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  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979
  • 1965-1969  (320)
  • 1966  (320)
  • Chemical Engineering  (310)
  • Cerebellum  (10)
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Material
Years
  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979
  • 1965-1969  (320)
Year
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The inhibitory interneurones within the cerebellar cortex (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inhibitory interneurones ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Extracellular microelectrode recording has been employed to study the responses of three types of interneurones in the cat cerebellar cortex: basket cells, superficial stellate cells and Golgi cells. The large unitary spike potentials of single cells were sharply localized and presumably were generated by impulse discharges from the cell somata. The characteristics of their responses described below sharply distinguished them from Purkinje cells. 2. The parallel fibre volleys generated by surface stimulation of a folium evoked brief repetitive discharges that were graded in respect of frequency and number. Maximum responses had as many as 10 impulses at an initial frequency of 500/sec. 3. At brief test intervals there was facilitation of the response to a second parallel fibre volley; at about 50 msec it passed over to depression for over 500 msec. 4. Stimulation deep in the cerebellum in the region of the fastigial nucleus (juxta-fastigial, J.F.) evoked by synaptic action a single or double discharge, presumably by the mossy fibre-granule cell-parallel fibre path, but climbing fibre stimulation from the inferior olive also usually had a weak excitatory action evoking never more than one impulse. 5. J.F. stimulation also had an inhibitory action on the repetitive discharge evoked by a parallel fibre volley. Possibly this is due to the inhibitory action of impulses in Purkinje cell axon collaterals. 6. There was a slow (7–30/sec) and rather irregular background discharge from all interneurones. The inhibitory actions of parallel fibre and J.F. stimulation silenced this discharge for some hundreds of milliseconds, probably by Golgi cell inhibition of a background mossy fibre input into granule cells. 7. All these various features were displayed by cells at depths from 180 to 500 μ; hence it was concluded that superficial stellate, basket and Golgi cells have similar properties, discrimination being possible only by depth, the respective depth ranges being superficial to 250μ, 250μ to 400μ, and deeper than 400μ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235206
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parallel fibre stimulation and the responses induced thereby in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 17-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Parallel fibres ; Purkinje cells ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. When electrical stimuli were applied to the surface of a cerebellar folium by a local electrode (LOC), there was a propagated potential wave along the folium with a triphasic (positive-negative-positive) configuration. 2. Investigations by microelectrode recording established that this wave is produced by impulses propagating for at least 3 mm and at about 0.3 m/sec along a narrow superficial band or “beam” of parallel fibres. As expected from this interpretation, there was an absolutely refractory period of less than 1 msec and impulse annihilation by collision. 3. Complications occurred from the potential wave forms resulting from the excitation of mossy fibres by spreading of the applied LOC stimulus. These complications have been eliminated by chronically deafferenting the cerebellum. 4. When recording within the beam of excited parallel fibres there was a slow negative wave of about 20 msec duration, and deep and lateral thereto, there was a slow positive wave of approximately the same time course. 5. These potential fields were expressed in serial profile plots and in potential contour diagrams and shown to be explicable by the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action on Purkinje cells: excitatory depolarizing synapses of parallel fibre impulses on the dendrites; and hyperpolarizing inhibitory synapses of stellate and basket cells respectively on the dendrites and somata. The active excitatory synapses would be strictly on the parallel fibre beam and the inhibitory concentrated deep and lateral thereto, which is in conformity with the axonal distributions of those basket and stellate cells that would be excited by the parallel fibre beam. 6. Complex problems were involved in interpretation of slow potentials produced by a second LOC stimulus at brief stimulus intervals and up to 50 msec: there was a potentiation of the slow negative wave, and often depression of the positive wave deep and lateral to the excited beam of parallel fibres. 7. Often the LOC stimulus evoked impulse discharge from the Purkinje cells, these discharges being inhibited by a preceding LOC stimulus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235207
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification under the electron microscope of climbing fibers and their synaptic contacts (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 65-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cerebellar synaptology ; Climbing fibers ; synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An attempt is made to identify, under the electron microscope, the climbing fibers of the cerebellum (in the cat) and their synaptic contacts with Purkinje cells and other cortical neurons. — Two kinds of axonal profiles, having synaptic contacts with primary and secondary dendrites of Purkinje neurons, can be recognized: One being terminal fibers densely packed with neurofilaments, having mainly contacts “de passage” with the dendrite surface, with small accumulations of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic side of the contact. The others are rather knob-shaped contacts filled with synaptic vesicles and poor in neurofilaments. In chronically isolated folia, in which only local neurons and their processes have survived, all filamentous profiles have disappeared while vesicular ones are not appreciably reduced in number. It is inferred from this, that the neurofilamentous profiles correspond to climbing fibers, whereas the vesicular ones could be the endings of outer stellate axons, recurrent Purkinje axon collaterals, or ascending basket axon collaterals. — Similar two kinds of axon-terminal profiles are found in synaptic contact with Golgi and basket cell bodies. As in chronically isolated folia only the vesicular profiles survive, it is inferred that the climbing fiber has axo-somatic terminals on Golgi cells and basket cells as well. Previous information of this kind, gained with the light microscope and with degeneration studies, is thus substantiated with the aid of the electron microscope. The vesicular presynaptic profiles on Golgi and basket neurons are in the first case certainly and in the second with high probability endings of recurrent Purkinje axon collaterals. — The few axosomatic synapses found on outer stellate neurons may also be terminals of climbing fibers, but degeneration evidence for this is not conclusive. — The observations are summarized and evaluated from the functional point of view in a diagram, with consideration to recent physiological information on the function of climbing fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235210
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mossy fibre-granule cell relay of the cerebellum and its inhibitory control by Golgi cells (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 82-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Mossy fibre input ; olgi cell inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The glomerulus in the cerebellar granular layer is composed of the three elements; the mossy fibre terminal, the granule cell dendrites and the Golgi cell axons. The afferent input to the cerebellar cortex through the glomerulus, the mossy fibre-granule cell relay (M.G.R.), and its inhibitory control by the Golgi cells were studied by recording, a) extracellular field potentials in the granular and molecular layers, b) unitary spikes of granule cells, and c) intracellular postsynaptic potentials in Purkinje cells. 2. Mossy fibres were activated by juxta-fastigial, transfolial, lateral cuneate nucleus and radial nerve stimulation. Stimulation of an adjacent folium (transfolial stimulation) could excite branches of mossy fibres under the stimulating electrode which supply other branches also to the folium under the recording electrode. This technique was utilized to distinguish the response due to mossy fibre activation from those due to the climbing fibre and Purkinje cell axons. 3. These stimulations resulted in, through the M.G.R., a powerful activation of granule cells whose axons (parallel fibres) excited in turn the Purkinje cells and the inhibitory interneurones, including the Golgi cells, in the molecular layer. 4. Field potentials and unitary spikes due to granule cell activity elicited by the stimulation of mossy fibres were markedly depressed for hundreds of milliseconds after the direct stimulation of parallel fibres (LOC stimulation). The postsynaptic potential in Purkinje cells evoked by mossy fibre activation was also depressed by the conditioning LOC stimulation in the same manner. The “spontaneous” background activities recorded from granule cells as unitary spikes and from Purkinje cells as inhibitory synaptic noise were silenced for hundreds of milliseconds after the LOC stimulation. 5. These depressions indicate that the parallel fibre activation evokes an inhibitory action upon M.G.R. On anatomical grounds this inhibition can be mediated only by the Golgi cell, and it is postulated that the inhibitory action is postsynaptic upon the dendrites of granule cells. 6. It is concluded that the Golgi cell inhibition regulates the mossy fibre input to the cerebellar cortex at the M.G.R. by a form of negative feed-back.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235211
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracellularly recorded responses of the cerebellar Purkinje cells (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 161-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Intracellular recording ; Postsynaptic potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Intracellular recording from Purkinje cells has been employed in investigating the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action that is exerted on these cells by the mossy fibre input into the cerebellum. 2. These synaptic actions are evoked not directly by the mossy fibres, but probably always through granule cells and their axons, the parallel fibres. The intracellular records conform with the anatomical evidence that the parallel fibres directly exert a powerful synaptic excitatory action on Purkinje cells, and that the inhibitory pathway occurs via an inhibitory interneurone — a basket cell or a stellate cell. Direct stimulation of parallel fibres gives intracellular potentials closely resembling those produced by deep stimulation of mossy fibres. 3. As would be expected, direct stimulation of parallel fibres produces an EPSP with a latency 1 to 2 msec briefer than the IPSP. The IPSP has a duration usually in excess of 100 msec. The EPSP appears to be briefer, though its superposition on the IPSP greatly reduces its apparent duration. Neutralization of the IPSP by appropriate membrane polarization or by intracellular chloride injection reveals an EPSP duration of up to 50 msec. 4. The IPSP is typically affected by polarizing currents; reduced and even inverted by hyperpolarizing currents, and increased by depolarizing currents. The IPSP is converted to a depolarizing response by excess of intracellular chloride. It must therefore be generated by an increased ionic permeability of the inhibitory subsynaptic membrane, chloride ions being importantly concerned. 5. Often small irregular IPSPs can be observed occurring spontaneously, and they react to polarizing currents and to chloride injections in a manner identical to the evoked IPSPs. It is concluded that they are generated by the spontaneous discharges of basket cells. 6. A brief account is given of various spontaneous rhythmic responses of impaled Purkinje cells, and of the effect of synaptic inhibitory action upon them. 7. There is a general discussion of these findings in relation to the various neural pathways and neural mechanisms that have been postulated in the light of the preceding investigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236869
