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  • 1970-1974  (1,605)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1950-1954
  • 1940-1944  (533)
  • 1900-1904
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 158 (1972), S. 75-84 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Renal Potassium Excretion ; Insulin ; Glucose ; Osmotic Diureses ; Kalium (renale Ausscheidung) ; Insulin ; Glucose ; Osmotische Diurese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mannit in hypertonischer Lösung ruft bekanntlich eine osmotische Diurese mit erhöhter Natrium- und Kaliumausscheidung hervor. Hypertonische Glucoseinfusionen (Blutzuckerwerte 280–380 mg%) dagegen führen bei nieren- und stoffwechselgesunden Probanden trotz Entwicklung einer osmotischen Diurese zu einer verminderten Kaliumausscheidung bei nur gering gesteigerter Natriurese. Zusätzlich verabfolgtes Insulin verstärkt den kaliumretinierenden Effekt in Abhängigkeit von seiner Dosierung. Die Ergebnisse lassen eine direkte Insulinwirkung auf die renale Kaliumausscheidung annehmen. Unter den genannten Versuchsbedingungen wird ein Quotient für U/PKalium 〈 1 und gleichzeitig eine verminderte Natriumausscheidung bestimmt. Bei Patienten mit stärker eingeschränktem Glomerulumfiltrat (chronische Pyelonephritis) wird die bereits bestehende endogene osmotische Diurese durch intravenöse Glucosezufuhr (Blutzucker um 400 mg%) verstärkt und führt zu erheblicher Kalium- und Natriummehrausscheidung bei signifikant sinkenden Plasmaspiegeln dieser Elektrolyte.
    Notes: Summary In contrast to the increased excretion of sodium and potassium in mannitol-diuresis in healthy men, hypertonic glucose-infusion (bloodsugar 280 to 380 mg%) causes in spite of osmotic diuresis a decrease of potassium excretion and only a small loss of sodium. Insulin applied in addition raises this effect according to its dosage. It is suggested, that insulin modifies renal potassium excretion either by increasing reabsorption and/or decreasing secretion. Under these conditions the ratio U/Ppotassium was found 〈 1. In patients with markedly reduced glomerular filtration rate by chronic pyelonephritis endogenous osmotic diuresis is enhanced by glucose-infusion (bloodsugar 400 mg%). Now an increasing excretion both of potassium and sodium was found, while plasma levels of these ions decreased significantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 8 (1972), S. 260-266 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; radioimmunoassay ; total IRI in insulin-treated diabetics ; acid ethanol extraction of insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On décrit une méthode de routine pour le dosage de l'IRI (insuline immunoréactive) totale chez les diabétiques traités par l'insuline. La méthode comprend une extraction à l'acide-éthanol, très simple, pendant laquelle l'IRI liée aux anticorps est dissociée et séparée ainsi que l'IRI »libre« des protéines sériques, anticorps compris. La récupération de l'IRI par cette méthode est aux environs de 80%. Après la séparation, l'IRI totale isolée est mesurée par un dosage immunologique qui se sert de l'éthanol afin de séparer l'I125-insuline libre de celle liée aux anticorps. Chez 169 malades diabétiques traités par l'insuline à des doses allant de 6 à 120 unités par jour, l'IRI totale sérique à jeun était de 6 à 4374 μU/ml, avec une moyenne de 392 μU/ml. Pendant le traitement par l'insuline le taux de l'IRI totale est passé des niveaux normaux, enregistrés pendant les deux premiers mois, à des niveaux plus éleévs qui se stabilisent 5 mois environ apres le début du traitement. L'augmentation de l'IRI coïncide avec la formation d'anticorps. Les malades insulino-résistants présentent des valeurs très hautes d'IRI.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Für die Bestimmung des Gesamt-IRI (immunoreaktiven Insulins) bei Diabetikern, die mit Insulin behandelt wurden, wird eine Routinemethode beschrieben. Die Methode schließt eine einfache SäureÄthanol-Extraktion ein, wobei das antikörpergebundene IRI dissoziiert und zusammen mit dem „freien“ IRI von den Serumproteinen, einschließlich den Antikörpern, getrennt wird. Bei diesem Verfahren werden etwa 80% des IRI wiedergefunden. Nach der Trennung wird das isolierte Gesamt-IRI immunologisch gemessen. Für die Trennung des freien von dem an Antikörper gebundenen125I-Insulin wird Äthanol verwendet. Bei 169 Diabetikern, die mit 6 bis 120 E Insulin/Tag behandelt wurden, lag das Nuchternserum-Gesamt-IRI zwischen 6 und 4374 μE/ml (Mittelwert 392 μE/ml). Im Laufe der Insulinbehandlung stieg das Gesamt-IRI von Normalwerten, die während der ersten 2 Monate registriert wurden, auf ein höheres Niveau an, das sich nach etwa 5 Monaten Behandlungsdauer stabilisierte. Der Anstieg des IRI erfolgte gleichzeitig mit der Bildung von Antikörpern. Bei insulinresistenten Patienten ergaben sich sehr hohe IRI-Konzentrationen.
    Notes: Summary A routine method is described for the determination of total IRI (imraunoreactive insulin) in insulintreated diabetics. The method involves an easy acid ethanol extraction, whereby antibody-bound IRI is dissociated and separated, together with the “free” IRI from the serum proteins and the antibodies. The recovery of IRI in this procedure is about 80%. After the separation, the isolated total IRI is measured in an immunoassay, using ethanol for the separation of free and antibody bound125I-insulin. In 169 diabetic patients treated with insulin in doses of from 6 to 120 units/day, the fasting serum total IRI was between 6 and 4374 μU/ml, with a mean of 392 μU/ml. During treatment with insulin, the level of total IRI increased from normal values, registered during the first two months, to a higher level which became stable after about 5 months of treatment. The increase in IRI occurred simultaneously with the formation of antibodies. Insulin-resistant patients showed very high IRI levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 26 (1972), S. 62-72 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol ; Marihuana ; Timing ; Audition ; Monkeys ; Psychopharmacology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In two experiments, macaques were trained to respond differentially to either the duration of a visual stimulus or to the frequency of an auditory clicker. In the duration discrimination experiment, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) was administered acutely in doses from 1 to 16 mg/kg, producing dose-related decrements in accuracy of the discrimination performance, and a reduction in the rate at which the animals initiated discrimination trials. In both the duration and auditory discrimination experiments, chronic daily administrations of 2 to 16 mg/kg of delta-9-THC produced an initial decrement in accuracy and rate of trial initiation. Both measures showed some development of tolerance, tending to return to baseline levels, however, the time course of tolerance was different for the measures, with the rate of trial initiation recovering more quickly than accuracy. No differences in response to the drug were attributable to the different modalities used in these two experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 27 (1972), S. 163-169 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Marihuana (Cannabis) ; (−)δ 9-trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol (δ 9-THC) ; Psychopharmacology ; Operant Behavior ; Schedule of Reinforcement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Four rats were trained to barpress for water reinforcement under a variable interval 60 sec schedule. Nine acute administrations of (−)δ 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol, in amounts ranging from 0.25 to 16.0 mg/kg, produced dose-related effects on responding; overall response rate increased at lower doses, while higher doses produced ataxia and a complete suppression of responding. Increased response rates reflected changes both in response spacing and in the lengths of post-reinforcement pauses. It was concluded that marihuana has a biphasic effect on variable interval water-reinforced behavior in rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Marihuana (Cannabis) ; (−)δ 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (δ 9-THC) ; Psychopharmacology ; Operant Behavior ; Schedule of Reinforcement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eight chimpanzees emitted panel push responses under a procedure in which three operant schedules of positive reinforcement, each associated with a different stimulus, were presented successively. The fixed ratio (FR) schedule required the emission of 40 responses for reinforcement. Reinforcement