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  • 1985-1989
  • 1965-1969  (1,474)
  • 1966  (1,474)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (1,470)
  • Cat  (4)
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling
Material
Years
  • 1985-1989
  • 1965-1969  (1,474)
Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 981-991 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The factors which can influence the availability of functional groups in polymers are considered. In particular, the importance of hydroxyl groups in the formation and Film-forming reactions of alkyd resins is discussed, and evidence is presented to suggest that the number of hydroxyl groups available for chemical reaction is not necessarily equivalent to the theoretical value. Factors which influence the availability of the hydroxyl groups are considered, and some of the properties of the alkyd are related to the available hydroxyl content.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 75-80 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Relaxation times of polyethylene melts have been measured by Aloisio, Matsuoka, and Maxwell. One implication regarding their observations is that the elastic properties of polymer melts must be time-dependent. In particular, the steady-flow shear modulus depends on the strain rate. Some interpretations of data in the literature have been based on concepts in rubber elasticity where the steady-flow modulus is an equilibrium value, independent of strain rate. We have used Pao's theory for viscoelastic flow together with measurements of relaxation times to discuss the strain rate dependence of the steady-flow shear modulus of melts. The existence of a strain rate-dependent shear modulus leads naturally to a nonlinear relation between shear stress and recoverable shear strain. The conclusions regarding the molecular weight dependence of the modulus also differ from interpretations based on rubber elasticity.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 97-103 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: By the use of simple models of filled plastics, approximate equations are derived for the elongation to break in the case of perfect adhesion between the phases and for the tensile strength in the case of no adhesion between the polymer and filler phases. By combining these equations with equations for the modulus (assuming Hookean behavior) all the stress-strain properties can be derived, including rough estimates of the impact strength, as a function of filler concentration. Among other things, the theory predicts a very rapid decrease in elongation to break as filler concentration increases, especially for the case of good adhesion. It is also predicted for the case of good adhesion that the tensile strength of a filled polymer can be greater than that of an unfilled polymer.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 127-141 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyethylene and polypropylene films were irradiated by γ-irradiation from a Co60 source in butadiene gas flow and in liquid butaidne. Irradiating in the butadiene gas flow is particularly convenient because the gas state monomer is available directly and little homopolymer is produced. In this case, there is a retardative effect on the grafting near the surface of the film and the grafting rate shows the maximum values at 50-60°C. for high-density PE (PEH) and PP. Irradiating in the liquid butadiene decreases the retardative effect near the surface. The effect of dose rate I on the grafting rate Rp is represented by Rp ∞ I1/4 in this case. The grafting rate is always higher in PEH than in low-density PE (PEL). Results of x-ray diffractometry and electron microscopy indicate that the grafting reaction occurs predominantly near the surface of the crystallite (lamella) of PE and the grafting rate is not affected by the overall crystallinity of the trunk polymer but by the configurational structure, such as the degree of branching or side-chain length.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 113-125 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An attempt was made to evaluate the apparent elastic constant of a two-phase system G from those of the components of the system. The modulus G is expressed as follows: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ G = G_1 \frac{{\left( {7 - 5v_1 } \right)G_1 + \left( {8 - 10v_1 } \right)G_2 - \left( {7 - 5v_1 } \right)\left( {G_1 - G_2 } \right)v}}{{\left( {7 - 5v_1 } \right)G_1 + \left( {8 - 10v_1 } \right)G_2 + \left( {8 - 10v_1 } \right)\left( {G_1 - G_2 } \right)v}} $\end{document} where G1 and G2 are the shear moduli of the suspending medium and the suspended particles, respectively, v1 is the Poisson ratio of the medium, and v is the volume fraction of the particles. The results for modulus were extended to dynamic viscoelasticity by the corresponding principle. Experimental verifications with dynamic viscoelasticity data were conducted for the system of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer interpolymerized with polybutadiene particles. For shear viscosity comparisons with experiment were made for the system linear polyethylene-polybutene-1.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 106