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional organization of the spinoreticulocerebellar path with identification of its spinal component (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 306-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Reticulocerebellar tract ; Spinoreticular tract ; Cerebellum ; Flexor reflex afferents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mass discharges were recorded from the dissected left restiform body in unanaesthetized, decerebrate, and decerebellate cats. The spinal cord was severed in the thoracic or cervical region sparing only the left ventral quadrant. In this preparation the discharges were shown to relate largely or exclusively to activity in the reticulocerebellar tract originating from the lateral reticular nucleus. The ascending spinal tract was identified with the bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT) of Lundberg and Oscarsson (1962). The reticulocerebellar tract was activated from the flexor reflex afferents and nerve volleys from each of the four limbs were equally effective. It is concluded that the lateral reticular nucleus is not responsible for the somatotopically organized projection of cutaneous afferents, as assumed before. The bVFRT is strongly influenced from the cerebellar cortex and the organization of the closed loop formed between the cortex and the spinal cord is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237703
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response characteristics of retieulocerebellar neurones activated from spinal afferents (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 320-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Reticulocerebellar tract ; Spinoreticular tract ; Cerebellum ; Flexor reflex afferents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The experiments were done on unanaesthetized, decerebrate, and decerebellate cats. Recording was made from axons originating in the lateral reticular nucleus on stimulation of various nerves, cutaneous receptors, and certain descending tracts. Excitatory and inhibitory effects were evoked from the flexor reflex afferents of receptive fields which included most of the body surface. It is concluded that the lateral reticular nucleus with respect to its afferent inflow is similar to the non-cerebellar nuclei of the reticular formation. The possibility that the reticulocerebellar tract is important in determining the background excitation of cortical neurones is discussed. The effects evoked by stimulation of descending tracts were consistent with the disclosure that the bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract is the afferent path to the lateral reticular nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237704
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass discharges evoked in the olivocerebellar tract on stimulation of muscle and skin nerves (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 329-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inferior olive ; Olivocerebellar tract ; Spinoolivary tract ; Cerebellum ; Flexor reflex afferents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The discharges were recorded from the dissected right restiform body in unanaesthetized, decerebrate, and decerebellate cats. The spinal cord was severed in the thoracic and/or cervical region sparing only the left ventral quadrant. The discharges were shown to relate largely or exclusively to activity in the olivocerebellar tract. The olivocerebellar discharges were elicited by stimulation of the flexor reflex afferents. Large responses were evoked from the right hindlimb nerves and small responses from the left hindlimb nerves. The responses had a latency of about 20 msec. The spinoolivary tract is tentatively identified with the contralateral ventral flexor reflex tract of Lundberg and Oscarsson (1962).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237705
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The profiles of physiological events produced by a parallel fibre volley in the cerebellar cortex (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 18-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Parallel fibres ; Basket cells ; Purkinje cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Stimulation through concentric electrodes on the surface of a wide cerebellar folium was employed to set up a parallel fibre volley or beam. Serial recording of the field potential was made over a range of depths along microelectrode tracks arranged in a transverse plane across the folium in order to discover the action on Purkinje cells, both those that were on-beam for the parallel fibre volley and those at various distances off-beam. A juxta-fastigial electrode was carefully placed so that an applied stimulus could excite the axons of Purkinje cells distributed across the folium under investigation, the antidromic propagation of impulses thus obtained being utilized to test the effect of parallel fibre volleys upon Purkinje cells. 2. The observations were in accord with the two actions that a parallel fibre volley would be expected to exert on Purkinje cells: a direct excitatory action by the synapses made by parallel fibres with the spines of the Purkinje cell dendrites; an inhibitory action mediated by the stellate and basket cells that themselves are directly excited by the parallel fibre volley. 3. The excitatory synaptic action would result in the two types of responses that were restricted to the narrow zone and superficial location of the parallel fibre volley: active sinks formed by this excitatory synaptic action on the superficial dendrites of Purkinje cells would account for the observed depth profile of extra-cellular slow potentials, a superficial negative wave reversing to a deeper positive wave formed by passive sources on deeper dendrites; superficial synaptic excitation would also account for the facilitation of the propagation of antidromic impulses into the superficial dendrites. 4. The inhibitory synaptic action would result in the two types of responses that were widely dispersed transversely and in depth, far beyond the traject of the parallel fibre volley: a slow positive potential wave with a maximum at a depth usually of 300–400 μ; an inhibitory action on the antidromic invasion of Purkinje cells. The transverse profiles of these two presumed indices of inhibitory action on Purkinje cells apparently revealed that a basket cell may give inhibitory synapses up to 1000 μ laterally from the location of its soma and dendrites. 5. A description is given of the variants in the transverse profiles of the deeper positive waves and of inhibitory actions of a parallel fibre volley that presumably are mediated by basket cells and also by the superficial stellate cells. These physiological findings are correlated with the histologically determined distribution of synapses from a basket cell onto Purkinje cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234358
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatotopical organization of the projection from the nucleus interpositus anterior of the cerebellum to the red nucleus. An experimental study in the cat with silver impregnation methods (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 191-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Nucleus interpositus anterior ; Red nucleus ; Somatotopy ; Degeneration study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Small lesions were done in various areas of the nucleus interpositus anterior (NIA) of the cerebellum, and the distribution of terminal degeneration was studied in the red nucleus with the methods of Nauta and Glees. The NIA projects to the contralateral red nucleus. Two principles of organization can be demonstrated in the projection: a caudorostral arrangement in the red nucleus corresponds to a mediolateral organization in the NIA and a mediolateral arrangement in the red nucleus corresponds to a caudorostral organization of the NIA. The latter distribution coincides with the somatotopical areas of the red nucleus defined by Pompeiano and Brodal (1957). Special attention has been paid to the questions of the subdivision of the cerebellar nuclei and of the course of the fibres issuing from the nuclei in the cerebellar hilus. The present findings on the projection of the NIA to the red nucleus have been correlated with recent anatomical and physiological data on the cerebellum and the red nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236713
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mechanism of thermal degradation of certain polyether-polyurethansThis paper represents one phase of research performed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Contact NAS7-100 (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 36-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper is an account of some studies of the mechanism of degradation of an uncrosslinked polyurethan prepared from poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) and 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate (TDI) at temperatures up to 320°C in a vacuum or inert atmosphere. Fractionation of polymers before and after degradation provides information about the mechanism of degradation since the molecular weight distributions obtained are dependent on the mode and sites of bond scission. A recent publication describes the column elution method of fractionation developed for undergraded and slightly degraded PPG-TDI. PPO-TDI gives essentially most probable molecular weight distributions at an initial intrinsic viscosity [η] of ∼ 0.68 dl/g and also after degradation to [η] ∼ 0.24 dl/g. This invariancy of the distribution strongly suggests a randon scission process. Other types of degradation, e.g., free-radical unzipping initiated at the chain ends, could also give invariant most probable distributions. However, such depolymerizations would be accompanied by much larger extents of volatilization than were observed for these polymers (〈5% volatilization).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060107
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of moisture on glycidyl reactions with carboxylic acid anhydrides (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Moisture present in epoxy anhyride composites may hydrolyze the anhydride and cause major changes in the mechanical and chemical properties of the final composite. Heat distortion data and infrared spectroscopy are used to analyze the changes caused by the presence of the moisture. As the concentraton of water is increased, there is a decrease in the heat distortion or gass transition temperature. The decrease is due to a change in the crosslinking network and is caused by the reduction of the functonality of the epoxy group for acid as compared to the anhydride. Where rigid specifications must be met it is essential that the moisture level in the fillers, resins, etc. be kept constant.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060112
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060201
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal and oxidative effects in polyethylenes above 200°C (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 117-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: There is considerable literature on the behavior of polyethylene below 200°C and above 400°C. This paper presents results on both high and low density polyethylene between 2000 and 400°C, a range of practical import for various fabrication and processing steps. Practical exposure times may be short and the experimental procedures were designed to give meaningful results for times as low as 1 min. The principal effects are chain-session and oxidation. Session was isolated by applying an atmosphere of pure nitrogen and proved uite shlow at 300°C but rapid at 400°C. The course of scission and produces discoloration, odor, and rising carbonyl content. A brief discussion is given of the role of diffusion in oxidation.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060205
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of silane coupling agents in improving the properties of filled or reinforced thermoplastics (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 97-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The application of silane coupling action produces significant improvements in physical properties in various thermpolastic resin systems. Both glass-reinforced thermoplastics and the more conventional filled thermoplastic resin systems were studied. An order of specificity between resin and coupling agent exists for thermoplastic resins similar to that of thermosets. The interaction with thermosets is considered copolymerization, wereas that with thermoplastics is not yet clearly defined. The silanes are incorporated by pre-treatment (best for glass reinforcement) or by addition during normal compounding. Fillers are added for a specific result, often with sacrifice of physical strength. Data presented show that silane addition upgrades filled thermoplastics to the level of clear resins and sometimes above. The effect of silanes on electrical properties of filled thermoplastics are also reported.