under the differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) schedule was delivered only for a response that followed the immediately preceding response by 10 or more sec. No responses were reinforced under the extinction or time out from reinforcement (TO) schedule. The behavioral effects produced by a marihuana extract distillate containing a known amount of (−)δ 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (δ 9-THC) were compared with those produced by a totally synthesized δ 9-THC. On four separate drug days each chimpanzee was orally administered one of the two compounds 2.5 h prior to experimentation in amounts yielding 1.0 mg/kg δ 9-THC. Only the DRL schedule performance was significantly affected by either drug compound. Both the marihuana extract and the synthetic δ 9-THC produced a statistically significant decrease in the percentage of correct DRL responses. However, no statistically significant differences between the drug effects produced by the two δ 9-THC dose forms were obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 334 (1972), S. 279-292 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Insulin ; Iodoacetate ; Glycolysis ; Muscle Metabolism ; Carbohydrate Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1,2-Bisphosphoenolpyruvate (bis-PEP), a new intermediate of carbohydrate metabolism, accumulates in the incubation medium of rat diaphragms. The metabolic properties of this intermediate have been studied. Bis-PEP is determined after isolation, by its radioactivity and the total phosphorus content. The production is stimulated by insulin. The addition of adrenalin and monoiodoacetate to media containing insulin causes a further increase in concentration of bis-PEP in the medium. When incubating with glucose labeled in the first or the sixth carbon atom, the dilution of the isotope incorporated into bis-PEP is different. The use of 1-14C-glucose gives rise to the production of bis-PEP with low specific activity; this dilution is counteracted by the addition of monoiodoacetate to the medium. The addition of non-radioactivedl-glyceraldehyde to the medium causes a doubling of the total amount accumulated and an approximately equal increase in isotope dilution. The addition of inert hydroxypyruvate decreases the dilution factor without increasing the total amount. When glycogen in the diaphragms is labeled by preliminary incubation with14C-glucose, labeled bis-PEP can be isolated from a second, non-radioactive medium. Anaerobiosis does not inhibit production. Assuming that in the intact diaphragm as in isolated systems the effect of monoiodoacetate is first and foremost on glyceraldehydedehyrogenase, it is suggested that the synthesis of bis-PEP takes place at a point above the formation of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 9 (1972), S. 540-561 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Carbohydrates ; Cholesterol ; Fats ; Insulin ; Lipoprotein lipase ; Lipoproteins ; NEFA ; Nicotinic acid ; Pre-β-lipoproteins ; Serum lipids ; Triglycerides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a étudé 84 sujets diabétiques a fin de mettre en évidence la frequence et le type des complications hyperlipidémiques au cours de la maladie diabétique. Pour déterminer quelques aspects de la pathogénèse, des patients ont reçu une diète hyperglucidique (CHO 75–80%), des autres ont reçu un surplus diététique de beurre (30% des calories totales), des autres enfin ont été tratés par acide nicotinique (2 g/die pendant 8 jours). Les résultats ont mis en évidence que une hyperlipémie est très fréquente au cours de diabète mais elle jamais atteint à des niveaux élevés; le type II est rare tandis que prédomine le type IV; il y a même la présence de un type «mélangé» (II+IV) e de «sinking pre-β». L'hyperlipémie, caractérisée par une légère réduction de la lipoprotéine-lipase, n'est pas modifiable ni par des diètes hyperglucidiques ni avec le surplus de gras saturés; au contraire l'action de l'acide nicotinique a réduit l'hyperglycémie et la bande pre-β. La légère hyperlipémie habituelle des diabétiques semble causée par une aumentation de l'afflux de NEFA au foie et par un déficit de la rémotion plasmatique de VLDL. Excéptionnellement une «grosse» hyperlipemie complique le diabète de la maturité ou le diabète en acido-cétose; en ces cas il s'agirait plus de une association de plusieurs gènes morbides que de une interdèpendence pathogénétique.
    Abstract: Resumen Los autores han estudiados una serie de 84 diabéticos, al objeto de determinar la frecuencia con que la diabetes se complica con una hiperlipemia y el tipo de esta última. Para determinar algunos aspectos de la patogenesis, una parte de los pacientes se sometió a dieta hiperglucídica (carbohidratos 75–80 %), otra recibió un suplemento dietético de mantequilla (equivalente al 30% de la totalidad de calorías) y, finalmente, otra fue sometida a un tratamiento con ácido nicotínico (2 gramos diarios durante 8 días). Los datos obtenidos han demostrado que la hiperlipemia se da muy frecuentemente durante la diabetes pero que habitualmente no alcanza grados elevados; el tipo II se da con escasa frecuencia; predomina el tipo IV de hiperlipoproteinemia; y también se da la presencia de un tipo «mixto» y en un cierto porcentaje figuran también las «sinking pre-β». La hiperlipemia, caracterizada preferentemente por una leve reducción de la lipoproteinlipasa, no ha resultado susceptible de modificaciones ni con la dieta hiperglucídica ni con el suplemento de grasas saturadas; en cambio, tanto la hiperglicemia como lafaja pre-β se ha atenuado bajo el tratamiento con ácido nicotínico. La leve hiperlipemia habitual del diabético parece pues que se vincule a una hiperafluencia de NEFA al hígado y a un déficit de la eliminación plasmática de VLDL. En casos excepcionales una «gran» hiperlipemia complica la diabetes de la madurez o la diabetes quetonúrica; en tales casos más que una interdependencia patogenética parece que lo que está en juego es una asociación de genes morbosos plúrimos.
    Notes: Riassunto Gli AA. hanno studiato una serie di 84 diabetici, al fine di accertare la frequenza con cui il diabete si complica con una iperlipemia, nonché il tipo di questa. Per determinare alcuni aspetti della patogenesi, parte dei pazienti sono stati sottoposti a dieta iperglicidica (carboidrati 75–80 %), parte hanno ricevuto un supplemento dietetico di burro (pari al 30 % delle calorie totali), mentre altri sono stati sottoposti a trattamento con acido nicotinico (2 g/die per 8 giorni). I dati ottenuti hanno consentito di accertare come una iperlipemia sia molto frequente in corso di diabete, ma come essa non raggiunga abitualmente gradi elevati; il tipo II è scarsamente frequente, mentre predomina il tipo IV di iperlipoproteinemia; vi è presenza anche di un tipo «misto», mentre in una certa aliquota figurano anche le «sinking pre-β». L'iperlipemia, per lo più caratterizzata da una lieve riduzione della lipoprotein-lipasi, non è risultata modificabile né con la dieta iperglicidica né con il supplemento di grassi saturi; sia l'iperlipemia che la banda pre-β si sono invece attenuate sotto trattamento con acido nicotinico. La lieve iperlipemia abituale del diabetico sembra quindi legata a un iperafflusso di NEFA al fegato e a un deficit della rimozione plasmatica di VLDL. In casi eccezionali, una «grossa» iperlipemia complica il diabete della maturità o il diabete chetonurico; in questi casi, più che una interdipendenza patogenetica sembra in gioco l'associazione di geni morbosi plurimi.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 9 (1972), S. 900-923 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Fat cells ; Glucose uptake ; Insulin ; Kinetic constants ; Rat epididymal tissue ; Second order kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après avoir mesuré le captage de glucose par les adipocytes de rat, on calcule les valeurs de K (constante de semi-saturation) et de V (captage maximum à des concentrations de glucose saturantes). L'insuline accroît le captage de glucose, tandis que le mannose et le 3-O-méthylglucose l'interdisent. Plusieurs préparations cellulaires donnent des valeurs différentes en ce qui concerne K, V et la sensibilité à l'insuline. On prend en considération l'effet possible de la teneur en triglycérides des adipocytes sur ces différents paramètres. Cependant, le caractère non-linéaire de certains diagrammes où les deux variables sont transformées dans leurs valéurs réciproques et certaines corrélations entre les divers paramètres cinétiques laissent penser à deux systèmes de captage de glucose dans les adipocytes de rat.