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 171-183 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of solubilization of latex polymers was investigated in various anionic surfactant solutions. The process of solubilization was studied by measuring the increase in light transmission and viscosity of the latexes. It was found that anionic surfactants differ widely in their ability to solubilize a given polymer, and susceptibility to solubilization is significantly affected by comonomer content of the polymer. If, for example, a poly(vinyl acetate) latex is stabilized exclusivdly by a strongly solubilizing sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, it is less stable and hydrolyzes faster than a similar latex made with a polyoxyethylene derivative, which has only a slight solubilizing action. Dibutyl mateate copolymers of vinyl acetate are less susceptible to solubilization than hompolymers of vinyl acetate.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 107
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis have been employed to study the thermal degradation patterns of poly-m-aminostyrenes and poly-m-acetamidostyrenes of different molecular weights and also the corresponding 2:1 copolymers with styrene. The thermal degradation routes have also been compared and contrasted with that of polystyrene. Experiments have been carried out in static air and dynamic nitrogen, and the different behavior exhibited by these polymers has been reconciled in terms of their differing structures and different mechanisms for pyrolytic degradation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 108
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1351-1371 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fracture toughness of epoxy used in the bulk and adhesive form was measured by a previously developed technique. The uniform double cantilever-beam specimen, which was described earlier, was modified to a tapered beam, which simplified the experimental procedure and calculations for obtaining toughness measurements. by varying the ratio of hardener to resin and post-cure temperature on a single epoxy system (DER 332-TEPA), it was found that the toughness of the epoxy used in either bulk or bond form varied by a factor of approximately five. A particular combination of composition and post-curing temperature generally yielded higher toughness in the bulk than in the bond form. This was not always the case, however. At high post-cure temperatures, where the bonds were very tough, their toughness exceeded that of the bulk material. Hence, it does not appear possible to predict joint toughness from bulk toughness measurements. The toughness of joints was found to be a single-valued function of tensile modulus. For the bulk material, on the other hand, the toughness obtained on the epoxy having a specific modulus depended on the combination of composition and post-cure temperature. Joint toughness for any combination of composition and post-cure temperature depended only on the cracking rate. If the epoxy was the type that caused cracks to jump rapidly, the epoxy was tough and vice versa. For a particular epoxy system, toughness was increased by driving the crack at an increasing rate.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 109
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The setting of textiles made from cellulosic materials can be done with swelling and deswelling processes. Standard cotton fibers, purified by extraction, have been set in sodium hydroxide solutions with and without additions of thiocyanate salts. Treatments have also been done in zinc chloride and calcium thiocyanate and in a solution of potassium hydroxide in a mixture of butanol and kerosene. After rinsing and drying of the cotton samples, KBr pellets for infrared investigations were produced. Deuteration of the fiber sample for investigation was made in a special apparatus. Single and differential infrared diagrams have been run with and without previous deuteration of the set cotton samples. The infrared maximum of absorption of the OH band changes as a result of the setting treatment. The infrared diagrams show that the setting treatment in alkaline solution gives a broadening of the OH band towards higher and lower wavelengths, which indicates a transfer of the hydrogen bonding energy both to higher and lower energies. The diagrams from the deuterated samples indicate that the strong hydrogen bonds resulting from the setting treatment are partly resistant to deuteration. The results are discussed on the basis of setting and setting reactions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 110
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 343-351 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fatigue failure of natural rubber vulcanizates undergoing repeated low tensile deformations has been investigated. It is found that below a critical deformation the life is greatly influenced by the ozone concentration in the test atmosphere. This result was anticipated theoretically from previous studies of cut growth behavior, and the theory enables the combined effects of the two cut growth mechanisms - mechanicooxidative rupture and ozone scission - to be taken into account in predicting fatigue life.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 111
