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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor in Cultured Rat Neostriatum Regulates Phosphoinositide Hydrolysis (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 54 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: : Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression and function in cultured rat neostriatal neurons were examined. All experiments were performed on intact neurons grown in vitro for 12-14 days. The muscarinic antagonist N-[3H]methylscopolamine ([3H]NMS) binds to a single site in cultures with a KD of 89 pM and a Bmax of 187 fmol/mg of protein, or 32,000 sites/neuron. Competition studies using [3H]NMS were performed to determine what receptor sur 〉 types were present. Nonlinear analysis of competition curves was best described with a single binding site for atropine, pirenzepine, and AF-DX 116 {11-[[2-[(diethylamino)-methyl]-1-piperidinyl]acetyl]-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepine-6-one}, with Ki values of 0.6, 62, and 758 nM, respectively. These results indicate that the muscarinic receptors present in neostriatal cultures are of the M1subtype, having high affinity for pirenzepine and low affinity for AF-DX 116. In contrast with antagonists, carbachol displaced [3H]NMS from two sites with Ki values of 6.5 and 147 μM, with the higher-affinity form predominant (83% of sites). The M1 receptor subtype was linked to phosphoinositide turnover. Carbachol stimulated the formation of phosphoinositides with an EC50 of 37 μM and was antagonized by atropine. At equimolar doses, pirenzepine was more potent than AF-DX 116 at antagonizing the response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb13310.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Muscarinic modulation of a transient K + conductance in rat neostriatal neurons (1990)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 344 (1990), S. 240-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/344240a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cortical Evoked Potentials and Appetite Drive (1965)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 206 (1965), S. 1375-1376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In each study, the stimulus used has been exteroceptive and capable of producing an 'attentive' state or 'arousal' in the animal. Steiner5 deprived rats of water for varying lengths of time and demonstrated that appetitive drive states can also produce EEG signs of arousal. In the present ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2061375a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Substitution of Intracranial Electrical Stimulation for Photic Stimulation during Extinction Procedure (1965)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 207 (1965), S. 222-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Ten male albino rats, 150-180 days old, with bipolar electrodes chronically implanted in the occipital cortex, were used. The electrodes, insulated with ' Tenon' except at the very tip, were approximately 150[ji in diameter. Histological examination showed that the electrodes were in the visual ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/207222a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuronal interactions in the substantia nigra pars reticulata through axon collaterals of the projection neurons (1982)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 47 (1982), S. 105-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Substantia nigra ; Nigra projection neurons ; Axon collaterals ; Antidromic activation ; Collateral inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) neurons, antidromically activated following stimulation of the dorsal thalamus and/or superior colliculus were intracellularly stained with HRP. Light microscopic analysis revealed that the labeled SNr neurons have axon collaterals arborizing within SNr. Axon collaterals of SNr neurons partially overlapped with the dendritic fields of their parent cells and also extended beyond the parent dendritic fields. The labeled axon terminals did not closely appose the parent cell processes, suggesting that the collaterals most likely terminate on neurons other than the parent cell. Electrical stimulation of either the thalamus or the superior colliculus induced monosynaptic and polysynaptic IPSPs in SNr cells. The polysynaptic IPSPs evoked from thalamic stimulation disappeared following hemitransection of the brain just rostral to the thalamus while the monosynaptic IPSPs remained the same. Since there are no known afferents from either thalamus or superior colliculus to SNr, we consider that these monosynaptic IPSPs are due to activation of the recurrent collaterals of SNr projection cells. The results of this study indicate that projection neurons of SNr also have an inhibitory role within the SNr.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235891