    Abstract: Resumen Se calculan los valores de K (constante de semisaturación) y de V (captación máxima y concentraciones de glucosa saturantes), por medio de mediciones de la captación de glucosa por parte de adipocitos de rata. La insulina aumenta la captación de glucosa, mientras que la manosa y el 3-O-metilglucosa la inhiben. Preparados celulares diversos facilitan diferentes valores por lo que se refiere a K, V y la sensibilidad a la insulina. Se considera el posible efecto del contenido de triglicéridos de los adipocitos según esos diversos parámetros. Sin embargo, la falta de linealidad de algunos diagrams en los que las variables se han transformado en sus recíprocos y ciertas correlaciones entre los varios parámetros cinéticos dan lugar a que se pueda suponer que en los adipocitos de rata puedan existir dos sistemas de captación de la glucosa.
    Notes: Riassunto Da misurazioni della captazione di glucosio da parte di adipociti di ratto vengono calcolati i valori di K (costante di semi-saturazione) e di V (captazione massima a concentrazioni di glucosio saturanti). L'insulina aumenta la captazione di glucosio, mentre il mannosio ed il 3-O-metilglucosio la inibiscono. Preparati cellulari diversi forniscono differenti valori per quanto riguarda K, V e la sensibilità all'insulina. Viene considerato il possibile effetto del contenuto in trigliceridi degli adipociti su questi diversi parametri. Tuttavia, la non linearità di alcuni diagrammi in cui entrambe le variabili sono trasformate nei loro reciproci e certe correlazioni tra i varî parametri cinetici fanno pensare che negli adipociti di ratto possano esserci due sistemi di captazione del glucosio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 9 (1972), S. 865-899 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: cAMP ; Chlorpropamide ; Diabetes ; Glibenclamide ; Glibornuride ; Glucagon ; Insulin ; Methylxanthines ; Sulphonylureas ; Tolbutamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A présent, il est certain que les sulfanilurées exerçent essentiellement leur action au niveau du pancréas, stimulant la sécrétion insulinique et interdisant la sécrétion du glucagone. Dès la découverte des substances hypoglycemisantes par la voie orale, le développement de nouvelles sulfanilurées encore plus fortes a fait l'objet d'un très vif intérêt. Tout récemment, par la synthèse d'un nouveau composé plus puissant appartenant au groupe des sulfanilurées — la glibenclamide (HB 419, Daonil®) —, des progrès encourageants ont été réalisés, notamment en ce qui concerne le traitment du diabète chez les individus d'un âge mûr. Nombre de patients dépendant de l'insuline atteints de cette forme de diabète peuvent être traités en effet avec de la glibenclamide. Parfois, il se peut que des hypoglycemies masquées se manifestent, ce qui témoigne de l'activité intense de cette substance. La glibenclamide se diversifie des autres sulfanilurées du fait des différentes modalités qui provoquent la sécrétion d'insuline. Cette substance agit également synergiquement avec le glucose stimulant cette sécrétion. Aucun autre médicament hypoglycemisant ne permet, chez l'animal aussi bien que chez l'homme, d'accroître dans une mesure autant considérable la tolérance des glycides. La glibenclamide semble exercer son influence au niveau de la cellule B sur le même récepteur ou avec le même mécanisme agissant avec le glucose.
    Abstract: Resumen Actualmente se considera como un hecho cierto que las sulfanilureas actúan principalmente a nivel del áncreas estimulando la secreción insulínica e inhibendo la de glucagón. Desde la época en que fueron descubiertas las substancias hipoglicémicas orales, ha sido objeto de vivo interés el desarrollo de sulfanilureas nuevas y más potentes. Recientemente, a través de la síntesis de un compuesto muy potente perteneciente al grupo de las sulfanilureas — la glibenclamida (HB 419, Daonil®) —, se han realizado progresos alentadores sobre todo en el tratamiento de la diabetes de la edad madura. En efecto, muchos enfermos insulinodependientes afectos de dicho tipo de diabetes pueden pasar a la glibenclamida. A veces se pueden virificar hipoglicemias disfrazadas, que prueban la intensa actividad de esta substancia. La glibenclamida se diferencia de las demás sulfanilureas por las diversas modalidades con que provoca la secreción de insulina. Además, actúa sinérgicamente con la glucosa en el stímulo de dicha secreción. Ningún otro producto hipoglicémico es capaz, tanto en el hombre como en el animal, de aumentar en medida tan notable la tolerancia glucídica. La glibenclamida parace actuar a nivel de la célula B en el mismo receptor o con el mismo mecanismo con que actúa la glucosa.
    Notes: Riassunto Attualmente, è considerato un fatto certo che le sulfaniluree agiscano principalmente a livello del pancreas, stimolando la secrezione insulinica ed inibendo quella del glucagone. Sin dall'epoca della scoperta degli ipoglicemizzanti orali, lo sviluppo di nuove e più efficaci sulfaniluree è stato oggetto di vivo interesse. Recentemente, attraverso la sintesi di un nuovo ed assai efficace composto appartenente al gruppo delle sulfaniluree — la glibenclamide (HB 419, Daonil®) —, incoraggianti progressi sono stati compiuti, soprattutto nel trattamento del diabete dell'età matura. Molti pazienti insulino-dipendenti affetti da tale tipo di diabete possono essere infatti passati alla glibenclamide. Talvolta possono verificarsi ipoglicemie mascherate, a dimostrazione dell'intensa attività di questa sostanza. La glibenclamide si differenzia dalle altre sulfaniluree per le diverse modalità con cui provoca la secrezione di insulina. Essa agisce inoltre sinergicamente con il glucosio nello stimolare tale secrezione. Nessun altro farmaco ipoglicemizzante è capace, sia nell'animale che nell'uomo, di aumentare in misura altrettanto notevole la tolleranza glicidica. La glibenclamide sembra agire a livello della cellula B sullo stesso recettore o con il medesimo meccanismo con cui agisce il glucosio.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 9 (1972), S. 299-304 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Complex formation ; Cysteine ; Cystine ; Insulin ; Tryptophan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Par la méthode chromatographique de la gel-filtration sous les mêmes conditions réalisées pour l'isolement du complexe insuline tryptophane, aucune formation de complexes avec cysteine et cystine n'a été vérifiée.