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Young's modulus and the mechanical damping factor have been determined between -180 and +280°C. (at a frequency of several kilocycles), in samples of isotactic polypropylene, isotactic polystyrene, and trans-1,4-polybutadiene, subjected to pile irradiation (γ-rays and neutrons) at γ-doses from 90 to 4000 Mrad. In isotactic polypropylene no important structural changes are produced by the irradiation, except for a partial destruction of crystallinity. The samples receiving high radiation doses exhibit a low temperature loss region, which is attributed to the formation of a certain number of branches. Isotactic polystyrene shows very slight modifications of the dynamic mechanical properties at room temperature. At low temperature an increase of intensity of the δ relaxation phenomenon (probably due to oscillations of phenyl rings) with increasing radiation dose is observed. Important structural modifications produced by the radiation, destruction of crystallinity accompanied by crosslinking, which transform the material into a crosslinked rubber, are observed in trans-1,4-polybutadiene. Unlike conventional (sulfur) vulcanization, crosslinking by radiation does not cause a marked shift of the glass transition point. A secondary low-temperature relaxation effect, not existing in the unirradiated material, appears in the mechanical loss curves of the irradiated samples; it is attributed to the formation of —CH2—sequences in the main chains through saturation of C=C bonds. The mechanical spectrum of irradiated polybutadiene is very similar to those shown by crosslinked ethylene-butadiene copolymers.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 112
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1573-1589 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Capillary rheometry is used to characterize the thermal stability of poly(vinyl chloride). By isothermally extruding the polymer melt at constant shear rate, apparent viscosity-time relationships are obtained having three distinct regions: (1) obtainment of equilibrium viscosity, (2) constant viscosity, and (3) rapidly changing viscosity. During regions 2 and 3 the polymer extrudate gradually changes in color from water clear to black. These characteristic regions are related to the temperature of extrusion by Arrhenius plots. An activation energy of 40 kcal./g.-mole was calculated for the decomposition of PVC. Infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and intrinsic viscosity experiments are used to corroborate the results of the melt flow data.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 113
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1637-1645 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Very different concentration dependences of the viscosity of polymer solutions are predicted by the free volume treatments of Fujita and Kishimoto and of Kelly and Bueche. This latter is conveniently extended, and it is shown that it can describe a given set of experimental data over a concentration range much larger than the Fujita-Kishimoto equations.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 114
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 673-680 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic mechanical properties of titanium dioxide-filled poly(vinyl acetate) have been studied at filler concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt.-% TiO2 by using a torsional pendulum. The damping factor was found to increase with higher temperatures. At 40°C., the damping factors for the different TiO2 concentrations were estimated to be the same. Damping factors above 40°C. were difficult to obtain due to the rubbery nature of the TiO2-poly(vinyl acetate) systems. From 24 to 35°C., 10 wt.-% TiO2-poly(vinyl acetate) was closer in damping factor increase to unfilled poly(vinyl acetate) than to the higher TiO2-content polymers. At all temperatures, damping factors decreased with higher TiO2 concentration. As the temperature decreased to 0°C., damping factors for the filled systems approached a common value. Potential energy of filled systems as indicated by shear modulus values is increased by higher TiO2 concentrations and lower temperature. Kinetic energy for the filled systems, as shown by the out-of-phase modulus, is actually increased by larger filler concentration and higher temperature. A model is proposed where introduction of TiO2 filler acts to increase general long-range polymer chain stiffening and at the same time enables short-range chain mobility to rise, possibly through greater side-chain motion.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 115
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 745-751 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ultrasonic longitudinal wave velocities in layered materials were measured as a function of the lamination angle at several temperatures. It was found that the longitudinal wave velocity versus lamination angle curve maintains the same shape (for a given material) for temperatures between 25 and 125°C. Furthermore, it was found that the wave velocity versus lamination angle curve can be predicted to within 2% by a theoretical equation involving only the lamination angle, & thetas; (taken as the angle between the grain of the sample and the direction of sound propagation); c (0°), the measured wave velocity at an angle of 0°; and c (90°) the measured wave velocity at an angle of 90°. Finally, it was found that the longitudinal wave velocity of certain materials varies as much as 25% between lamination angles of 0° and 90°, while other materials show less variation, and some none at all.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 116
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 767-771 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that some results of recent publications (of Longworth and Piesky and of Bartoš) can be treated as particular consequences of the principle of universality of temperature-independent viscosity characteristics of polymer melts, earlier found by these authors. This concerns the method of determination of molecular weight by means of melt index measuring and supposition that the definite value of apparent viscosity to initial Newtonian viscosity ratio can be considered to be a criterion of elastic turbulent flow emerging.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 117
