palmar cutaneous afferents (1969)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 7 (1969), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Mossy fibers ; Climbing fibers ; Topography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Systematic examination has been made of the potentials evoked in the ipsilateral anterior lobe by single Group II volleys in different branches of cutaneous nerves to the fore-paw and hind-paw of the cat. Field potentials evoked by the mossy and climbing fiber inputs have been recorded along microelectrode tracks arranged so that there has been a comprehensive study through the whole branching foliated structure. In a previous investigation it was shown that large cutaneous nerves of the forelimb and hindlimb have wide fields of action for both the mossy fiber and climbing fiber inputs. In this present investigation it was found that small cutaneous nerves have more localized distributions within these wide fields. This discriminative distribution is exhibited for Group II volleys in the subdivisions of the nerves providing innervation to the palmar and plantar foot pads. It thus appears from this somatotopic investigation that there are pathways to the cerebellum sufficiently specific to give information about the part of the foot that is being stimulated in natural movements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236104
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demonstration of a somatotopical pattern in the cortico-olivary projection in the cat an experimental-anatomical study (1969)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 8 (1969), S. 364-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Sensorimotor cortex ; Inferior olive ; Somatotopical organization ; Cerebellum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following small lesions of the first sensorimotor (MSI) and second somatosensory (SII) cortical areas the ensuing degeneration in the inferior olives was studied with the Nauta method in 14 cats. No convincing signs of degeneration were found in the olives in cases with lesions restricted to the first and second somatosensory areas (SI and SII). Following lesions of the primary “motor” cortex (anterior sigmoid gyrus and rostral part of the coronal gyrus) degeneration was consistently found in the olive of both sides. The contralateral projection is somewhat more abundant than the ipsilateral, but both are modest. Degeneration is restricted to certain parts of the olivary complex (see Fig. 11). Lesions restricted to different somatotopical subdivisions of the primary “motor” cortex give rise to degeneration distributed in a somatotopical pattern in certain areas of the medial and dorsal accessory olives and the rostral part of the ventral lamella. Somatotopical patterns could not be established in the smaller projections to some other minor olivary regions. When the findings are correlated with the pattern of the olivocerebellar projection it can be concluded that there is a somatotopically organized direct corticoolivo-cerebellar pathway to the intermediate part of the anterior lobe, the posterior vermis and the crus II. Attempts to correlate the findings with physiological observations are difficult. It appears that the current view that climbing fibres arise only in the olive may need revision. The role of the pontine nuclei in mediating somatotopically localized cerebellocerebellar impulses appears to have been underestimated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234382
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of gangliosides, glycoprotein-NANA and acetylcholnesterase in axonal and synaptosomal fractions of cat cerebellum (1969)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 8 (1969), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Axons ; Synaptosomes ; Gangliosides ; Glycoproteins ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Cerebellum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mild homogenization of the cat cerebellum and centrifugation of the resultant particulate matter yielded a crude mitochondrial fraction which was further fractionated by sucrose-density gradient centrifugation. The fractions obtained were examined under the electron microscope. Fraction P2A contained large numbers of myelin fragments. Fraction P2B was enriched in segments of unmyelinated axons. Fraction P2C was enriched in axons with their synaptic enlargements. Fractions P2D and P2E were composed predominately of free mitochondria, although axonal segments with bulbar enlargements corresponding to synaptosomes were also seen. Fractions enriched in axons were characterized by a high concentration of gangliosides and acetylcholinesterase (per mg protein). Fractions that contain axons with synaptic enlargements were similarly enriched in these constituents. Glycoprotein-NANA was rather widely distributed, but the concentration of glycoprotein-NANA, per mg protein, was somewhat higher in those fractions that contain axons with attached synaptic enlargements. The distribution of gangliosides and glycoproteins differed so that the ratio of glycoprotein-NANA to ganglioside-NANA increased with increasing particle size or density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234532