    Abstract: Resumen Empleando el método cromatográfico da la gel-filtración, en las mismas condiciones actuadas para el aislamiento del complejo insulina-triptófano, no se ha observado formación de complejos con la cisteina y la cistina.
    Notes: Riassunto Impiegando il metodo cromatografico della gel-filtrazione, nelle medesime condizioni attuate per l'isolamento del complesso insulina-triptofano, non è stata osservata formazione di complessi con la cisteina e la cistina.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Adipose tissue ; Antilipolytic effect ; Glycerol release ; Insulin ; Isolated fat cells ; Norepinephrine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les Auteurs ont étudié l'effet antilypolytique de l'insuline sur la lypolyse induite par la noradrénaline. Après avoir choisi une dose minime d'hormone capable d'exercer sûrement une action antilypolytique, les Auteurs ont comparé des insulines de type différent, y compris l'insuline humaine, afin de déterminer l'existence éventuelle d'une efficacité différente.
    Abstract: Resumen Los autores han estudiato el efecto antilipolítico de la insulina sobre la lipolisis inducida por la noradrenalina. Tras haber elegido una dosis mínima de hormón capaz de desarrollar una acción antilipolítica segura, los autores han comparado entre ellas insulinas de diferentes especies, incluso de la humana, con la finalidad de determinar la posible existencia de una diversa eficacia.
    Notes: Riassunto Gli AA. hanno studiato l'effetto antilipolitico dell'insulina sulla lipolisi indotta dalla noradrenalina. Dopo aver scelto una dose minima di ormone capace di esercitare una sicura azione antilipolitica, gli AA. hanno confrontato tra loro insuline di specie differente, compresa quella umana, allo scopo di determinare l'eventuale esistenza di una diversa efficacia.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 9 (1972), S. 15-45 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Biological activity ; Connecting-peptide (C-peptide) ; Diabetes ; Functioning islet cell tumor ; Immunological activity ; Insulin ; Obesity ; Proinsulin ; Serum C-peptide ; Serum proinsulinlike material
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La molécule de la proinsuline, precurseur à chaîne unique de l'insuline, commence par la chaîne B de l'insuline, continue à travers un peptide contenant quelque 30–35 acides aminés, par rapport à l'espèce, et se termine par la chaîne A de l'insuline. De nombreuses enquêtes expérimentalesin vitro ont révélé que la transformation de la proinsuline en insuline est liée à la formation des granules de sécrétion et que le C-peptide n'est pas métabolisé à l'intérieur des cellules B. Il a été démontré que la proinsuline et le C-peptide sont présents dans le sérum de sujets normaux, obèses et diabétiques. A jeun, la concentration de la proinsuline sérique représente environ 40 % de celle de l'insuline (c'est-à-dire 25 % de l'IRI sérique totale). Après une administration de 100 grammes de glucose, on a observé une diminution du rapport proinsuline/insuline. Dans quelques sujets ayant une tumeur fonctionnante des îlots de Langerhans, les valeurs de la proinsuline peuvent être extrêmement élevées, jusqu'à représenter environ 80–90 % de l'IRI sérique. La détermination du C-peptide dans le sérum a été effectuée par une méthode radioimmunologique spécifique. Après glucose, on a observé une augmentation des valeurs sériques du C-peptide. Dans des sujets normaux, obès et diabétiques et dans des sujets avec insulinome, les valeurs sériques du C-peptide et de l'insuline étaient essentiellement équivalents, si elles étaient évaluées sur base molaire. La présence de la proinsuline et du C-peptide dans la circulation a suscité un interêt considérable pour un effet éventuel biologique de ces substances. En dépit des résultats contrastants concernant l'activité biologique de la proinsuline, probablement à cause des techniques différentes utilisées, les effets métaboliques de la proinsuline dans les différents tissus sont très semblables à ceux de l'insuline. Par contre, le C-peptide ne semble pas posséder d'activité biologique. Il n'est pas encore certain si la proinsuline et le C-peptide présents dans la circulation exercent quelque action spécifique au niveau des tissus périphériques ou bien s'ils représentent simplement une conséquence passive du mécanisme de sécrétion de l'insuline.
    Abstract: Resumen La molécula de la proinsulina, precursora en cadena única de la insulina, inicia con la cadena B de la insulina, continua a través de un péptido compuesto de unos 30–35 aminoácidos, en relación con la especie y termina con la cadena A de la insulina. Numerosas investigaciones experimentalesin vitro sugieren que la transformación de la proinsulina en insulina se vincula a la formación de los gránulos de secreción y que el C-péptido no se metaboliza dentro de las células B. Se ha demostrado que la proinsulina y el C-péptido se hallan presentes en el suero de individuos normales, obesos y diabéticos. En ayunas, la concentración de la proinsulina serosa alcanza el 40 % aproximadamente de la correspondiente a la insulina (es decir, el 25 % del IRI sérico total). Tras suministro de 100 gramos de glucosa se ha observado una disminución de la relación proinsulina/insulina. En algunos individuos con tumor activo en las islas de Langerhans, los valores de la proinsulinemia pueden llegar a ser muy elevados, hasta alcanzar casi el 80–90 % del IRI suerosa. La determinación del C-péptido en el suero se ha efectuado por medio de un método radioinmunológico específico. Tras glucosa se ha observado un aumento de los valores suerosos del C-péptido. En individuos normales, obesos y diabéticos y en individuos con insulinoma los valores suerosos del C-péptido en circulación ha suscitado notable interés bajo el aspecto de un posible efecto biológico de esas substancias. A pesar de que con respecto a la actividad biológica de la proinsulina los resultados se presentan más bien en contraste, probablemente en función de las diversas técnicas seguidas, los efectos metabólicos de la proinsulina en los varios tejidos son muy parecidos a los de la insulina. Por el contrario, el C-péptido no parece tener actividad biológica alguna. Todavía no se conoce con seguridad si la proinsulina y el C-péptido presentes en la circulación desarrollan alguna función espécifica a nivel de los tejidos periféricos o si simplemente son una consecuencia pasiva del mecanismo de secreción de la insulina.
    Notes: Riassunto La molecola della proinsulina, precursore a catena unica dell'insulina, inizia con la catena B dell'insulina, prosegue attraverso un peptide composto di circa 30–35 aminoacidi, in rapporto alla specie e termina con la catena A dell'insulina. Numerose indagini sperimentaliin vitro suggeriscono che la trasformazione della proinsulina in insulina sia legata alla formazione dei granuli di secrezione e che il C-peptide non venga metabolizzato all'interno delle cellule B. É stato dimostrato che la proinsulina e il C-peptide sono presenti nel siero di soggetti normali, obesi e diabetici. A digiuno, la concentrazione della proinsulina sierica rappresenta circa il 40 % di quella dell'insulina (ovvero circa il 25 % dell'IRI sierica totale). Dopo somministrazione di 100 g di glucosio, è stata osservata una diminuzione del rapporto proinsulina/insulina. In alcuni soggetti con tumore funzionante delle isole di Langerhans, i valori della proinsulinemia possono essere molto elevati, fino a rappresentare circa l'80–90 % dell'IRI sierica. La determinazione del C-peptide nel siero è stata eseguita per mezzo di un metodo radioimmunologico specifico. Dopo glucosio, è stato osservato un aumento dei valori sierici del C-peptide. In soggetti normali, obesi e diabetici e in soggetti con insulinoma i valori sierici del C-peptide e dell'insulina erano essenzialmente equivalenti se valutati su base molare. La presenza della proinsulina e del C-peptide in circolo ha suscitato notevole interesse nei riguardi di un eventuale effetto biologico di queste sostanze. Nonostante che nei riguardi dell'attività biologica della proinsulina i risultati siano piuttosto contrastanti, probabilmente in rapporto alle diverse tecniche impiegate, gli effetti metabolici della proinsulina nei varî tessuti sono molto simili a quelli dell'insulina. Al contrario, il C-peptide non sembra possedere alcuna attività biologica. Non è ancora certo se la proinsulina e il C-peptide presenti in circolo svolgano qualche funzione specifica a livello dei tessuti periferici oppure se essi rappresentino semplicemente una conseguenza passiva del meccanismo di secrezione dell'insulina.