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The distribution to the cerebellar anterior lobe of the climbing and mossy fiber inputs from the plantar and palmar cutaneous afferents (1969)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 7 (1969), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Mossy fibers ; Climbing fibers ; Topography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Systematic examination has been made of the potentials evoked in the ipsilateral anterior lobe by single Group II volleys in different branches of cutaneous nerves to the fore-paw and hind-paw of the cat. Field potentials evoked by the mossy and climbing fiber inputs have been recorded along microelectrode tracks arranged so that there has been a comprehensive study through the whole branching foliated structure. In a previous investigation it was shown that large cutaneous nerves of the forelimb and hindlimb have wide fields of action for both the mossy fiber and climbing fiber inputs. In this present investigation it was found that small cutaneous nerves have more localized distributions within these wide fields. This discriminative distribution is exhibited for Group II volleys in the subdivisions of the nerves providing innervation to the palmar and plantar foot pads. It thus appears from this somatotopic investigation that there are pathways to the cerebellum sufficiently specific to give information about the part of the foot that is being stimulated in natural movements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236104
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disfacilitation and long-lasting inhibition of neostriatal neurons in the rat (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 51 (1983), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Long-lasting neostriatal inhibition ; Neostriatal spiny neuron ; Basal ganglia ; Disfacilitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked in rat neostriatal spiny projections neurons were followed by a long (100–300 ms) period of membrane hyperpolarization, followed in turn by a late depolarization. Concomitant with these changes in membrane potential were inhibition and subsequent excitation of spontaneous firing and excitatory activity evoked from substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle, but not from cortical stimulating sites. Thalamic-evoked excitatory activity was sometimes sensitive and sometimes insensitive to this inhibition, which has previously been believed to result from intrinsic inhibitory synaptic activity among neostriatal neurons. In intracellular recordings from neostriatal neurons in urethane anesthetized rats this longlasting inhibitory response (1) exhibited alterations with intracellularly applied steady currents comparable to those of the EPSP, (2) failed to respond to intracellular injection of chloride ions, (3) was associated with either a decrease or no detectable change in the input conductance of the neurons, and (4) was abolished after lesions that interrupted polysynaptic pathways to neostriatum through intracortical and intrathalamic synaptic circuits. These findings indicate that the long lasting inhibitory portion of the responses of neostriatal neurons arises from a phasic inhibition of tonically active corticostriatal and thalamostriatal neurons and a concurrent decrease in the excitability of polysynaptic pathways converging on neostriatal neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237198
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origins of post synaptic potentials evoked in spiny neostriatal projection neurons by thalamic stimulation in the rat (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 51 (1983), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Thalamostriatal pathway ; Neostriatum ; Basal ganglia ; Neostriatal spiny neuron ; Thalamostriatal EPSPs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stimulation of thalamic intralaminar nuclei or structures along the intrathalamic trajectory of thalamostriatal axons evoked complex EPSPs and subsequent hyperpolarizations in rat neostriatal spiny neurons identified by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase and/or antidromic activation from substantia nigra. In intact urethane-anesthetized rats, the initial EPSP portion of the response consisted of several components and lasted up to 75 ms. Short (1–10 ms) latency components exhibiting latency variations suggestive of a polysynaptic origin were often observed, and sometimes were the earliest components of the response. However, individual components of the excitatory response could not be clearly distinguished in most neurons and the earliest excitatory component usually appeared to be monosynaptic. After large acute aspiration lesions of ipsilateral cerebral cortex, the early polysynaptic EPSP components of thalamic-evoked EPSPs were absent or greatly attenuated. This suggested that most or all of the short latency polysynaptic EPSP components arose via a thalamo-cortico-striatal route. A short latency (1.6–4.0 ms) monosynaptic EPSP and a second excitatory component with a longer and more variable latency (8–28 ms) remained intact after acute decortication. These were not dependent upon intact corticothalamic or corticostriatal axons, since they were both still present in experiments performed as long as 4 days following ipsilateral hemidecortication. The longer latency excitatory response was shown to be polysynaptic by its latency variation with changes in stimulus intensity and frequency. This component of the response was abolished after acute thalamic hemitransections separating thalamostriatal neurons from their axons. In these experiments, stimulation of thalamostriatal axons rostral to the transection continued to evoke monosynaptic EPSPs in neostriatal spiny neurons. These EPSPs ranged from 1.8 to 3.0 ms in latency, had peak amplitudes up to 11 mV and were 20–37 ms in duration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237197