    Additional Material: 20 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060203
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photometric method for measuring crazing in transparent plastic materials (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 127-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An optical method has been developed to provide quantitative results useful for characterizing the crazing of transparent plastics. The procedure consists of the detection of discontinuities in a beam of light that scans the specimen in a direction perpendicular to the line of crazing. The light is transmitted to a photomultiplier that is connected with an amplifying system and a recorder that provides a diagram of the light energy modulated by the lines of crazing. The specimen is scanner both before and after subjecting it to a treatment that causes crazing, and the crazing index is considered to be the difference between the area below the two curves.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060207
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact behavior of rigid PVC compounds (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 169-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Many rigid PVC compounds show a sharp transition from tough to brittle fracture with decreasing temperature in impact testing, and this temperature becomes a criterion of compound quality in addition to the impact strength observed at specific temperatures. This BT (brittle fracture) has been investigated individuall in commercial and experimental elastomer modified rigid PVC compounds. Factors affecting the BT include speciman thickness, composition and processing conditions. Apparently the discontinuity in impact behavior is a sudden manifestation of a gradual change, resulting in a near ten-fold decrease in notched impact strength without any obvious change in properties. The BT provides a continuous scale for comparing impact properties of compounds, and is thus more versatile and sensitive than impact tests run at a single temperature.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060214
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fundamentals of melt rheology, heat generation, and heat transfer as applied to polymer processing (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 158-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The flow of polymer melts is normally laminar, but pseudoplastic in character. That is, flow rate increases in proportion to a power higher then 1, usually between 1.5 and 4, of the applied pressure difference. Viscosities are extremely high - more then a mollion times that of water - so considerable heat is generated in the flowing melt by viscous dissipation of flow energy. This mode of heat generation is put to good practial use in the screw extruder, a device that converts plastic pellets into hot melt for shaping into pipe, sheets, coatings and molded products. Equations are given for computing flow rates and viscous dissipation rates. Heating (except by viscous working) and cooling of polymers are slow processes because all these materials are poor heat conducts nad their extreme viscosities make convection impracticable. The princliples of heat transfer are reviewed, and the solutions are given for some transient-conduction problems frequenlty encountered in processing. Equations are given for judging the operation of extruders.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060213
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 182-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060302
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-Newtonian tangential flow in cylindrical annuli. IV (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 203-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Tangential flow of a “power law” model fluid between two concentric cylinders is analyzed. A constant angular pressure gradient is imposed and one of the cylinders is rotating at a constant angular velocity. This type of flow is of interest in screw extrusion theory. The error in the superposition, i.e., linear addition of tangential pressure and drag flows, for a “power law” model fluid, is quantitatively calculated and plotted in the form of a correction factor. Tangential pressure flow is compared to a pressure flow between parallel plates and additional correction factor to account for the curvature is derived and plotted. The applicability of the “power law” model for flow of polymer melts in extruders is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060306
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fundamentals of plasticating extrusion. III. Development of a mathematical model (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 198-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article describes a general mathematical model summarized in the form of a computer program for the plasticating extruder. The model combines features of the metering-zone model previously published, the melting-zone model described in paper No. I of this series, and a feed-zone model based on an extension of known theories. It is based on theoretical models for each zone unified and improved by non-linear estimation to accurately describe the extrusion experiments.The mathematical model predicts temperature, pressure, and melt channel width profiles of the plastic being processed in the plasticating extruder as a function of design and operating variables of the machine. It enables for the first time the design of the whole machine based on temperature and pressure profiles, including new combinations of cylindrical and tapered roots.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060305
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fractional crystallization of polypropylene (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 213-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The development of a fractional crystallization technique for characterization of polypropylenes with respect to stereoregularity is described. It is a simple technique which is attractive for routine analysis and under suitable conditions yields quantitative data with good reproducibility. Separation by fractional crystallization from hot xylene solution is shown to take place according to polymer crystallizability and is relatively independent of molecular weight. It thus represents an alternative and in some ways superior approach to the more commonly used fractional extraction method. Preliminary work indicates that the fractional crystallization method may prove of value in establishing correlations between the stereoregular nature of polypropylenes and their physical properties.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060307
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of annealing on the density and tensile properties of polypropylene (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 244-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The density and tensile property changes in polypropylene resulting from various post-crystallization aging procedures are investigated with the aim of (1) establishing standard procedures for the evaluation of these properties and (2) determining which conditioning treatment will provide optimum tensile properties. The morphology and resultant tensile behavior of polypropylene are particularly sensitive to conditioning treatments in the temperature range 145-160°C. A procedure for compression molding plaques, carrying out isothermal annealing treatment in the 100-170°C range and gradual cooling is described. The dependence on annealing temperature of the density, elongation, tensile modulus and yield stress is given.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060312
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal conductivity of high polymers - the influence of molecular weight (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 260-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Some earlier observations on the influence of molecular weight, plasticizer, and irradiation on the thermal conductivity of polymers is reviewed. Also some new data on polystyrene and some new calculations based on the theory of Hansen and Ho are presented. These data show almost a two fold increase in the thermal conductivity of polystyrene as the molecular weight goes from 900 to 100,000. Data on the moleculer weight effect on thermal conductivity appear to be consistent with the theoretical calculations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060315
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoxidation of semicrystalline polyethylene (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermal oxidation in linear polyethylene is mainly confined to disordered regions in which scission reactions cause crystallization and eventual deterioration of mechanical properties. Gel formation is negligible at 100°C. As degradation proceeds, comparable changes occur in the intrinsic viscosities of melt and solution-crystallized liner polymers, indicating that chain folds are regularly arranged and are resistant to oxidative scission. Breakdown is much more extensive in branched and crosslinked polymers since crosslinking retards oxidative crystallization and branching increases the volume fraction of substrate ultimately accessible to oxygen.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060317
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of the thermal degradation of linear polyethylene (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 295-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: For a system of equivalent bonds undergoing random bond scission it is reasonable to assume that the rate of bond breaking (hence the rate of creation of new molecules) reported in the literature and data presented here demonstrate that the number of molecules created is not proportional to the time of thermal treatment hence they seem to belie this reasonable hypothesis. Other authors have adduced the presence of some non-equivalent bonds in order to account for the observed cruvature and still retain the hypothesis. Implicit in these arguments is the assumption of a steady-state concentration of reactive fragments. Our analysis explores the consequences of abandoning the steady-state assumption and shows that a quantitative explanation of the observed degradation behavior may be had by this means wihile still retaining the hypothesis of a constant probability of a bond being broken per unit time.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060404
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In-line annealing - a new approach to the extrusion of high quality rigid vinyl products (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 248-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Most polymers exhibit a very fluid melt rheology during extrusion and can be distorted, drawn down, and cooled without building excessive residual stresses into the product. In contrast, rigid vinyl is usually extruded as a stiff, almost selfsupporting mass. Care must be taken to prevent the formation ot oriented stresses in the product which will be relieved during long periods of exposure resulting in dimensional instability and related loss of physical properties. A newly developed method of in-line annealing has shown to be an effective means of relieving oriented stresses developed during extrusion. By use of this instrumented technique, rigid vinyl products can be controlled to much tighter shrinkage specifications in a single step process, thereby eliminating post-annealing treatments.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060313
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060401
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 282-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060402
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residence time dependence of molecular weight distributions in continuous polymerizations (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 299-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Residence time distribution (RTD) is a spectral property of contiuous chemical reactors. Batch reactors may be viewed as having “monodisperse” residence time distributions. This article discusses molecular weight distributions (MWDs) of polymeic materials formed in continuous and in semicontinuos process and how they are affected by reaction time distributions. All synthetic high polymers, even those Prepared in batch reaction, possess a MWD which may sometimes, for a given monomer, be altered chemically by a proper choice of catalyst and diluent. An interesting concept suggested by the present work is the prospect of “tailoring” the MWD for a given monomer-catalyst-diluent system physically by selecting appropriate reactor conditions. Hence, althought this work involves analysis the results may provide a guide to synthesis.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060405
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer structures and properties of new heat resistant films and fibers (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 369-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Commercial films, elastomers, and fibers have valuable in-use properties below 300°C. Astronautic requirements, however, may evaentually call for materials that withstand 500 hrs at 300°C or 100 hrs at 500°C while fully retaining their useful properties. The most significant advances in the synthesis and preparation of heat resistant polymer have been made since 1959 with new synthetic methods such as interfacial polymerization, cyclopolymerization, and intramolecular polymer post-cyclopolymerization, and intramolecular olymer post-cyclization reactions. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the structural relationships among those heat resistant, orgainc polymers that were reported to give strong films and fibers. Those heat resistant polymers, which have not yet been fabricated into films and fibers are not included in this review.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060415