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subcellular fractions of adult and developing rat cerebellum (1969)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 8 (1969), S. 311-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cell fractions ; Nervous tissue ; Cerebellum ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Subcellular particles from the cerebella of rats ranging in age from newborn to adult have been obtained and studied by electron microscopic procedures. The material was homogenized in sucrose and successive centrifugations yielded a heterogeneous “nuclear” pellet containing free nuclei and cell debris, and a microsomal-ribosomal fraction in which three zones were distinguished: (a) the top, consisting of microsomes; (b) the bottom, formed exclusively by ribosomes; and (c) the middle, by both constituents mixed together. The fraction was free of contamination by other particles. A third pellet obtained from the previous centrifugations was layered on a discontinuous Ficoll-sucrose gradient. After centrifugation it yielded six bands, named, from top to bottom, A-F. Fraction A contained uncontaminated myelin fragments. B was made up of synaptosomes and occasional free mitochondria. F was a fraction largely formed of intact mitochondria. Bands C, D and E located between B and F were mixtures of synaptosomes and free mitochondria. There were changes in the fractions related to the age of the animals. No fraction A was obtainable during the first ten postnatal days, the number of synaptic vesicles per synaptosome increased in fractions taken during the second week, and augmentation of mitochondrial cristae was noted during the first three weeks. The isolation of fractions of uniform myelin fragments, synaptosomes, mitochondria, and microsomes-ribosomes from the developing cerebellum extends the possibility of biochemical analysis at subcellular level during the histogenesis of this organ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234378
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of unilateral and bilateral cortical ablations of the cerebellar hemisphere upon learning and retention of an instrumental light-dark discrimination task in adult cats (1969)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 310 (1969), S. 101-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cerebellärer Kortex ; Lernen am Erfolg ; Licht-Dunkelheit-Diskrimination ; Cerebellum ; Instrumental Conditioning ; Light-Dark Discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Ten adult cats were used as subjects in a study which was designed to investigate the effects of cortical ablations of the cerebellar hemispheres upon learning and retention of a light-dark discrimination task. The discrimination task was instrumentally conditioned in food-deprived cats. The results of this study showed that unilateral or bilateral ablations of the cerebellar hemispheres have no effects upon retention of a learned discrimination task. The data further indicated that bilateral ablations of the cerebellar hemispheres seem to retard learning of a discrimination task during the first 5 days of the learning period. This latter effect was interpreted to be due to a dynamic period of compensation, during which, asCarrea andMettler [3] assumed, the cerebral cortex takes over the functions of the ablated parts of the cerebellum.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zehn Katzen wurden als Versuchstiere in einem Experiment benutzt, welches die Einflüsse der Entfernung der corticalen cerebellären Hemisphären auf das Erlernen und Behalten einer Licht-Dunkelheit Diskrimination untersuchte. Die Diskriminationsaufgabe wurde bei hungrigen Katzen nach der Skinner Methode durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigten, daß unilaterale oder bilaterale Entfernungen der cerebellären corticalen Hemisphären keinen Einfluß auf das Behalten der erlernten Diskriminationsaufgabe hatten. Dagegen schien die bilaterale Entfernung der cerebellären corticalen Hemisphären das Erlernen der Diskriminationsaufgabe zu verzögern, besonders während der ersten 5 Tage der Lernperiode. Es wurde angenommen, daß dieser einfluß auf einer dynamischen Kompensationsperiode beruht, während der, wieCarrea undMettler [3] vermuteten, der cerebrale Kortex die Funktion der entfernten Teile des Kleinhirns übernimmt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00586767
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The profiles of physiological events produced by a parallel fibre volley in the cerebellar cortex (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 18-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Parallel fibres ; Basket cells ; Purkinje cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Stimulation through concentric electrodes on the surface of a wide cerebellar folium was employed to set up a parallel fibre volley or beam. Serial recording of the field potential was made over a range of depths along microelectrode tracks arranged in a transverse plane across the folium in order to discover the action on Purkinje cells, both those that were on-beam for the parallel fibre volley and those at various distances off-beam. A juxta-fastigial electrode was carefully placed so that an applied stimulus could excite the axons of Purkinje cells distributed across the folium under investigation, the antidromic propagation of impulses thus obtained being utilized to test the effect of parallel fibre volleys upon Purkinje cells. 2. The observations were in accord with the two actions that a parallel fibre volley would be expected to exert on Purkinje cells: a direct excitatory action by the synapses made by parallel fibres with the spines of the Purkinje cell dendrites; an inhibitory action mediated by the stellate and basket cells that themselves are directly excited by the parallel fibre volley. 3. The excitatory synaptic action would result in the two types of responses that were restricted to the narrow zone and superficial location of the parallel fibre volley: active sinks formed by this excitatory synaptic action on the superficial dendrites of Purkinje cells would account for the observed depth profile of extra-cellular slow potentials, a superficial negative wave reversing to a deeper positive wave formed by passive sources on deeper dendrites; superficial synaptic excitation would also account for the facilitation of the propagation of antidromic impulses into the superficial dendrites. 4. The inhibitory synaptic action would result in the two types of responses that were widely dispersed transversely and in depth, far beyond the traject of the parallel fibre volley: a slow positive potential wave with a maximum at a depth usually of 300–400 μ; an inhibitory action on the antidromic invasion of Purkinje cells. The transverse profiles of these two presumed indices of inhibitory action on Purkinje cells apparently revealed that a basket cell may give inhibitory synapses up to 1000 μ laterally from the location of its soma and dendrites. 5. A description is given of the variants in the transverse profiles of the deeper positive waves and of inhibitory actions of a parallel fibre volley that presumably are mediated by basket cells and also by the superficial stellate cells. These physiological findings are correlated with the histologically determined distribution of synapses from a basket cell onto Purkinje cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234358