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 1-3 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 5-10 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Two methods for the numerical evaluation of orthogonal damping matrices are developed. The first relates the modal damping ratios to the coefficients of the Caughey series. The second is a direct approach which expresses the damping matrix as a sum of a series of matrices each of which produces damping in a particular mode. It is found that the direct approach is more convenient to apply and is less numerically sensitive than the series approach.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 67-84 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A mixed triangular finite element model has been developed for plate bending problems in which effects of shear deformation are included. Linear distribution for all variables is assumed and the matrix equation is obtained through Reissner's variational principle. In this model, interelement compatibility is completely satisfied whereas the governing equations within the element are satisfied ‘in the mean’. A detailed error analysis is made and convergence of the scheme is proved. Numerical examples of thin and moderately thick plates are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 133-142 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a sector shape of an element ideally suited for the analysis of sectorial and annular plates. A conforming function with twenty degrees of freedom is developed in polar co-ordinates to represent the deformation of the element in bending. The finite element method is applied to some plate bending problems to illustrate the power and efficiency of sector elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 143-144 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 144-145 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 148-151 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 145-148 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 151-151 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 195-206 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Five previously employed numerical methods for the solution of Orr-Sommerfeld problems have been compared to each other and to a new method, the differential method of near-orthonormalized integration. Brief summaries of each method are included. The comparison, based on seven factors, reflects the results of an implementation of a computer program for each method for the classic Orr-Sommerfeld problem of plane Poiseuille flow. This comparison shows that the new method and the algebraic finite difference method are currently the best available numerical solution methods for the problems in this class, with the new method being less problem dependent.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 207-216 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, a method is described which allows a direct derivation of a set of first-order finite difference equations to numerically compute the motion of any conservative or non-conservative dynamic system with a finite number of degrees of freedom. The derivation of the method is based on an application of Lagrangian multipliers to a functional form of Hamilton's equations, and reduces the work required to obtain the most desirable form for numerical integration from the standpoint of computational efficiency and accuracy. For systems with many degrees of freedom, the required matrix inversions produce first derivatives of the co-ordinates, instead of second derivatives, thus eliminating a potential source of error in numerical integration. Two examples are given to illustrate the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 235-249 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the derivation of the stiffness matrix for a lumped parameter hyperbolic paraboloid shell element. This element is used to obtain solutions to hyperbolic paraboloid shells with various edge conditions. Numerical example for three types of support conditions (a simple support, a clamped edge and a shell supported by concentric edge beams) are presented. To illustrate the applicability of the method, the results obtained by the lumped parameter element are compared with those obtained by well-known methods of analysis such as the variational procedure, the finite difference and the finite element method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 217-234 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The convergence proof of plate eigenvalue solution from conforming displacement finite elements is presented. The analysis is based on converting a thick plate free vibration problem in to a corresponding isoperimetric variational problem. A conforming thick, plate element is used to illustrate the mathematical development. On the basis of the derived asymptotic rate of convergence of the approximate eigenvalues, the authors propose a practical method of improving the numerical solutions. Extension of the mathematical proof to cover classical thin plate finite elements is briefly discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 251-260 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Two-dimensional stagnation point flow of a viscous fluid is modified by the introduction of a thin plate placed symmetrically at the stagnation point. Separation of the boundary layer results in back flow near the plate even at small Reynolds numbers. The Navier-Stokes equations governing the flow are replaced by finite differences using unequal net spacing which is finer in the boundary layer. The choice of finite differences guarantees convergence of the iterative procedures used. Only those relaxation parameters, which are necessary to obtain convergence and also to make the method computationally efficient, have been used. Numerical results for Reynolds numbers 9, 100 and 400 are obtained.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 261-277 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A mixed variational formulation is used as basis for developing a mixed finite element method for axisymmetric shell. The independent unknowns of the method are the axial and radial displacement components, the rotation of the normal to the middle surface and the meridional bending stress couple. The basic element is a frustrum of curved meridian. General advantages of the mixed method are presented, one of which is the possibility of using piece-wise linear functions of the meridional arclength to represent the basic unknowns. Test results are presented for plate bending, transverse shear deformation, membrane behaviour, edge-zone bending, bending near the junction of two shells, convergence of the method and accuracy of middle surface curvature interpolation. Shell geometries considered are cylindrical, conical, spherical and ellipsoidal. Good results are obtained which should increase interest in the relatively less known and less tested mixed method as compared to the stiffness method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 279-287 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A generalized finite difference scheme is developed to represent the one-dimensional consolidation process. The difference equations are derived from integral balance equations which represent the soil as a mixture of two constituents. No restrictions are placed on the soil constitutive properties or stratigraphy. An approach to stability analysis for the scheme is outlined, and an example problem is presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 289-299 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The problem of an impulsively applied pressure acting on the surface of a spherical cavity in a linear viscoelastic medium is solved by an approximate inversion of the Fourier transform. The method can be applied to general models of viscoelasticity described by the Boltzmann superposition principle, with relaxation or creep functions given analytically or numerically in the time or the frequency domain.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 301-303 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new way of estimating critical damping in dynamic relaxation is proposed using the concept of a mass-dependant load vector, a postulate concerning vibrations and Rayleigh's principle. The method should be particularly appealing in those not uncommon circumstances where the actual loads are approximately proportional to the masses for then the computer time required in evaluating the various constants would actually be a part of the problem-solving time.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 303-304 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 304-304 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 331-336 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An iterative procedure of structural optimization is discussed that combines finite element analysis with the use of explicit optimality conditions. The procedure is illustrated by examples concerning sandwich beams with constraints on the deflection at a specified section, the maximum deflection or the sum of the maximum deflection in all spans of a continuous beam. The examples suggest that, starting from a uniform beam, by far the greatest saving in weight is obtained in the first two or three iterations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 337-344 
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    Notes: The finite element technique is extended to an ideal gaseous mixture to study diffusion of several gaseous species in a carrier gas under various geometries and flow conditions. This is accomplished by obtaining the finite element analog of the balance of mass for each species, along with the corresponding equations for the balance of mass, momentum and energy for the mixture. Numerical results are obtained for a steady-state, incompressible, isothermal, viscous mixture of two gases for several boundary conditions. Favourable agreement is obtained between the finite element results and analytical solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 452-452 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 452-452 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 5 (1972), S. 137-139 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: It is shown that isoparametric finite elements with derivative degrees of freedom of second order or higher in the local curvilinear space demand an excessive number of degrees of freedom in the global space. To illustrate this limitation as it pertains to the continued development of higher order elements, discussion is centered around the general hexahedron element.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 5 (1972), S. 141-142 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 5 (1972), S. 113-135 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Several iterative processes for solving elasto-plastic problems are discussed in the context of a general formulation which includes: 1Associated and non-associated plasticity relations.2Strain hardening as well as strain softening behaviour.Advantages of the ‘initial stress’ process are emphasized for a wide category of problems and the isoparametric formulation is used throughout.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 5 (1972), S. 142-145 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 5 (1972), S. 145-147 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 5 (1972), S. 148-148 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The constitutive equation is assumed in a very general form which includes as special cases non-linear creep, incremental elasto-plasticity as well as viscoelasticity represented by a chain of n standard solid models. Subdividing the structure into N finite elements, the problem of structural analysis is formulated with a system of 6N(n + 1) ordinary non-linear first-order differential equations in terms of the components of stresses and strains in the elements. This formulation enables one to apply Runge-Kutta methods or the predictor-corrector methods.