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 787-793 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The tensile strengths of plastics with drilled holes can be analyzed by treating the hole as a nucleus in flaw generation. The analysis is accurate for hole diameters less than the inherent flaw size. Above this value the tensile strengths define a single curve when plotted on a reduced variable scale. Using the analysis in its linear range facilitates evaluation of the Griffith parameters. From such an application it was found that plasticizers markedly reduce the values of the Griffith parameters while affecting tensile strengths only slightly. Temperature has a similar effect.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 118
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 859-864 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A linear polymer with a high melting point is obtained from the water-formaldehyde-hydrogen sulfide system in the presence of sulfuric acid. This polymer is substantially formed by a polythiomethylene chain with a few oxymethylene units. Its formation involves a topochemical reaction of the mercaptomethanol present in solution on the first separation solid of the system. On heating, the polymer loses oxymethylene units; in the same way, the first solid product separated from the system loses formaldehyde and undergoes a morphological and chemical transformation to polythiomethylene.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 119
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 955-959 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Many polymers can be obtained in powder form by precipitation from dilute solutions under well-defined conditions. For this purpose the precipitant is first added gradually until a permanent cloudiness is reached. At this point a large excess of precipitant is suddenly poured into the solution. Many examples are given. Very fine powders have also been obtained from gummy or rubberlike polymers by carrying out the precipitation at a temperature below the glass transition point of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 120
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1033-1040 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method is presented for the estimation of kinetic parameters during polymer degradation from two DTA traces. By this method, changes in mechanism with conversion may be detected. The method is applied to polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon). The agreement between observed and reported values of kinetic parameters is good. Advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The adsorption of sodium dodecyl sulfate on polystyrene-styrene interfaces has been studied. Polystyrene interfaces of 20 and 60% were considered. Initial surfactant concentrations used in the study were 0.0004, 0.0008, and 0.004 mole/l. Two temperature levels, 25 and 75°C., were studied. Results showed no effect of initial surfactant concentration for a 20% interface at 25°C. However, the data for the 60% interface at 25°C. showed an effect of initial surfactant concentration. The apparent anomaly in the results regarding effect of initial surfactant concentration was explained in terms of the behavior of polystyrene-styrene as a mixed absorbent and the work of Harkins and co-workers, which showed that surfactant adsorption was a function of initial surfactant concentration over certain concentration ranges. Rate of surfactant adsorption appeared to be a function of surfactant adsorption raised to a power. The order of the adsorption appeared to be first-order for the 20% interface and second-order for the 60% interface.
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  • 122
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1133-1136 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The complex Poisson's ratio of a urethane rubber compound was determined for frequencies up to 700 cps. It is shown that the assumption made by earlier workers using this material, that Poisson's ratio is a numerical constant slightly less than 1/2, while approximately correct at low (creep) frequencies is definitely invalid in certain more elevated frequency bands.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 123
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 259-272 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In order to study structure-tissue reactivity relationships and ultimately develop a less necrotizing adhesive, this laboratory undertook a study of the synthesis and degradation of the homologous series of α-cyanoacrylate monomers and polymers. A method for synthesizing high purity cyanoacrylates and some of their chemical and physical properties and presented. In vitro kinetics studies under heterotgeneous and homogeneous conditions indicate that cyanoacrylate polymers degrade by hydrolytic scission of the polymer chain. The products resulting from such a scission are formaldehyde (positively identified by derivative formation) and ultimately and alkyl cyanoacetate. As the homologous series is ascended, the rate of degradation under neutral conditions decreases. In homogeneous solutions, under alkaline conditions, the ràte of degradation is considerably higher than under neutral conditions and the rates obtained with the methyl to the butyl derivative are of the same order. Aproposed mechanism of degradation is presented. Medical evaluation has indicated that as the homologous series is ascended, the greater the tissue tolerance to the monomers and polymers. The relevance of the results of the in vitro studies to this medical finding is presented.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 124