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  • 32
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    Electronic Resource
    Application of the rheology of monodisperse and polydisperse polystyrenes to the analysis of injection molding behavior (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 373-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Monodisperse and polydisperse polystyrenes of equal weight average molecular weight (Mw) are evaluated for melt flow behavior in an Instron capillary rheometer and for injection molding behavior in a 12 ounce in-line reciprocationg screw injection molding machine. The influence of molecular weight distribution on the shape of the flow curves is deconstrated over a wide range of shear rate and temperature. The influence is also reflected in injection molding behavior as defined by pressure to fill or flash the mold at a given melt temperature. Studies of capillary rheometer data for correlation with injection moling beghavior indicate poor agreement when low shear rate viscosity data are used. Good agrement is foun using high shear rate viscosity data in the range 103 to 104 sec-1 Striking crossover points on melt rheology and injection colding area diagram curvs are found with the monodisperse and polydisperse polystyrenes of the same M These crossovers shift with melt temperature and make possible the determination of a “controlling shear rate” for the injection molding process. This is found to be 3500 sec-1 for short shot and 6200 sec-1 for flash with the ASTM test specimen mold used in this study.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060416
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060101
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of methods for the determinaton of resin advancement in asbestos-phenolic prepregs (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 79-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The determination of the state of resin advancement in asbestos-phenolic prepregs is important to the processor of this material. Many tests have been proposed for measuring this condition. In this article the follwing tests were made on the prepreg and resin extracted from the prepreg to measure advancement: viscosity, Chang Index,-infrared absorption dielectric constant, dissipation, dielectric constant, and dissipation factor, volume resistivity, and tear strength. Infrared absorption, dielectric constant, and dissipation factor correlated best and were the most sensitive indicators of resin advancement.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060115
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 94-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060202
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  • 36
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    Electronic Resource
    Development of an impact test for evaluation of weatherability of rigid plastics (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 124-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Color development in outdoor applications has been widely used as an indication of breakdown in plastic materials although this does not always indicate a change in physical properties. Appearance factors are easily and precisely evaluated by measuring color and surface changes. Measurement of physical property changes is more comples and more meaningful. An optimum test method should measure a property with time, environment and sample form. Ideally, the data should determine service life. The test specimen should be adaptable to a variety of samples. Of the many physical tests of weatherability, impact strength appears most interesting. An inexpensive Variable Impact Tester was Modified and Developed for Measuring the effect of aging on rigid PVC. Data are presented showing the relation between impact values and temperature, sample thickness, process conditions and various environmental exposures.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060206
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Static coefficients of friction for polyethylenes (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The static coefficients of friction of solid polyolefins against metal surfaces has been determined as functions of pressure, temperature, and metal surface finish. The polymers studied were a low debsity (branched) polyethylene, a high density copolymer, and a high density (linear) polyethylene homocopolymer, and a high density (linear) polyethylene homopolymer. Four metal surfaces were used, with surface roughnesses ranging from 1 1/2 to 18 microinches. The pressure and temperature ranges were 0 to 355 psig and 72 to 225°F, respectively. Data were obtained for the polymers in two forms: granules and flat smooth dise, except for the high density homopolymer which was tested in the disc from only. In general, the results indicated that, for all granules, the coefficient was essentially independent of pressure, but decreased with increasing temperature until the melting point was reached; it varied with metal surface roughness which was greatest for the low density polymer. For the smooth surfaced disc samples, the coefficient also decreased with increasing pressure with high values at low pressure indicating strong adhesion between the polymer and metal surfaces.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060209
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of stresses in formed plastics parts (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 156-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: To determine the optimum conditions for vacuum forming quality parts, a precise method of determining internal stress required development. The approach investigated was based on the shrinkage of a heated stressed part. Small stress should be proportioned to strain. By exposing loaded tensile specimens simultaneously with the formed part, the material modulus is determined. Results indicated creep which was minimized by using the correct modulus to calculate internal stress. Stresses in a normally formed part and in a part formed cool were compared at two temperatures. Values were higher in most areas of the cool-formed part and consistent at the two temperatures. This method probably can be used on other materials and possibly on injection molded parts.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060212
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    Compressibility of bulk polymers (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 176-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Bulk compressibilities of a series of linear and crosslinked polymers have been measured, in a Matsuoka-Maxwell apparatus, at pressures up to 10,000 atmospheres and at temperatures to 202°C. These polymers exhibited nonlinear compressibility characteristics and a maximium compressibility of about 15% at 10,000 atmospheres. At slow loading rates, data were obtained for the amorphous polymers which could be expressed as glass-rubber phase gisgrams. The nature of the observed compressibilities are discussed and the usefulness of the data is indicated.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060216
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  • 40
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    Electronic Resource
    Stabilization of polypropylene (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 231-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Antioxidants and UV absorbers are vital to the commercialization of polypropylene because of their influence on this polymer's light stability, heat or oxidative stability, processing stability, and gas fading due to nitrogen oxides. The effects of these stabilizers are measured in terms of polypropylene's initial color, color retention, and retention of physical properties when the polymer is exposed to direct weathering and to elevated temperatures. The relative washfastness or resistance to extraction by aqueous systems under various laundering conditions is another important, measurable property of UV absorbers and antioxidants in polypropylene. Such measurements are usually made using stabilized polypropylene molded plaques and monofilaments containing UV absorbers, antioxidants and, often, combinations of the two.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060310
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  • 41
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    Electronic Resource
    AI polymer laminates for high temperature stability (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 227-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Amoco AI amide imide polymer is an all aromatic polymer which is currently being used as a high temperature wire enamel. It also looks promising as a high temperature laminating material. It is available in a stable solid form and is readily formulated in its laminating solvents. B-Staged coated glass cloth with excellent shelf stability is easily prepared. AI laminates retain their initial flexural strength after four weeks at 500°F. They retain 50% of their initial flexural strength after one week at 572°F. Other modifications of this type of polymer are being investigated as laminating materials.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060309
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  • 42
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    Electronic Resource
    Stereoregulation and stereoregular polymers (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 240-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The discovery of methods for regulating stereoisomerism in polymer synthesis, and thereby controlling polymer properties, is one of the most significant recent developments in polymer science. Polypropylenes and propylene copolymers are the outstanding products resulting already. This review includes both European and American contributions from the beginning of the idea. It emphasizes researches on polymerization of vinyl ethers and of 1-olefms which have been most important in development of the basic concepts of stereoregulation. The review is based in part upon a paper presented at the Canadian Polymer Forum in Ottawa in September 1965.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060311
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  • 43
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    Electronic Resource
    Time dependent crystallinity of polybutene-1 (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 349-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Isotactic Polybutene-1 can exist in 4 different crystalline phases of varying stability of which two are of greatest importance because they are involved in solidification from the melt initially, the melt cools into an unstable crystalline phase which gradually and spontaneously transforms into a stable, stronger, stiffer, more crystalline phase over a period of days. Rate of development of mechanical properties depends on crystallinity which depends on rate of phase change. However, optical properties develop in an unusual and irregualr way that is significantly affected by external factors, suxh as pressure, temperature, fillers nucleation and geometry.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060411
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fatigue mechanisms of thermoplastics (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 363-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Failure in fatigue by the mechanism of crack initiation and propagation originationg at flaws and stress concentrations has been fairly well established. It explains the fatigue phenomena in highly elastic materials, namely metals and certain thermosetting plastics such as reinforced polyester and epoxy resins. We have found, however, that a different mechanism dominates the fatigue behavior of thermoplastics. Specifically, the mechanism involves the generationa of heat within the material due to viscous damping or hysteresis. This paper presents fatigue, damping data and temperature measurements during cyclic stress to support this conclusion on three themoplastic resins of widely different mechanical properties, polyetrafluouoethylene (PTFE), Nylon 6, and polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA). In addition to the usual S-N fatigue curves, we wil show how surface temperature changes with fatigue life and how this change is affected by stress, Frequency, crystallinity, specimen geometry and other parameters. Alos, the loss compliance of the materials will be presented as afunction of temperature to show the relationship of fatigue to damping properties.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060414
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  • 45
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    Electronic Resource
    Practical applications of polymer solutions (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 359-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: To chemists and engineers working in industry, the most important applications of polymer solutions are the experiments leading to the measurement of molecular weight, molecular-weight distribution, and other characteristic parameters of random-coil polymers. This article extends earlier reviews by describing such practical aspects of these measurements as preferred techniques;; commercially-available equipment; analysis cost, sample size, and time; limitations of the methods; and pitfalls in the interpretation of the data. For molecular-weight measurement, commonly-used techniques include end-group analysis, cryoscropy, ebulliometry, osmometry, “vapor-pressure osmometry”, light scattering, and ultracentrifugation. Measurement of certain transport properties correlating emprirically with molecular weight, such as the intrinsic viscosity, is useful if the limitations of the techniques are recognized. Currently, the more promising and powerful methods polymer fractopmatopm are cpmsodered to be column elution and gel permeation chromatography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060413