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  • 47
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 17-22 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Some elements commonly used for analysis are examined for examined for completeness of polynomial interpolation and computational efficiency. Extensions to n-dimensional space are shown to be natural consequences of the interpolation, thus all elements considered here allow for finite element approximation in higher than three-dimensional spaces (e.g. space-time interpolations). From the study it is concluded that ‘serendipity’ class elements from the most efficient elements up to third-degree polynomial approximations. The method used here to develop the serendipity shape functions allows for different orders of interpolation along each edge. Thus, in zones where high accuracy is required meshes can now be easily changed from linear to quadratic or higher-order elements. Computations on some simple problems have demonstrated this to be a superior method than using large numbers of low ordered elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 49-65 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The application of the high precision triangular plate bending element to problems with curved boundaries is considered. Appropriate edge conditions for nodal points on these boundaries are derived. The error inherent in representing the shape of a curved boundary by a series of straight segments is found to be the limiting factor on accuracy, while the effect of approximations in the actual boundary conditions is minor. To overcome the first type of error, the high precision element is modified to include one curved edge. Substantial improvements in accuracy are obtained, as demonstrated in example calculations for circular and elliptical plates.
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  • 49
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 85-93 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: By formulating the potential boundary value problems in terms of physical (in contrast to purely mathematical) variables, the existence of dual energy principles may be clearly distinguished. In direct analogy with elasticity, two possible energy methods present themselves giving rise to two possible finite element procedures. General upper and lower bounds on an energy quantity may be obtained, which in the case of seepage become the total seepage rate for a certain class of seepage problem. For this case of seepage the derivation of the finite element procedure and the computing of the bounds is described.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 357-366 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper formulates the viscoelastic problem so as to allow the use of higher-order differential equation solution techniques. Viscoelastic models describing the functional relationships of stress and strain for the material are used. However, the procedure outline is valid for more general relationships. The advantages of using Runge-Kutta integration formulae are indicated and an example demonstrates the excellent results obtainable. The computational efficiency of the method is emphasized and error prediction is discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 405-413 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It is shown that the Helmholtz equation in three dimension leads to finite element approximations on tetrahedral elements that closely resemble the corresponding two-dimensional treatment on triangle. For each polynomial order, there exist two numeric universal matrices independent to tetrahedron size and shape; the element matrices are always given as linear combinations of row and column permutations of these. Numeric matrices are given up to third-order, and the permutation schemes are shown in detail. Experimental computer programs using these elements have shown fast matrix assembly times; convergence rates are essentially similar to those obtained with the corresponding triangular elements.
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  • 52
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A method is presented for the derivation of displacement fields which satisfy compatibility of normal slopes at inter-element boundaries and the condition of internal equilibrium. The displacement field is obtained by integrating the governing partial differential equation over the element, using the initial value approach. The method is applied to calculate the stiffness matrix of a triangular bending element with nine degrees of freedom. Comparison with published solutions based on various element models shows a high degree of accuracy and convergence of the method. The advantage of internal equilibrium is illustrated by an example involving slab-column interaction. The solution correlates satisfactorily with existing experimental results.
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  • 53
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    Notes: A generalized eigenvalue algorithm is presented herein along with the complete listing of the associated computer program, which may be conveniently utilized for the efficient solution of certain broad classes of eigenvalue problems. Extensive applications of the procedure are envisaged in the analysis of many important engineering problems, such as stability and natural frequency analysis of practical discrete structural systems, idealized by the finite element technique. The procedure based on the Sturm sequence method is accurate and fast, possessing several significant advantages over other known methods of such analysis. Numerical results are also presented for two representative structural engineering problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 415-432 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A finite element incremental stiffness formulation for determining finite displacement flexure behaviour of thin elastic plates is presented. The solution of the finite displacement problems is based on a piecewise linear incremental approach. The procedural aspects of the incremental approach, the control of incremental sizes and the accuracy of the incremental approximation are investigated. The details concerning how to obtain in-plane stresses and how to treat edge conditions are discussed. Results include rectangular plates under lateral pressure with various edge conditions and aspect ratios. The laterally loaded plate with edges movable in the plane of the plate is also treated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 445-448 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 433-444 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem of the elastica is generalized to include the effect if shear as well as axial strain. This leads to a non-linear two-point boundary-value problem composed of five first-order differential equations. At first the problem is linearized to study the way in which the bucking loads are modified by the combination of effects. For a simple column, the eigenvalues are found to be zeros of a third-order polynomial, and these are evaluated by a straightforward Newton-Raphson technique using a digital computer. The postbucking behaviour is then studied by using the computer and a ‘shooting’ method to solve the non-linear problem. For the special case of the prismatic column, graphs plotted by the computer are displayed to show the variation of load with both lateral and axial deflection for various combinations of axial compressibility and shear deformability. For one particular case, the deflected center line at various load levels is shown.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 451-452 
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  • 58
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 561-578 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The task of optimum design of structures is one that involves non-linear Programming. This is particularly the case when deflection as well as stress limitation are imposed as design criteria. In this paper a Fundamental approach is presented for the minimum weight design of statically indeterminate elastic structure subject to non-linear deflection and stress constrains.The matrix force method is adopted to formulate the problem. The constraints thus derived prove to have separable variables and therefore can be linearized in a piecewise manner. The computation aspects concerning the restricted entry in to the simplex tableau are briefly discussed and illustrative examples are given to verify the validity of the proposed method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 587-596 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper describes a numerical method for solving first-order coupled matrix differential equations. Recursive equations are used to find ‘reflection’, ‘transmission’ and ‘source’ coefficients; these coefficients are then used to construct the vector solution to the differential equations. The method can be used to solve linear and non-linear differential equations with specified initial or two-point boundary values. Numerical results for several initial value problems are given in the paper.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 583-586 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper shows the importance of the rigid displacement condition when the finite element method is used for structures having little rigidity. The theoretical analysis is confirmed by numerical results obtained with a curved beam.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 579-582 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A procedure for the acceleration of convergence in non-linear analysis using the modified Newton-Raphson problem is described. The process has been found useful in plasticity and large deformation studies and its application elsewhere can be envisaged.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 597-599 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 599-600 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 600-600 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 600-600 
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  • 68