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The inhibitory interneurones within the cerebellar cortex (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inhibitory interneurones ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Extracellular microelectrode recording has been employed to study the responses of three types of interneurones in the cat cerebellar cortex: basket cells, superficial stellate cells and Golgi cells. The large unitary spike potentials of single cells were sharply localized and presumably were generated by impulse discharges from the cell somata. The characteristics of their responses described below sharply distinguished them from Purkinje cells. 2. The parallel fibre volleys generated by surface stimulation of a folium evoked brief repetitive discharges that were graded in respect of frequency and number. Maximum responses had as many as 10 impulses at an initial frequency of 500/sec. 3. At brief test intervals there was facilitation of the response to a second parallel fibre volley; at about 50 msec it passed over to depression for over 500 msec. 4. Stimulation deep in the cerebellum in the region of the fastigial nucleus (juxta-fastigial, J.F.) evoked by synaptic action a single or double discharge, presumably by the mossy fibre-granule cell-parallel fibre path, but climbing fibre stimulation from the inferior olive also usually had a weak excitatory action evoking never more than one impulse. 5. J.F. stimulation also had an inhibitory action on the repetitive discharge evoked by a parallel fibre volley. Possibly this is due to the inhibitory action of impulses in Purkinje cell axon collaterals. 6. There was a slow (7–30/sec) and rather irregular background discharge from all interneurones. The inhibitory actions of parallel fibre and J.F. stimulation silenced this discharge for some hundreds of milliseconds, probably by Golgi cell inhibition of a background mossy fibre input into granule cells. 7. All these various features were displayed by cells at depths from 180 to 500 μ; hence it was concluded that superficial stellate, basket and Golgi cells have similar properties, discrimination being possible only by depth, the respective depth ranges being superficial to 250μ, 250μ to 400μ, and deeper than 400μ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235206
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parallel fibre stimulation and the responses induced thereby in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 17-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Parallel fibres ; Purkinje cells ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. When electrical stimuli were applied to the surface of a cerebellar folium by a local electrode (LOC), there was a propagated potential wave along the folium with a triphasic (positive-negative-positive) configuration. 2. Investigations by microelectrode recording established that this wave is produced by impulses propagating for at least 3 mm and at about 0.3 m/sec along a narrow superficial band or “beam” of parallel fibres. As expected from this interpretation, there was an absolutely refractory period of less than 1 msec and impulse annihilation by collision. 3. Complications occurred from the potential wave forms resulting from the excitation of mossy fibres by spreading of the applied LOC stimulus. These complications have been eliminated by chronically deafferenting the cerebellum. 4. When recording within the beam of excited parallel fibres there was a slow negative wave of about 20 msec duration, and deep and lateral thereto, there was a slow positive wave of approximately the same time course. 5. These potential fields were expressed in serial profile plots and in potential contour diagrams and shown to be explicable by the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action on Purkinje cells: excitatory depolarizing synapses of parallel fibre impulses on the dendrites; and hyperpolarizing inhibitory synapses of stellate and basket cells respectively on the dendrites and somata. The active excitatory synapses would be strictly on the parallel fibre beam and the inhibitory concentrated deep and lateral thereto, which is in conformity with the axonal distributions of those basket and stellate cells that would be excited by the parallel fibre beam. 6. Complex problems were involved in interpretation of slow potentials produced by a second LOC stimulus at brief stimulus intervals and up to 50 msec: there was a potentiation of the slow negative wave, and often depression of the positive wave deep and lateral to the excited beam of parallel fibres. 7. Often the LOC stimulus evoked impulse discharge from the Purkinje cells, these discharges being inhibited by a preceding LOC stimulus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235207
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification under the electron microscope of climbing fibers and their synaptic contacts (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 65-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cerebellar synaptology ; Climbing fibers ; synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An attempt is made to identify, under the electron microscope, the climbing fibers of the cerebellum (in the cat) and their synaptic contacts with Purkinje cells and other cortical neurons. — Two kinds of axonal profiles, having synaptic contacts with primary and secondary dendrites of Purkinje neurons, can be recognized: One being terminal fibers densely packed with neurofilaments, having mainly contacts “de passage” with the dendrite surface, with small accumulations of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic side of the contact. The others are rather knob-shaped contacts filled with