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 2-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060102
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  • 47
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    Electronic Resource
    Radiation-induced solid state polymerization (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 14-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The literature on radiation-induced solid state polymerization has been increasing exponentially in the last five years. Major advances have been made in retention of crystalline morphology during polymerization, in stereospecific polymerization, in modification of reactivity ratios in copolymerization and in molecular weight control of the product. However, at the present time, no commercial products have resulted from the study of radiation-induced solid state polymerization. Chemically induced polymerization techniques have been keeping abreast of this explosive development in the solid state polymerization field and have up to this time precluded the use in industry of solid state polymerization. The major potential at the present time appears to be in the area of producing fibers without additional processing.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060104
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  • 48
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    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring the curing process of reinforced plastics structures (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 41-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The feasibility of monitoring curing processes in large reinforced plastics structures by electrical volume resistivity techniques has been studied. It has been found, by embedding electrodes and thermocouples within a heavy-walled structure during fabricaton and by monitoring the change is resistance during the curing process, that information indicative of the rate and extent of curing can be obtained. The resin system used in this study was Epon 826/MNA/BDMA.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060108
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  • 49
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    Electronic Resource
    The phenomenon of draw resonance in polmeric melts. Part II - correlation to molecular parameters (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 50-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Phenomenon of draw resonance and the cyclic size fluctuation of an extruded shpae are related to basic changes in the “melt strength” (force per average cross-sectional area required to draw the molten fiber down under fixed conditions). Melt strength values are obtained by a modified rheometer which consists of a vertical chamber to melt and hold the polymers at 190-250°C, a piston for extrusion, a take-up system, a strain gauge to measure the drawdown force and a recorder for continuous force-time plots. Melt strength increases with take-off speed but not proportionally. At higher velocities, draw resonance is apparent through a sinusoidal-like variation in fiber diameter. The amplitudes of melt strength and diameter waves are correlated with molecular weight, melt viscosity, swell, melt temperature and take-off speeds.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060110
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The resistivity of octyl phthalate plasticizers (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 75-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The resistivities of commercial octyl phthalatel plasticizers have been measured after treatments of heating, drying, purification by chromatography and addition of salts. The resistivity of pure plasticizer is high but is lowered by water, acid and alcohol. The theory to explain the observations is advanced.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060114
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  • 51
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    Electronic Resource
    Strength of polybenzimidazole and phenolic laminate-to-metal joints (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 24-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Stress concentration effects and strengths of bonded and bolted butt joints were investigated for a glass fabric polybenzimidazole lalminate at room temperatuer and 700°F for a gloass fabric phenolic laminate at room temperature and 500°F. Specimen configurations included: (1) standard tensile specimen, (2) stress concentration specimen, (3) bolted double shear butt joint, (4) bolted single shear butt joint, (5) bonded double shear butt joint and (6) bonded single shear butt joint.Both polybenzimidazole and phenolic laminates exhibited high room temperature tensile strengths and little degradation of that strength occured as a result of elevated temperature exposure. However, low joint effencies (22 to 32%) were obtained for bolted butt joint specimens. Although bonded joints exhibited higher efficiencies, they suffered from a thermal expansion mismatch between the plastic laminate and the Inconel butt plates.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060105
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The phenomenon of draw resonance in polymeric melts. Part I - qualitative view (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 45-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When a thermoplastic shape is extruded and drawn into a quenching medium and the drawing speed increases continuously, the cross-sectional extrudate area decreases. At a critical take-up speed, a cyclic gauge pulsation begins, becoming more pronounced with increasing drawing speed until the extrudate eventually breaks at the air-coolant in terface. This phenomenon, “draw resonance,” originates in the air gap and is independent of any melt fracture phenomena. Correlations show increasing pulsation severity with increases in speed ratio, air gap, viscosity-average molecular weight, and decreasing melt temperatures. Draw resonance occurs with polypropylene and various types of polyethylene and polystyrene. Ribbon-type and round-hole dies give equivalent results. A semi-quantitative theory is advanced is explain these phenomena in terms of thermodynamic relationships and basic molecular properties.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060109
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  • 53
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    Electronic Resource
    Azelaaldehydic acid ester-acetal derivatives as plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride)Presented at the Division of Organic Coatings and Plastics Chemistry, 145th Meeting, American Chemcial Society, New York, New York. (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 60-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Certain ester-acetal derivatives of azelaaldehydic acid have been evaluated as a new type of plasticizer of PVC. In gerneral, these compouonds have high compatibility and impart excellent low-temperature, mechanical, heat- and light -stability properties to the plasticized PVC. The 2-ethylihexyl ester bis (2-methoxyethyl) acetal, in particular, appeared to have the best combination of properties for a useful plasticizer. The results indicate that a unique and useful type of plasticizer-stabilizer can be obtained from derivatives of azelaaldehydic acid.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060111
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  • 54
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    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of 2-allyl-1-methylenecyclohexane by the cyclic polymerization mechanism (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 71-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: 2-Ally-1-methylenecyclohexane is a compound which is functionally capable of undergoing polymerization by the alternating intra-intermolecular propagation mechanism to produce poly[1,8-methylene[4.3.0] bicyclononane]. This monomer was synthesized and its polymerization through use of cationic and Ziegler-type initiators was studied. Synthesis of the monomer was accomplished by the following reaction sequence: (1) conversion of cyclohexanone to 2-allycyelohexanone by reaction wtih allyl bromide and sodium amide and (2) conversion of 2-allycyclohexanone to the desired monomer by reaction with the phosphorane derived from methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide. Polymerizaton was accomplished by use of boron trifluoride resulting in 44% conversion to polymer, of which 94% was soluble. Through use of infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, the soluble portion of the polymer was shown to contain 54% of bicyclic units and the remainder to be non-cyelized monomer units in which the residual unsaturation was composed predominantly of allyl groups.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060113
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  • 55
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    Electronic Resource
    The significance of slip of polymer melt flow (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 83-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Some recent observations of catastrophic yielding or bimodal flow behavior in linear polyethylene melts have indicated certain inadequacies in the commonly accepted flow theories and practices. Examples of some “non-ideal” behavior are presented along with some evidence that slip at or near the polymer-die interface, rather than a flow phenomenon, is the mechanism associated with the discontinuity in the flow curve. The discontinuity shear stress is observed to be independent of hydrostatic pressure. The significance of this bimodal flow behavior is related to polymer processing problems.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060116
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  • 56
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    Fundamentals of plasticating extrusion. II. Experiments (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experiments were performed to develop quantitative information for designing plasticating extruders for low density polyethylene. Screw design variables explored included feed section length, compression section taper, and minimum channel depth. Operating variables included were screw speed, barrel temperature, and back pressure. A moving picture film illustrates temperature action and cross-channel temperature distribution for some typical experiments using a new type of extruder screw for 2.5 inch and 8 inch diameter extrusion. The information gathered was used to obtain relations between performance and screw dimensions and revealed an optimum combination of feed section length and compression taper.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060304
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  • 57
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    Fundamentals of plasticating extrusion. I. A theoretical model for melting (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A steady state model for melting in a screw extruder has been developed based on the assumption that a stable solid bed of polymer granules is melted by heat that is conducted from a hot barrel and heat that is generated by viscous dissipation in the film that separates the solid bed and the surface of the barrel. The solid bed gradually decreases in width, as it proceeds in the channel, until it disappears at which point the melting is terminated. The model predicts the solid bed width profile and the required length of melting in terms of physical properties, operating conditions, and geometry of the screw. The model has been tested based on experimental data.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060303
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  • 58
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    Use of the spectrophotometer to control carbon dispersion quality in polyethylene (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Renewed interest in the development of a quantitative optical technique for assessing the quality of carbon dispersion in weather-resistant polyethylene compositions has given fresh significance to the findings of a study conducted earlier by a task group of ATSM Committee D-20 but not previously reported in the literature. This group evolved and refined a spectrophotometric procedure which was shown to be capable of good interlaboratory reproducibility when the same film was measured by each of the participants in turn. When each laboratory prepared its own film specimen from a standard lot of pellets, however, this reproducibility dropped to a very unsatisfactory level. It was concluded that fine-grained inhomogeneities even in compounds considered to have excellent dispersion quality preclude reproducible test results when sample weights of only a few milligrams are involved. The problem is aggravated by the difficulty of preparing thin, uniform films and complicated by a nonlinear dependence of transmission on film thickness.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060308
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  • 59
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    Electronic Resource