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single-unit activity in the globus pallidus and neostriatum of the rat during performance of a trained head movement (1992)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 88 (1992), S. 517-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Basal ganglia ; Globus pallidus ; Neostriatum ; Movement Neuronal activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single-unit extracellular neuronal recordings were obtained from the globus pallidus (GP) and the neostriatum (NS) of rats while they performed a learned head movement in response to an auditory cue. In both GP and NS, units that altered their discharge rate in association with head movements and with the cues that triggered these head movements were prevalent. Frequently, the responses were directionally-specific (i.e., the magnitude or direction of change in firing rate of these neurons was substantially different for trials in which head movements were made to the left vs. the right). For some units, firing rates were altered only in response to the movement cue or only in association with head movements. However, the majority of neurons exhibited responses with both cue-related and movement-related components. Neuronal responses to the auditory cue usually were context-dependent, in that they did not occur if the same stimulus was presented when the animal was not performing the task. At least a small proportion of GP and NS neurons also appeared to exhibit context-dependent movement-related activity, in that responses occasionally were observed that were associated either with sensory-triggered head movements or with spontaneous head movements, but not with both. These data are consistent with previous suggestions that the activity of basal ganglia neurons during movement performance is highly dependent on the conditions associated with movement initiation. The data also indicate that the response characteristics of both GP and NS neurons in the rat are generally similar to those that have been described for basal ganglia neurons in primates and cats during sensory triggered movement tasks. However, the proportion of task-related neurons that exhibited responses with both movement-related and cue-related components was greater than has generally been reported in studies of cats and primates, suggesting that neurons with these response properties may be more predominant in the rat basal ganglia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228181
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Active membrane properties of rat neostriatal neurons in an in vitro slice preparation (1985)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 60 (1985), S. 54-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Membrane properties ; Rat neostriatal neurons ; Slice preparations ; Intracellular study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The active membrane properties of rat neostriatal neurons have been studied in an in vitro slice preparation. All the neurons examined had resting membrane potentials of more than 50 mV and generated action potentials with amplitudes exceeding 70 mV. The morphological characteristics of the neurons identified by intracellular labeling with HRP indicated that they were medium spiny neurons. 1. Depolarizing current injection through the recording microelectrode generated slow depolarizing potentials and repetitive action potentials with frequencies ranging from less than 10 Hz to over 300 Hz. Adaptation of action potentials was observed when long duration depolarizing current was injected. 2. Depolarizing current injections revealed that the membrane of the striatal neuron had an anomalous rectification when the membrane potential was depolarized to the resting potential. A possible bases for the anomalous rectification might involve inactivation of K-conductance and slow inward Ca- and/or Na-currents. 3. Local electrical stimulation evoked depolarizing postsynaptic potentials (DPSPs) followed by long-lasting small depolarizations. In a double stimulation test, a potentiation of the test DPSP was observed at interstimulus time interval of up to 80 ms. Post-tetanic potentiation of DPSPs was also seen in these neurons. 4. Tests utilizing depolarizing current injection, intracellular Cl− injection, and Cl-conductance blocking drugs indicated that the DPSPs were composed of EPSPs and overlapping IPSPs. 5. The nature of the longlasting small depolarization succeeding the DPSPs could not be conclusively determined. However, available data suggest that the slow inward Cacurrent may be responsible for this response. 6. In some neurons, antidromic responses were observed following local stimulation. Spike invasion into the somatic region was blocked by an injection of hyperpolarizing current to the neuron or by synaptic inputs evoked by conditioning local stimulation. These findings may explain the difficulties encountered by previous investigators in obtaining antidromic responses from neostriatal neurons in in vivo preparation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237018
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