synaptic vesicles and poor in neurofilaments. In chronically isolated folia, in which only local neurons and their processes have survived, all filamentous profiles have disappeared while vesicular ones are not appreciably reduced in number. It is inferred from this, that the neurofilamentous profiles correspond to climbing fibers, whereas the vesicular ones could be the endings of outer stellate axons, recurrent Purkinje axon collaterals, or ascending basket axon collaterals. — Similar two kinds of axon-terminal profiles are found in synaptic contact with Golgi and basket cell bodies. As in chronically isolated folia only the vesicular profiles survive, it is inferred that the climbing fiber has axo-somatic terminals on Golgi cells and basket cells as well. Previous information of this kind, gained with the light microscope and with degeneration studies, is thus substantiated with the aid of the electron microscope. The vesicular presynaptic profiles on Golgi and basket neurons are in the first case certainly and in the second with high probability endings of recurrent Purkinje axon collaterals. — The few axosomatic synapses found on outer stellate neurons may also be terminals of climbing fibers, but degeneration evidence for this is not conclusive. — The observations are summarized and evaluated from the functional point of view in a diagram, with consideration to recent physiological information on the function of climbing fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235210
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mossy fibre-granule cell relay of the cerebellum and its inhibitory control by Golgi cells (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 82-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Mossy fibre input ; olgi cell inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The glomerulus in the cerebellar granular layer is composed of the three elements; the mossy fibre terminal, the granule cell dendrites and the Golgi cell axons. The afferent input to the cerebellar cortex through the glomerulus, the mossy fibre-granule cell relay (M.G.R.), and its inhibitory control by the Golgi cells were studied by recording, a) extracellular field potentials in the granular and molecular layers, b) unitary spikes of granule cells, and c) intracellular postsynaptic potentials in Purkinje cells. 2. Mossy fibres were activated by juxta-fastigial, transfolial, lateral cuneate nucleus and radial nerve stimulation. Stimulation of an adjacent folium (transfolial stimulation) could excite branches of mossy fibres under the stimulating electrode which supply other branches also to the folium under the recording electrode. This technique was utilized to distinguish the response due to mossy fibre activation from those due to the climbing fibre and Purkinje cell axons. 3. These stimulations resulted in, through the M.G.R., a powerful activation of granule cells whose axons (parallel fibres) excited in turn the Purkinje cells and the inhibitory interneurones, including the Golgi cells, in the molecular layer. 4. Field potentials and unitary spikes due to granule cell activity elicited by the stimulation of mossy fibres were markedly depressed for hundreds of milliseconds after the direct stimulation of parallel fibres (LOC stimulation). The postsynaptic potential in Purkinje cells evoked by mossy fibre activation was also depressed by the conditioning LOC stimulation in the same manner. The “spontaneous” background activities recorded from granule cells as unitary spikes and from Purkinje cells as inhibitory synaptic noise were silenced for hundreds of milliseconds after the LOC stimulation. 5. These depressions indicate that the parallel fibre activation evokes an inhibitory action upon M.G.R. On anatomical grounds this inhibition can be mediated only by the Golgi cell, and it is postulated that the inhibitory action is postsynaptic upon the dendrites of granule cells. 6. It is concluded that the Golgi cell inhibition regulates the mossy fibre input to the cerebellar cortex at the M.G.R. by a form of negative feed-back.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235211
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  • 13
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    Electronic Resource
    Intracellularly recorded responses of the cerebellar Purkinje cells (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 161-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Intracellular recording ; Postsynaptic potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Intracellular recording from Purkinje cells has been employed in investigating the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action that is exerted on these cells by the mossy fibre input into the cerebellum. 2. These synaptic actions are evoked not directly by the mossy fibres, but probably always through granule cells and their axons, the parallel fibres. The intracellular records conform with the anatomical evidence that the parallel fibres directly exert a powerful synaptic excitatory action on Purkinje cells, and that the inhibitory pathway occurs via an inhibitory interneurone — a basket cell or a stellate cell. Direct stimulation of parallel fibres gives intracellular potentials closely resembling those produced by deep stimulation of mossy fibres. 3. As would be expected, direct stimulation of parallel fibres produces an EPSP with a latency 1 to 2 msec briefer than the IPSP. The IPSP has a duration usually in excess of 100 msec. The EPSP appears to be briefer, though its superposition on the IPSP greatly reduces its apparent duration. Neutralization of the IPSP by appropriate membrane polarization or by intracellular chloride injection reveals an EPSP duration of up to 50 msec. 4. The IPSP is typically affected by polarizing currents; reduced and even inverted by hyperpolarizing currents, and increased by depolarizing currents. The IPSP is converted to a depolarizing response by excess of intracellular chloride. It must therefore be generated by an increased ionic permeability of the inhibitory subsynaptic membrane, chloride ions being importantly concerned. 5. Often small irregular IPSPs can be observed occurring spontaneously, and they react to polarizing currents and to chloride injections in a manner identical to the evoked IPSPs. It is concluded that they are generated by the spontaneous discharges of basket cells. 6. A brief account is given of various spontaneous rhythmic responses of impaled Purkinje cells, and of the effect of synaptic inhibitory action upon them. 7. There is a general discussion of these findings in relation to the various neural pathways and neural mechanisms that have been postulated in the light of the preceding investigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236869