    Properties of a propylene-ethylene block copolymer (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 255-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Although polypropylene has a unique combination of properties, its impact strength at low temperatures is sometimes insufficient. This need has been met by polypropylene/polyisobutylene blends. Today, polypropylene type copolymers (block copolymers) are available with low temperature toughness and property and processing advantages over the above blends. Ordinarily, copolymers from addition polymerization are random. In a block copolymer, the monomeric units of propylene are segregated from those of the second monomer. A block copolymer, propylene, low pressure polyethylene, ABS and polypropylene-polyisobutylene blends are compared as to general and mechanical properties, stress relaxation, stress rupture performance, low temperature performance (impact strength), high temperature performance (flexural stiffness) and processability. Not every material was used in each test. Block copolymers find applications in automotive and appliance industries, industrial parts and packages for cosmetics and food.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060314
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  • 60
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    Glass-resin joint strength and their effect on failure mechanisms in reinforced plastics (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 263-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The various methods which have been used to measure the joint strength of a glass-polymer interface have been reviewed and the results compared. Conclusions have been made regarding the strength of polyester and epoxy joints and the role of the coupling agent in enhancing this strength. Bond strength methods discussed include the flat plate test as well as the single filament techniques. The stresses which exist at the interface in an actual comosite are calculated. The relation of the glass-polymer joint strength to the final strength to the final strength of a glass reinforced plastic composite is dissussed. The interaction of the interface with an advancing crack is also considered.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060316
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  • 61
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    Long-term hydrostatic strength characteristics of thermoplastics pipe (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 285-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method for developing long-term hydrostatic design stresses, defined as the estimated tensile stress in the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal hydrostatic pressure that can be applied continuously with a high degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur, for thermoplastic pipe materials is described. The background information used to develop this method, data to confirm its validity, and several of its more important peculiarities are presented and discussed. The method treats hydrostatic stress-failure time test results by the method of least squares with time as the dependent variable. The long-trem performance of thermoplastic pipe materials is evaluated by stresses calculated for periods of 100,000 hours (11.43 years) and 50 years.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060403
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  • 62
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    Velocity profiles of the exit region of molten polyethylene extrudates (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 353-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The objective of the work described herein is the experimental investigation of the velocity field of polymer melts flowing through a capillary in the regons of flow prior to and after the capillary exit. The fluids studied are branched polyethylene melts in steady laminar isothermal flow. The technique employed for the determination of the Eulerian velocity profiles is one that utilizes phototomicrogroaphy of the reflected light from tracer particles dispersed in the flowing medium.Axial acceleration of the fluid elements just before the capillary exit was observed. It was found that this accelearation is more pronounced in melts of low bulk viscosity. This observation region, non-viscometric.The translation of the velocity profiles of the fluids studied, from one resembling a parabola to that of “plug” flow, involves inflection points with minima in the velocity vector v(r, z). These minima appear near the surface of the extrudates and can not be accounted for by an existing theory.It was also found that the density of the viscoelastic fluids studied is a function of the axial position, in the region of flow investigated. The density decreases before the exit and, before it reaches an equilibuiu value at an axial position downstream equal to one or two diameters, increases beyond that value upon exit. This phenomenon is attributed to an “overshoot” in the process fo elastic recoil of the high polymer melts fron a strained structure to a random one.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060412
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  • 63
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    Effect of type and amount of comonomer on the properties of four copolymers of ethylene (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 5-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The plastics industry is now coming to realize that copolymers are unique thermoplastics which have broad areas of application. It is believed that ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymers of 2 melt index may be extrusion coated to paper by a cap-coat process or by use of a chill roll with an adhesive coating. Copolymers of ethylene and vinyl monomers can be made into film by the same methods used for polyethylene. Methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate copolymers may be processed on a wide range of molding equipment. Table VII in the article gives a list of applications for each polymer, along with expected physical properties.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060103
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    Failure of polymeric materials under biaxial stress fields (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 30-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The paper reviews the various classical failure theories essentially developed for metals and then seeks to show that the same theories with slight modifications could be used to describe failure of polymeric materials. These modifications consist in the consideration of the effect of rate loading on failure behavior. In addition, the paper reports experimental results on failure of two polymeric materials under uniaxial tension loading and several biaxial stress fields corresponding to pure internal pressure, internal pressure combined with tension and torque loadings and several biaxial stress fields corresponding to pure internal pressure, internal pressure cobined with tension and torque loadings. The failure behavior under various stress fields has been studied for maximum principal rates ranging from 0.05 to 60 psi. sec. The predictions based on various criteria of faliure, which considers the effect of rate of loading, are compared with the experimental results. Finally, it is shown that failure behavior under triaxial stress fields can be reasonably predicted from biaxial stress failure data.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060106
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  • 65
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    The prediction of ABS extruded sheet surface quality by rheometer behavior (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 172-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The behavior and appearance of ABS compounds in rheometers correlate with certain surface characteristics of extruded sheet. Three reometers were studied, each demonstrating the increase of viscosity with time of a destabilized compound over a standard ABS. This behavior shows as low gloss areas on the sheet from the destabilized compound vs uniform gloss for the standard. The Instron Capillary Rheometer proved the useful since extrudates produced can discriminate between compounds at given temperatures on the basis of gloss. The relative gloss of material tested is duplicated on extrusion as measured by a 600 Gardner glossmeter. Dynamic conditions affecting viscosity can also be predicted by the Brabender Plastigraph. Correlations developed, along with the usual physical measurements, permit appaisal of ABS compounds before commercial extrusion.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060215
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  • 66
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    A method of rapid determination of thermal expansion and apparent second-order transition temperature of polymer films (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 112-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An Instron tensile tester has been modified to measure the thermal expansion of polymer films. The method greatly simplifies the experimental procedure necessary for the standard ASTM dilatometric thermal expansion measurement, particularly for thin films. Thermal expansion measurements were made for films of polyester, polycarbonates, vinyls, cellulosies, and polyolefins from room temperature up to 300°F. Second-order transition temperatures were determined by plotting thermal elongation vs temperature; the transition temperature is indicated by a change in slope. Both expansion coeffcients and transition temperatures as determined by this method give excellent agreement with values reported in the literature.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060204
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  • 67
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    Pressure-volume-temperature behavior of polypropylene (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 131-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The pressure-volume-temperature behavior for both solid and molten polypropylene was determined for pressures up to 618 atmospheres. These data were measured with a newly developed compressibility device capable of obtaining precise and accurate data. Compressibilities calculated from the experimental data compared favorably to the limited existing literature data. Constants were determined for the Spencer-Gilmore polymer equation of state for both the solid and molten material.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060208
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  • 68
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    Internal pressure measurements of diisooctylphthalate and dioctylsebacate (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 141-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Internal pressure measurments have been made on two common plasticizers, di-isoöctylphalate and dioctylsebacate, as a function of temperature. The ratios of internal pressure to cohesive energy density (as calculated by the method of Small) were 1.22 for dioctylsebacate and 1.17 for di-isoöctylphthalate. As in the case of simpler molecules the product of internal pressure and the square of the specific volume was constant for each plasticizer over the temperature renge studied. This implies that even in the absence of any other effects both an upper and lower critical solution temperature would be expected in mixed systems if the coefficients of thermal expansion of the components of the mixed system are sufficiently different.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060210
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  • 69
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    Stress rupture of polypropylene (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 145-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Tensile stress rupture is an important engineering property of plastics required in desiging parts subject to continuous or intermittent stress over long periods of time, especially in corrosive environments. This paper presents tensile stress rupture results on polypropylene and some of their applications in a program conducted over the past several years. Among the structural and compositonal paramaters studied in this work are the effects of molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, isotactic content, polyblends, and fillers on the shape and slope of the stress rupture-time curve. Data are presented showing the interrelationships between these variables, and the agreement with current stress rupture theories is discussed.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060211
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  • 70
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    Masthead (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060301
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  • 71
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    Laboratory evaluation of plastic pipe from a gas service field-test installation (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 324-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article presents the background and results of the first two-year interval test of a projected 10 or more years field gas service test of various types of plastic pipes. The study is part of a program to establish the suitability of plastic pipes for gas distribution uses. A number of short-term laboratory tests were used to characterize the condition of the pipe after the first two-year exposure period some, like the cursh test, are recognized and accepted methods; others, like the ring-tensile, tensile-impact, and the tear-propagation tests were developed or modified for this stdy. The results show that comparatively little change had taken place in this test period; the possible exception being in the ductility of two kinds of pipe subsequent evaluation should confirm or deny this behavior.