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Rayon-styrene graft copolymers were prepared by the direct radiation method, with the use of the preswelling technique, by irradiation with γ-rays from 60Co. The grafting was carried out in bulk styrene and in styrene-solvent mixtures, such as styrene-methanol and styrene-acetone, to study their effect on the graft copolymerization reaction and the structure of the resulting graft copolymer. The effects of carbon tetrachloride, a chain-transfer agent, was also investigated. Three different types of rayon yarn were used; Fortisan, a modifier-type high wet-modulus rayon, and a high-tenacity tire yarn, in order to study the effect of rayon microstructure on the grafting reaction. The molecular structure of the rayon-styrene graft copolymers was studied by hydrolyzing away the cellulose backbone and measuring the molecular weights of the grafted polystyrene branches. For grafting in bulk styrene, the molecular weights of the grafted polystyrene ranged from 400,000 to 1,000,000, while those of the polystyrene homopolymer formed in the outside solution were of the order of 30,000-50,000. The molecular weights of the grafted polystyrene branches tended to increase with per cent grafting in the graft copolymer. For grafting in styrene-methanol and styrene-acetone mixtures, the molecular weights of the polystyrene branches decreased with increasing solvent content. The addition of carbon tetrachloride to bulk styrene resulted in a sharp decrease in the molecular weights of the grafted branches. The grafting frequency or number of polystyrene branches per cellulose chain was calculated from the per cent grafting and the molecular weights of the polystyrene branches. The morphology of the rayon-styrene graft copolymers and some of their physical properties are discussed.
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  • 125
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 375-385 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An integral equation taking account of the limited resolution of the chromatographic columns is given to relate the gel permeation chromatogram and the true molecular weight distribution function. Three approaches to solve the integral equation are described. The first approach provides a special solution for the log-normal molecular weight distribution function; the other two approaches give two numerical solutions for general distribution functions. The use of these solutions in the treatment of gel permeation chromatography data is discussed.
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  • 126
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: New methods for the treatment of cotton with acrylamide have been studied which permit the preparation of modified fabrics with relatively high degrees of carboxyethyl substitution. Wet treatment with acrylamide and sodium hydroxide can be used to produce cottons bearing both carboxyethyl and carbamoylethyl ether substituents. Adjustment of reaction conditions controls the amount and ratio of these substituents. The effects of varying the concentrations of the reactants, the time and the temperature of reaction, and the solvent media employed have been determined. Some elucidation of the chemical mechanisms is provided. Previous work has shown that dry heat treatments of cotton impregnated with acrylamide and alkali can be used to produce high carbamoylethyl substitutions with little or no carboxyethyl substitution. The present work provides an extension of the cotton-acrylamide treatment whereby fabrics can be produced with only carboxyethyl or carbamoylethyl groups, or with mixtures of the two.
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  • 127
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 429-435 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyacrylonitrile sheet cast by a novel method described in Part I is clear, colorless, chemically resistant, brittle, and rather weak. It undergoes irreversible thermal changes above about 80°C., but if heated quickly, it can be oriented to give greater strength parallel to the direction of orientation. Some improvement in strength can be achieved by the use of fibrous fillers. Certain copolymers are stronger than the homopolymer but have lower softening temperatures.
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  • 128
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1483-1498 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric constant and loss of poly(vinyl alcohol) films of different stereoregularity and crystallinity are measured at frequencies from 30 cps to 3 Mcps in the temperature range from -50 to 25°C. The relaxation strength of local mode relaxation is higher for atactic and syndiotactic samples than for isotactic samples when compared at zero crystallinity. This behavior is reasonably explained in terms of interchain hydrogen bonds in the former and intrachain hydrogen bonds in the latter. Dielectric constant and loss of the crystal aggregate of atactic poly(vinyl alcohol) are measured at temperatures from -50 to 140°C. The relaxation strength of the crystalline relaxation is in good agreement with the theory in which the relaxation is attributed to torsional vibration of crystalline chains. The weak loss peak at low temperatures which almost agrees with the local mode relaxation of bulk samples in the frequency-temperature position is ascribed to the surface disorder of single crystals.