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional organization of the spinoreticulocerebellar path with identification of its spinal component (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 306-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Reticulocerebellar tract ; Spinoreticular tract ; Cerebellum ; Flexor reflex afferents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mass discharges were recorded from the dissected left restiform body in unanaesthetized, decerebrate, and decerebellate cats. The spinal cord was severed in the thoracic or cervical region sparing only the left ventral quadrant. In this preparation the discharges were shown to relate largely or exclusively to activity in the reticulocerebellar tract originating from the lateral reticular nucleus. The ascending spinal tract was identified with the bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT) of Lundberg and Oscarsson (1962). The reticulocerebellar tract was activated from the flexor reflex afferents and nerve volleys from each of the four limbs were equally effective. It is concluded that the lateral reticular nucleus is not responsible for the somatotopically organized projection of cutaneous afferents, as assumed before. The bVFRT is strongly influenced from the cerebellar cortex and the organization of the closed loop formed between the cortex and the spinal cord is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237703
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response characteristics of retieulocerebellar neurones activated from spinal afferents (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 320-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Reticulocerebellar tract ; Spinoreticular tract ; Cerebellum ; Flexor reflex afferents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The experiments were done on unanaesthetized, decerebrate, and decerebellate cats. Recording was made from axons originating in the lateral reticular nucleus on stimulation of various nerves, cutaneous receptors, and certain descending tracts. Excitatory and inhibitory effects were evoked from the flexor reflex afferents of receptive fields which included most of the body surface. It is concluded that the lateral reticular nucleus with respect to its afferent inflow is similar to the non-cerebellar nuclei of the reticular formation. The possibility that the reticulocerebellar tract is important in determining the background excitation of cortical neurones is discussed. The effects evoked by stimulation of descending tracts were consistent with the disclosure that the bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract is the afferent path to the lateral reticular nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237704
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass discharges evoked in the olivocerebellar tract on stimulation of muscle and skin nerves (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 329-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inferior olive ; Olivocerebellar tract ; Spinoolivary tract ; Cerebellum ; Flexor reflex afferents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The discharges were recorded from the dissected right restiform body in unanaesthetized, decerebrate, and decerebellate cats. The spinal cord was severed in the thoracic and/or cervical region sparing only the left ventral quadrant. The discharges were shown to relate largely or exclusively to activity in the olivocerebellar tract. The olivocerebellar discharges were elicited by stimulation of the flexor reflex afferents. Large responses were evoked from the right hindlimb nerves and small responses from the left hindlimb nerves. The responses had a latency of about 20 msec. The spinoolivary tract is tentatively identified with the contralateral ventral flexor reflex tract of Lundberg and Oscarsson (1962).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237705
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatotopical organization of the projection from the nucleus interpositus anterior of the cerebellum to the red nucleus. An experimental study in the cat with silver impregnation methods (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 191-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Nucleus interpositus anterior ; Red nucleus ; Somatotopy ; Degeneration study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Small lesions were done in various areas of the nucleus interpositus anterior (NIA) of the cerebellum, and the distribution of terminal degeneration was studied in the red nucleus with the methods of Nauta and Glees. The NIA projects to the contralateral red nucleus. Two principles of organization can be demonstrated in the projection: a caudorostral arrangement in the red nucleus corresponds to a mediolateral organization in the NIA and a mediolateral arrangement in the red nucleus corresponds to a caudorostral organization of the NIA. The latter distribution coincides with the somatotopical areas of the red nucleus defined by Pompeiano and Brodal (1957). Special attention has been paid to the questions of the subdivision of the cerebellar nuclei and of the course of the fibres issuing from the nuclei in the cerebellar hilus. The present findings on the projection of the NIA to the red nucleus have been correlated with recent anatomical and physiological data on the cerebellum and the red nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236713
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