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060408
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  • 72
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    Cause and effect in time dependent flow of thermoplastic melts - a review (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 317-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The factors leading to time dependnt variations of melt viscosity during capillary extrusion of thermoplastics are reviewed. An initial increase in melt viscosity has been attributed to melt elasticity while three mechanisms are cited to account for a subsequent drop in melt viscosity, which may or may not attain a steady-state value. These are frictional heational heating of the melt, increasing shear stress as the viscometer reservoir empties, and cain orientation. The relative importance of the mechanisms is examined for various melts and the importance of time effects is discussed in terms of their influence on standard flow evaluations, such as the melt index determination.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060407
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  • 73
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    The strain response of plastics to complex stress histories (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 306-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Whereas the creep behaviour of plastics is conventionally studied by the application of a simple step-function of stress, the stress conditions encountered in service are often much more complicated. The response of a liner viscoelastic material to a complex stess history can be calculated from the step-function response, but this is not so for plastics which are non-liner viscoelastic. The paper considers this from a mainly experimental viewpoint and underlines the general inadequacy of the current continuum echanical approach. The sections on recovery and intermittent stressing are of particular practical importance since it is under these conditions that plastic display particulary useful characteristics.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060406
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  • 74
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    Effect of variables in artificial weathering on the degradation of selected plastics (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 333-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Artificial weathering devices are used extensively by the plastics industry to aid in the prediction of the weatherability of plastic matrials. Correlations between the results of outdoor and artificial weathering, however, are poor for lack of control and understanding of the exposure variables in these devices. This work summarizs some of the results of an experimental program designed to analyze the effects of variables in artificial weathering on the preoperies of selected commercial plastics. In addition to the presentation of data establishing the importance of each of the variables in artificial weathering, a discussion of the significance of these data with regard to the selection of optimum exposure cycles is given. Furthermore, some new approaches are proposed with regard to obtaining inproved correlations between the results of outdoor and artificial exposure. Model calculations based on the proposed approaches yield a surprisingly high degree of correlation between the two types of exposure.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060409
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  • 75
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    Molecular weight distribution and environmental stress cracking of linear polyethylene (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 341-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Molecular weight distributions of both Phillips and Zieglertype high density polyethylenes were determined following fractionation of the polymer samples using a column elution technique. The Wesslau log normal distribution function was used to describe the distributions of the resins investigated. Resistance to environmental stress rupture of speciments cut from compression molded plaques of these samples was measured by the constant tensile loading procedure. Data are presented showing annealed resins with “broad” molecular weight distributions, characterized particularly by a quantity of low molecular weigt material and a high molecular weight “tail,” to have poorer stress crack resistance than samples having a “narrow” molecular weight distribution. Stress crack resistance of specimens quenched from the melt, however, tends to improve for “broad” distribution resins, while decrasing for those polyethylenes having a “narrow” molecualar weigt distribution. Differences in crystal structure are used to explain the physical bassis for these effects.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060410
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  • 76
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    Velocity and pressure profiles for Newtonian creeping flow in regular packed beds of spheres (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical analysis is made of Newtonian creeping flow through dense cubic and simple cubic beds of spheres. Velocity and pressure profiles are obtained in equation form by Galerkin's error-distribution method. The profiles satisfy the conservation equations approximately, and the boundary conditions and symmetry conditions exactly. The calculated friction factors are within 5% of experimental values for both packing arrangements.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120130
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  • 77
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    Electronic Resource
    Equilibrium yield in a liquid phase reactor with high surface-to-volume ratio (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 193-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120134
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  • 78
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    Obtaining precise parameter estimates for nonlinear catalytic rate models (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 5-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is reviewed which allows data points to be chosen in such a fashion that precise estimates of the parameters in nonlinear reaction rate models can be obtained. This method allows each future data point to be selected such that the confidence region of the estimated parameters is smaller with it than with any other possible data point within the region of experimentation. This procedure is applied for Hougen-Watson models with hypothetical experimental data which were generated with the guidance of an example from the current chemical engineering literature. It is found that, for the same number of data points, the parameters in the model can be estimated eighteen times more precisely by using this suggested experimental design than by another commonly used design. Confidence regions are presented for the parameters of the Hougen-Watson models with two types of designs.It is found that the positions of the data points in the well-designed experiments are more sensitive to the functional form of the model than to the current estimates of the magnitudes of the parameter values.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120104
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  • 79
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    Mechanism of dispersed-phase mass transfer in viscous, single-drop extraction systems (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 10-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The theory of solute extraction in viscous single-drop systems is extended to show (1) the dependence of the asymptotic Nusselt number on the Peclet number from NPe = 0, the molecular diffusion limit, to NPe = ∞, the Kronig and Brink limit, and (2) the dependence of the diffusion entry region Nusselt number on the Peclet number and the initial concentration profile.A numerical solution of the diffusion equation, limited to dilute solute concentrations and solute transport by viscous convection and molecular diffusion, is presented from which the nature of the Nusselt number is deduced. The observed oscillatory behavior of the Nusselt number in the diffusion entry region, as NPe → ∞, is given a simple physical interpretation in terms of the circulation period of the drop liquid.The model is based upon the Hadamard stream function which theoretically is limited to creeping flow; however some experimental evidence indicates that flow fields similar to the Hadamard stream function exist at continuous phase Reynolds numbers of the order of ten.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120105
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  • 80
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    Electronic Resource
    Flow and turbulence in a stirred tank (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 35-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Photographic measurements have been made of the mean and fluctuating components of velocity of water in a fully baffled stirred tank. Confirmation of much of the photographic data was obtained with a Kiel impact tube. Eulerian correlation coefficients and also Eulerian scales of turbulence were calculated from the photographic data. The Eulerian scale was of the same order as the blade dimensions, a result consistent with earlier measurements on the turbulence behind grids.Equations have been developed to describe the flow of energy and the conservation of angular momentum in the impeller stream of a stirred tank with a radial flow impeller and vertical baffles. These are simplifications of the Navier-Stokes equations and the energy equation. They relate energy, angular momentum, and pressure to the mean and fluctuating components of velocity in the impeller stream.The equations derived are used with the photographic data on mean and fluctuating velocities to estimate the angular momentum at different radial sections of the tank and to calculate the flow of energy through these sections. The estimates are compared with more accurate values of the total torque and energy determined with a torque table.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120110
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  • 81
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    A two-way capillary viscometer (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 45-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A two-way capillary viscometer for measuring shear rates from 〈0.01 to 〉1,000,000 sec.-1 at pressure drops up to 1,000 lb./sq.in. has been designed. It consists of a capillary tube mounted vertically between two sample reservoirs, of which the lower one is connected to a mercury manometer. The driving force, gas under pressure in a large tank, is connected to the upper reservoir and the manometer, thus allowing the sample to be moved in either direction through the capillary. The special feature of this viscometer is the indirect automatic measurement of bulk velocity of the fluid sample (3 to 20 cc.) in the capillary tube by means of a mercury manometer.The precision of measurement of the velocity is one part in four hundred and can be maintained over the whole range of shear rates by the appropriate choice of the ratio of the diameter of the capillary and manometer tube.Energy losses due to capillary heating and kinetic energy are given in terms of ΔP across the capillary. Couette end effect was found to be 0.3 diam.A study of the rheology of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) in concentration range of ½ to 10½% PAN shows that the non-Newtonian behavior and elasticity of PAN solution increases rapidly with concentration.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120111
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  • 82
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    Momentum, heat, and mass transfer in turbulent non-Newtonian boundary layers (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 69-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The boundary-layer equations and a Blasius type of relationship between f and NRe gen are used to derive expressions for velocity distribution, local boundary-layer thickness, local shear stress, and total drag force for the turbulent boundary-layer flow of a power law non-Newtonian fluid across a flat plate at zero incidence. Relationships are derived for the velocity at the edge of the laminar sublayer and for the thickness of the laminar sublayer.An analogy between heat and momentum transfer is then used to obtain expressions for local and mean values of the heat transfer coefficient in a turbulent thermal boundary layer for power law materials flowing over flat plates. Analogous extensions to mass transfer are indicated.A tentative criterion is suggested for characterizing the transition from laminar to turbulent boundary-layer flow of power law fluids.Relationships combining the effects of a part laminar, part turbulent boundary layer are presented.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120115
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  • 83
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    Effect of ultrasonic waves on mass transfer rates of selected fluids (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 90-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The application of ultrasonic energy to a fluid in a capillary has resulted in greatly increased rates of mass transfer (of the order of 800 to 2,000% above that without insonation) to occur at specific heights in the capillary. Reproducible results with several selected fluids (carbon tetrachloride, acetone, ethanol, and methanol) have shown that these specific heights are always at the half wavelengths of the particular fluid investigated. The mathematical model developed herein predicts that at these half wavelengths, the fluid particle displacement of the ultrasonic wave becomes quite large, exceeds the threshold value necessary for the stability of the surface waves, and causes droplets to be ejected into the vapor above the surface in the form of a fog. The resulting decrease in the diffusional path length of the ejected fluid provides the final mechanism for an increased mass transfer from the capillary tube.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120118
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  • 84
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    A generalized equation for computer calculation of liquid densities (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 95-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A generalized equation explicitly relating reduced density to reduced temperature and reduced pressure has been developed for calculating liquid densities of pure compounds on a digital computer. The analytical formulation is based mainly on a modified corresponding states principle and the graphical correlation of Lydersen, Greenkorn, and Hougen. The calculated densities from the equation reproduce the literature data within 2% for sixty-two saturated liquids and nineteen compressed liquids.With the aid of a pseudocritical method and a generalized equation of vapor pressure, the same equation is readily applied to the estimation of liquid mixture densities. The method of Prausnitz and Gunn is chosen for the evaluation of pseudocritical constants. For fifteen binary systems, one ternary system, and one quinary system, the one hundred fifty-nine calculated densities agree with the literature data to within 3%. This method is limited to pseudoreduced temperatures less than 1.0.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120119
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  • 85