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 5 (1972) 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 5 (1972), S. 17-24 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a very fast numerical method for solving the full dynamical equations governing the motion of the crankshaft and, as an example, the method is used to calculate the effect of clearance tolerance on the performance of a typical bearing. It was found that the minimum film thickness is not greatly affected by the clearance tolerance, suggesting that a fair degree of variation of clearance can be allowed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 5 (1972), S. 163-169 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In this paper finite element method for natural vibration problems, based on a modified Rayleigh-Ritz method is presented. Numerical results of a few simple examples indicate that the method is promising.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 5 (1972), S. 151-162 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite difference method for solving mixed initial and boundary value problems governed by hyperbolic partial differential equations is described. The method has been developed specifically to calculate the flow field associated with any arbitrary two-dimensional or axi-symmetric body placed in a uniform supersonic stream. In order to preserve accuracy in the neighborhood of the body surface, the equations governing the motion are formulated so that 1Streamlines form one system of co-ordinate curves.2Two of the equations of motion correspond to characteristic relations.The boundary condition at the body is applied by omitting the equation associated with the characteristic curve reaching the body surface from inside. The method presented is a pseudo-viscous method and flow fields which include shock waves can be treated with ease. The method has been used to calculate the flow past a particular axi-symmetric waisted body. The shape of this body is such that a secondary internal shock wave is generated by coalescence of Mach lines behind the bow shock wave. The results obtained are compared with theoretical and experimental results obtained by other workers. The investigation has been carried out as part of a programme of work needed to validate the pseudo-viscous method used.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 155-161 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Two variations of an iterative scheme are presented for the solution to algebraic eigensystems. These algorithms are used in conjunction with the method of reduced generalized co-ordinates so that n number of frequencies and mode shapes are obtained simultaneously. The bases of the scheme are the well-known results of Stodola-Vianello and Gram-Schmidt. Advantages of the present schemes are realized both in computational effort and in computer storage. Examples are presented to illustrate the convergence characteristics.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 175-179 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Sources of data errors in the analysis of large frameworks are listed. Outputs of various forms for error detection are discussed; emphasis is given to the advantages of graphical output. For further error detection, a few procedures that can be included in computer programs are listed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 181-193 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The finite element method is applied to the free transverse vibration of circular and annular plates of varying thickness. An annular element is derived which incorporates the number of diametral modes in the deflection function. This results in an element having only four degrees of freedom, these being the deflection and slopes at the inner and outer radii of the element at an anti-node of the particular vibration mode. Thickness variation in the radial direction is readily introduced, and stiffness and inertia matrices are presented for elements with linear and parabolic variations in thickness.The method is checked with several numerical examples. Calculations of free vibration of circular and annular plates of constant, linear and parabolic thickness variation are compared with available exact solutions.
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  • 76
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    Notes: An efficient digital computer method is presented for the determination of propagation of elastic stresses and deformations in certain geometrically non-linear structures subjected to high impact loading. The finite element matrix displacement approach utilizing curved quadrilateral shell elements in conjunction with a nodewise predictor-corrector method employing Runge-Kutta extrapolation techniques has been adopted for the present solution.The related computer program written in FORTRAN V for the UNIVAC 1108 computer has proved to be effective for the solution of a range of practical problems including rectangular and cylindrical panels. Numerical results are presented for a relevant structure, the cell container and the negative electrode of an impact-resistant battery subjected to high impact, simulating its free landing on a planetary surface.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 475-489 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Two FORTRAN IV subroutines that generate the stiffness, mass and geometric matrices for plate bending and plane stress elements using displacement models are described. The elements can be of either rectangular or triangular shape with anisotropic properties together with a linear variation in thickness. Although such a formulation is straightforward theoretically, emphasis has been placed on the programming technique where the amount of algebra involved in the matrix manipulations is avoided. Exact integration is automatically performed since a closed-form solution con be obtained.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 491-499 
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    Notes: Recent published research on structural optimization subject to dynamic constraints is reviewed, and suggestions for further work are offered. Both methods for handling constraints on natural frequencies and methods for treating the more difficult constraints on quantities directly related to the dynamic response are discussed. Computational aspects are emphasized throughout.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 455-473 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Plane stress structures of any shape and boundary conditions are simulated by finite element models with homogeneous stress and strain fields in each element. Besides the given live loads, dead loads (such as self-weight) depending on the unknown thickness distribution are allowed for. Possible practical requirements on geometry (minimum thickness, areas of equal thickness, areas of thickness variation in a prescribed way) are taken into account. Yield surfaces of the materials are piecewise linearized. On this basis the minimum weight design problem is formulated in terms of a linear program. This program is dualized and the pair of dual programming problems is discussed. The mechanical interpretation leads to the generalization of some known limit design theory results.Some numerical examples are given at the end.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 501-507 
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    Notes: The weighted residual and finite element methods are combined to yield a numerical solution scheme for the linerized BGK Boltzmann equation which describes the dynamic behaviour of gases in all flow régimes ranging from the free molecular to the continuum régime.The potential of the proposed method is illustrated by application to the problem of cylindrical Couette flow. Numerical results are compared with alternate numerical solutions and experimental data.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 5 (1972), S. 1-16 
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    Notes: A ring type finite element model based on the discrete Kirchhoff hypothesis is developed and its feasibility for use in shell analysis is illustrated by determining the linear axisymmetric deformation behaviour of a conical shell loaded by lateral pressure. The displacement field is represented by a linear function of the meridional co-ordinate. The effects of coupling between bending and extension are included and in this respect the analysis is an extension of earlier work by other investigators using this same model, where bending deformations only were considered. The results of the investigation indicate that the proposed model is capable of accurately described coupled bending and extension effects with a relatively small number of elements. In addition to the numerical results obtained several distinct advantages and disadvantages of this element are brought out. In particular, the element stiffness coefficients can be easily derived because of the simplicity of the assumed vector field. However, it appears that the price paid for such a simple vector field approximation is an undue amount of machine storage, even for a relatively small number of elements. Several suggestions are made for minimizing some of these difficulties.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 5 (1972), S. 253-270 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper is concerned with the development of a computational algorithm to find the optimal solution to the fluid network distribution design problem. The problem is formulated as a non-linear mathematical optimization problem and is solved using a sequential unconstrained minimization technique. Illustrative examples are included and the design solutions obtained compared with the solutions obtained using a parametric method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 5 (1972), S. 243-252 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The accuracy and convergence properties of two new Timoshenko beam finite elements are compared to those now widely used. Both of the new elements are consistently derived from a variational principle written in terms of the transverse beam deflection and normal rotation. The deflection is expanded as a cubic and the rotation as a quadratic in the axial co-ordinate of the beam, giving rise to a seven degrees of freedom element. The first element, called TIM7, includes all the degrees of freedom while the second, called TIM4, reduces this number to four through a constraint introduced by Egle. Both elements display monotonic covergence for beam natural frequencies as a function of the number of degrees of freedom and both will give the analyst some measure of confidence in response calculations for beams excited at high frequencies.
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  • 84
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 5 (1972), S. 271-275 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A direct numerical method is presented for the solution of a class of non-linear integro-differential equations which arise in the finite deflection of thin viscoelastic beams. The method is not iterative and thus avoids the convergence problems often associated with iterative methods. The analysis and results are given for the deflection of a uniformly loaded cantilever.
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  • 85
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 5 (1972), S. 277-288 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Two general quadrilateral elements for plate bending are developed. Each has 12 degrees of freedom and accounts for transverse shear deformation effects. Each is built from four triangular elements whose properties are derived by the assumed-stress hybrid approach. Matrices needed to generate the stiffness properties of the triangular elements are explicitly stated so as to facilitate their use. Numerical test cases, in which shear deformation effects range from negligible to very important, are used to illustrate the behaviour of the elements. It is concluded that the simpler of the two quadrilaterals is one of the best plate elements currently available.