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    Forced convection mass transfer: Part III. Increased mass transfer from a flat plate caused by the wake from cylinders located near the edge of the boundary layer (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 124-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enhanced rates of mass transfer in the wake region behind detached cylindrical turbulence promoters were investigated with the use of the naphthalene sublimation technique. The maximum increase in the average rate of mass transfer through laminar boundary layers was over 170%. The remarkable feature of these results was that the enhanced rates of mass trasfer persisted for over one hundred and thirty cylinder diameters downstream from the cylinder generating the wake. The observed effect was not only strongly dependent on the free stream velocity and the location of the cylinders relative to the mass transfer surface, but there were marked differences observed between the rate of mass transfer in the wake region behind one and behind two cylinders. These results resemble a “tuning phenomenon” and are believed to be due to Tollmein-Schlichting instabilities and premature transition.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120124
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  • 86
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    Electronic Resource
    The time-optimal control of discrete-time linear systems with bounded controls (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 143-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The discrete-time, time-optimal control of high-order, linear systems with bounded controls is formulated as a problem in linear programming. The solution obtained requires a certain minimum number of controls to be on their bounds. Numerical results are obtained for a system with controls bounded on one and both sides and extensions indicated for state variable constraints. The method proves to be extremely fast and simple to solve on a high-speed digital computer.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120127
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  • 87
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enthalpy determinations on the helium-nitrogen system (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 137-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental isobaric heat capacity and differential latent heat measurements have been made on the helium-nitrogen system. Compositions studied were nominal 5, 25, 50, and 100% helium in nitrogen over the range 0 to 2,000 lb./sq.in.abs. and -250° to 50°F.These data, combined with the previously reported work on nitrogen and the Joule-Thomson coefficients of Roebuck, are used to construct the complete pressure-enthalpy-composition network over the investigated limits of pressure and temperature.The enthalpies obtained from experimental heat capacity and Joule-Thomson data are compared with enthalpies computed from PVT data. The changes of phase determined by differential latent heat measurements are compared with literature vapor-liquid equilibrium data.This information is used to prepare pressure-enthalpy diagrams for all the mixtures investigated. A three-dimensional representation of the data on a pressure-enthalpy-composition diagram is presented. Constructions are outlined from which heats of mixing and partial molal enthalpies can be obtained.The thermodynamic network developed is believed accurate within 1% and should be of use to those concerned with low-temperature separation of helium from nitrogen.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120126
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  • 88
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A computational model for the structure of porous materials employed in catalysis (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 180-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A computational model for the structure of porous materials such as those employed in catalysis is proposed. The void volume within the solid is considered to be composed of two major arrays of pores, centrally convergent and centrally divergent, respectively, interconnected at specified intervals within the arrays. The exact shape of these arrays is determined uniquely from the volume-area distribution of the porous structure.The model is applied to computation of counterdiffusional flux through a porous solid as measured in a Wicke-Kallenbach experiment. The effects of dead end pores and of mixing on the results are discussed, and comparison with experimental data reported for a particularly well-defined system is given.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120132
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The stability of Couette flow between rotating cylinders in the presence of a radial temperature gradient (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 104-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of viscosity and density variations due to an imposed radial temperature gradient on the stability of Couette flow between rotating cylinders are investigated. The annular spacing between the cylinders is assumed to be small compared with the mean radius. The fluids considered are water and 50% aqueous glycerol. Free convection due to gravity is not considered.Approximate solutions to the stability equations are obtained by the Galerkin method. Computations are restricted to the case where the outer cylinder is at rest. For the cases studied, the effects of radial convection were found to be small but the effects of the temperature dependence of viscosity were appreciable. The critical Taylor number based on the mean temperature viscosity was found to decrease as the viscosity variation became more pronounced and as the Prandtl number increased.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120121
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sinusoidal flow simulation with pulses (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 203-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120138
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Advances in chemical engineering, Thomas B. Drew, John W. Hoopes, Jr., and Theodore Vermeulen, Editors, Giles R. Cokelet, Assistant Editor. Academic Press, New York and London (1964). Volume 5. 317 pp, $14.00 (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 204-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120139
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liquid-liquid phase behavior of binary solutions at elevated pressures (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 466-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Isothermal pressure elevation can sometimes cause liquid-liquid phase separation of binary liquid mixtures. A quantitative thermodynamic analysis of this effect is made and applied to the system acetone-carbon disulfide at 0°C. with the use of available P-V-T-X data and vapor pressure data at low pressure. Visual observations of the phase separations at pressures up to 80,000 lb./sq.in. were used to compare with the results of the thermodynamic analysis.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120314
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The P-V-X behavior of the liquid system acetone-carbon disulfide at elevated pressures (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 460-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The change in volume on mixing for a system showing large positive deviations from ideality is examined at one temperature to pressures of 100,000 lb./sq.in. Original atmospheric pressure density data and compression measurements over the entire mole fraction range for this system, acetone-carbon disulfide, are reported at 0°C. These are correlated with the semiempirical Tait equation to yield change in volume on mixing as a function of mole fraction and pressure.This volume change is found to decrease from the maximum of 1 cc./mole at atmospheric pressure to about 0.4 cc./mole at 100,000 lb./sq.in. The maximum also shifts during this pressure increase from 0.53 mole fraction acetone to 0.74.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120313
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An equation of state for gas mixtures (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 488-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A pressure-volume-temperature equation for mixtures of two or more gases has been developed using the “reference substance” technique of comparing the properties of one substance with those of a standard under the same conditions.The compressibility factor is a function of temperature and pressure, with the variation from one substance to another being determined by the forces of attraction and repulsion between molecules. Thus, if the Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential function is used to describe the molecular interaction, the change in the compressiblity function reflects the different force constants, which in turn are functions of the critical constants.A mixture of gases is assumed to have the same thermodynamic properties as some hypothetical or pseudo gas which would have the same force constants existing between each pair of molecules in the mixture. The force constants of the pseudo gas may be evaluated from pseudo critical constants, which may be evaluated from the critical constants of individual components of the mixture.With the resultant force constants, there can be calculated the ratio of the compressibility factors of the gas mixture to those of a pure gas, nitrogen, taken as a reference substance, all values taken at the same reduced temperature and pressure. The compressibility factor of the mixture may be calculated from this ratio and the compressibility factor of the reference substance; and the PVT relations are immediately determinable.A comprehensive survey of the literature for PVT data of gas mixtures was made. More than 1,000 experimental values of PVT data for thirty-four binary systems and four ternary systems have been studied. The proposed method showed an average deviation from experimental data, representing all published work, of 2.3%.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120318
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic characteristics of perforated distillation plates operating at low loads (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 232-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Analysis of the equations describing the instantaneous vapor and liquid flow through the holes of perforated distillation plates at low loads shows that periodic and stable pressure oscillations will always be set up between plates. These oscillations are expected to have amplitudes of the order of 0.1 in. of water and frequencies of a few cycles per second, values which are in accord with observation and which may be used as the basis for a model from which the seal point of the plates may be predicted.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120206
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Why thermodynamics is a logical consequence of information theory (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 244-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An observation of the properties of bulk matter necessarily omits many details of the motion of the particles which comprise that matter. If a communication regarding the observation is to be consistent, it must conform to certain rules which follow from the theory of information. An analysis of the problem of deciding upon a consistent encoding for such observations leads, as a unique result, to the concepts and equations of classical thermodynamics. The information-theory analysis of this problem also leads to a better understanding of the basis for the “laws” of thermodynamics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120208
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface motion and gas absorption (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 249-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of small surface waves on mass transfer from pure gases into water has been investigated. Small amplitude progressive two-dimensional waves were mechanically generated at the liquid surface for the wave studies. Control experiments with nonwaved surfaces were also conducted. An effective diffusivity was used to correlate the data. Marked increases in mass transfer over that predicted by molecular diffusion for the no-wave control runs are attributed to natural convection motions, and are probably caused by density and surface tension variations.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120209
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous axial dispersion and adsorption in a packed bed (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 271-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study has been made of simultaneous axial dispersion and solid-fluid mass exchange in a packed-bed adsorber. Four different and mutually exclusive controlling mechanisms for the solid-fluid mass exchange rate are considered. A dimensionless parameter K characterizes this interphase mass transfer. The Peclet number characterizes axial dispersion.An impulse-response technique was used to obtain simultaneously values of the axial Peclet number and the rate parameter K in the adsorption column. Values of the Peclet number obtained under conditions of interphase mass transfer were found to be significantly smaller than the values measured under pure mixing (no surface activity) conditions.The mathematical model used to analyze the results includes the particular case of no surface activity with results previously found from the dispersion model. One result not previously derived from the dispersion model was found and tested experimentally.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120213
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analytical study of laminar counterflow double-pipe heat exchangers (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 279-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An orthogonal expansion technique for solving a new class of counterflow heat transfer problems is developed and applied to the detailed study of laminar flow concentric tube heat exchangers. The exchanger problem is solved for fully developed laminar velocity profiles, negligible longitudinal conduction in the fluid streams and in the exchanger walls, and with fluid properties which are independent of the temperature.A description of the variation of the local Nusselt numbers and the temperature at the wall between the two streams is given. Also reported are bulk temperature changes in the two streams and mean overall Nusselt numbers. It is shown that for long exchangers, which are of some industrial importance, asymptotic Nusselt numbers exist in counterflow as in single-phase and cocurrent systems. Numerical values of asymptotic Nusselt numbers are reported for a wide range of parameters. Comparisons are made with single-stream solutions such as the Graetz problem, with empirical correlations of experimental data, and with cocurrent flow exchangers.To solve this problem it was necessary to derive new orthogonality relations, and also expressions for determining positive and negative sets of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Satisfaction of inlet boundary conditions at both ends of counterflow exchangers requires a complete set of eigenfunctions and thus one must use both the positive and negative sets.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120214
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The dehydrogenation of isopropanol on catalysts prepared by sodium borohydride reduction (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 313-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nickel catalysts reduced with sodium borohydride have been found to be active for the liquid phase dehydrogenation of isopropanol. The activity, per unit weight of catalyst, is at least as high as that of Raney nickel. Promotion of the new catalyts with small amounts of chromium has been explained by an increase in surface area. Indeed, the activity per unit surface area of the unpromoted and promoted nickel catalysts is constant over a sevenfold range of surface area.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120220
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