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  • 86
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 5 (1972), S. 289-296 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An improved finite difference method is presented. This is exemplified by computing the natural frequency of vibrating plates. A new formulation of the problem showing computational advantages is derived. A procedure for efficient implementation of the improved method is given. Numerical examples are calculated showing results comparable to other methods but employing far fewer unknowns.
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  • 87
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 5 (1972), S. 297-300 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Explicit formulae for the density of a class of finite element matrices are presented. The formulae are functions of the characteristics of the mesh and the element (piecewise polynomial) employed. Results are given for two-dimensional triangular and quadrilateral elements and three-dimensional tetrahedral and cuboid elements. These results are useful in the management of storage in finite element computer programmes.
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  • 88
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 23-37 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A computer program for surge tank analysis, which gives a complete history of the water level in the tank and the fluid velocity in the pressure conduit from the time of initiation of value closure, is described and presented. The governing equations are solved by third-order Runge-Kutta procedure and losses in head in the pressure conduit and surge tank constriction. A major aspect in the paper is the non-dimensional from of the governing parameters, facilitating the use of the program in preliminary design situations.
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  • 89
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 39-47 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical method for the direct computation of the particle densities, mass density, enthalpy and specific heat at constant pressure of a monatomic ionized gas in thermodynamic equilibrium is presented. This method permits calculation of the thermodynamic properties without iteration or numerical differentiation of any of the formulae.
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  • 90
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 109-122 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model of the two-dimensional, incompressible turbulent boundary layer in arbitrary pressure gradient described and solved in earlier work1 is solved by an implicit finite difference method. Comparisons of skin friction coefficient and momentum thickness values for the two methods for four test cases of different character indicate that the present method is a useful alternative to the method of characteristics which was used in previous work.One feature of the present method is that allowance is made for the logarithmic character of the velocity profile when constructing one of the finite difference expressions.
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  • 91
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 123-132 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The finite element representation of the linearized equations governing the steady compressible flow of an isentropic perfect gas is considered. The fully non-linear system of equations is linearized on the basis of small perturbation theory. The finite element matrix equations for an arbitrary polygonal element are generated by the method of weighted residuals: Galerkin's criterion is used. As an example, a triangular element in two-dimensional flow is treated in detail and numerical result for a sample problem are given.
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  • 92
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 95-107 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with the stability of the numerical solutions of a dynamic finite element analysis. The solutions are obtained through a stepwise integration of the equations of motion. Upper bounds on the steplength of the integration are obtained from a stability analysis of using a simple finite difference approximation for the equations of motion, and are shown to depend strongly on the particular element is use and on how the mass of the element is distributed at its nodes.As an example, the two-dimensional wave propagation in a semi-infinite plate subjected to a suddenly applied moment along its edge is studies. Through the example, we show that the bound on the steplength, obtained from the simple analysis, can provide a useful guide on choosing the steplength in other higher order integration methods. In particular, we show that, for stability considerations, the upper bound on the steplength should also hold for a fourth order explicit method. In order to achieve an acceptable accuracy of the solution, we show that the steplength should be approximately one half of the bound for the higher order explicit method as well as a higher order implicit method.Solution of the example has been compared with that of the Timoshenko theory.
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  • 93
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 345-355 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method is proposed for the inclusion of stochastic parameters, using a Monte Carlo simulation technique, in the lower bound plastic analysis of a structural continuum by non-linear mathematical programming. The particular example chosen is a circular, cylindrical concrete silo subject to loading by its contents.
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  • 94
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 307-329 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The inelastic flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams is described, as usual, by a trilinear (or, in general, multilinear) moment-rotation relationship. The analysis of beams and frames subject to given external actions is formulated as a ‘linear complementary problem’ and, in two dual ways, as a ‘quadratic programming problem’. These problems are solved by means of classical and recent algorithms in use in operations research. By the procedures pointed out it is also possible to calculate the distribution of plastic deformations along the beams. Two methods are proposed for the evaluation of the safety factor against local failure due to limited rotation capacity: the solution technique of the direct one essentially consists of an application of the simplex method for linear programming. Finally, a procedure is established for determining, allowing for the irreversibility of plastic rotations, the structural response to non-proportional loading histories which consist of individually proportional stages. Illustrative examples are given.
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  • 95
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 509-522 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a method of numerical solution of boundary value problems governed by a set of ordinary differential equations. The highest derivative is chosen as the unknown function. Governing equations are transformed into a set of integral equations. The kernels of integral equations turn out to be influence functions for deflection and/or bending moments of a corresponding beam, and can, therefore, be computed using well-known methods of structural analysis. Finally, the unknown function (highest derivative) is approximated in a defined manner and the solution is obtained through numerical integration.
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  • 96
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 541-550 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The convergence and accuracy characteristics of two commonly used finite difference schemes, namely the central and the upwind difference, are compared with a scheme recently proposed by Spalding. For a simple two-dimensional problem with conduction and convection, it is shown that the scheme proposed by Spalding is preferable choice both from the point of view of accuracy and that of the convergence. The extension of the conclusion to a general case must await further substantiation.
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  • 97
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 523-539 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The method presented in Part I of this paper1 is extended to problems governed by a system of partial differential equations. The basic clarity and simplicity of the method is preserved.The domain of integration is covered by a net of orthogonal (not necessarily equidistant) straight lines. Choosing again highest derivatives with respect to each of the co-ordinates as unknowns, it is possible to reduce the problem to a system of integral equations along the lines of the adopted net.The subsequent procedure is basically the same as in Part I. The results prove to be of remarkable accuracy even for very coarse nets.
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  • 98
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 (1972), S. 551-559 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It is shown that the upwind difference scheme of formulating differential expressions, in problems involving transport by simultaneous convection and diffusion, is superior to the central differences scheme, when the local Peclet number of the grid is large. Even better schemes are derived and discussed. It is pointed out that the best finite differences analogues are found by approximating differential expressions as a whole, and that simple (e.g. one-dimensional) exact solutions form a useful, legitimate and independent source of these optimum algebraic formulae.
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  • 99
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 5 (1972), S. 25-39 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite difference method for analyzing two-dimensional steady-state potential flow in a zoned anisotropic material is described.A triangular mesh is used is as to avoid difficulties often occurring in the more familiar rectangular mesh where fractional mesh spaces exist at irregular boundaries. The system of finite difference equations based on the triangular mesh is assembled in a form such that the coefficient matrix is 3-cylic and consistently ordered.1, 2 This enables the optimum accelerating factor for successive overrelaxation to be closely estimated. Since the rate of convergence to the solution, and consequently the efficiency of the method, increases rapidly as the accelerating factor tends towards its optimum value, close determination of the optimum is important. The method is particularly suitable for problems having large numbers of nodes.Examples of the method on specific problems are given. The solution accuracy is assessed and has been found acceptable.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 100
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 5 (1972), S. 41-55 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The finite element method is applied to the solution f seepage problems where both electrokinetic and hydrodynamic forces occur. The resulting system of coupled equations is used to solve both the steady state and transient conditions in a one-dimensional system and compared with the theoretical result. An analysis is then made of a more complex two-dimensional problem where the application of electro-osmosis may be used successfully to prevent piping.
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