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  • 129
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1535-1541 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Directional dependence of the PMR-narrow-band in oriented fibers of nylon 66, poly(vinyl alcohol), and cotton has been investigated to study the orientation of hydrogen bonds in the unit cell. Filaments of oriented fibers were conditioned to 75% relative humidity, then aligned together axially and packed in a teflon tube. The teflon tube was suspended in the NMR probe in such a manner that the fiber axis was horizontal and could be rotated to a desired angle with respect to the magnetic field. Variation of the narrow-band line width as a function of the angle between the fiber axis and the magnetic field-direction shows a minimum at 0° orientation for nylon 66 and PVA, but in the case of cotton it shows a minimum at about 80° orientation. This indicates that in the case of nylon 66 and PVA, hydrogen bonds are oriented nearly prependicular to the chain axis. This would suggest that nylon 66 and PVA have interchain hydrogen bonding, but the hydrogen bonds contributing to directional dependence, in the case of cotton fiber, are intrachain. The interchain hydrogen bonds between the lateral chains, if they exist, must be random and, therefore, do not contribute to directional dependence. The interchain H bonds between central and corner chains are probably oriented in such a way that the horizontal component of p-p vectors have nearly the same orientation in the unit cell as the p-p vectors of the intrachain hydrogen bonds.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 130
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1673-1685 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and specific heat per unit volume were measured for the following polymers: poly(ethylene terephthalate), polytetrafluoroethylene, polycarbonate, polypropylene, and three poly(vinyl chloride) samples plasticized to different levels. First- and second-order transitions can be identified and located by the following features in the thermal property-temperature curves: discontinuities, sharp inflections, broad inflections, sharp maxima, broad maxima, and change in linear slope. The results for poly(vinyl chloride) indicate the possibility of the use of plasticizer to control the thermal insulation properties of polymers, both for steady-state and unsteady-state conduction.
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  • 131
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As one in a series of studies relating the rheological behavior of mechanical mixtures of two polymer components to the degree of mixing, the tensile stress relaxation behavior of a graft copolymer of poly(vinyl acetate) with styrene, obtained by 60Co γ-irradiation of poly(vinyl acetate) in styrene solution and extraction of homopolymers, was investigated as a function of the fraction of styrene component and compared with that of a mechanical mixture of poly(vinyl acetate) with polystyrene, one of the typical combinations of incompatible components. The results obtained may classify the graft copolymer as a sort of mechanical mixture giving stable mixing even for incompatible components.
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  • 132
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1557-1572 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The abrasion characteristics of low-twist polypropylene multi-filament yarns free of surface lubricants were determined by rubbing the yarns against each other by using a reciprocating action device at a frequency of 60 cycles/min. It was found that the abrasion behavior of the yarns varies over a wide range and is related to such fundamental properties as the polymer and fiber molecular weight, undrawn fiber orientation and crystalline structure, drawn fiber properties, and elevated temperature post-treatment. It was also found that presence of surface lubricants could increase the number of abrasion cycles to failure by as much as a factor of 20, depending upon the particular lubricant employed. The mechanism of the process of fiber failure resulting from abrasion damage was examined and appears to be one in which the fiber rupture is preceded by a tearing and peeling back of fiber surface fragements probably initiated at flaws in the fiber surface.
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  • 133
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1612-1614 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 134
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1647-1655 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The breaking times of two crosslinked epoxy polymers under constant stresses were found to decrease at high temperature and humidity. The effect of humidity is, in terms of Bueche's theory, to increase the jump frequency of the polymer segments and to reduce the number of polymer units in cooperative motion in a jump process. When two epoxy polymers with different segment mobilities are compared at a given temperature, the stress-breaking time relationship shifts toward longer times for the polymer with the higher transition temperature. The relation is also applicable in the presence of absorbed water molecules.
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  • 135
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1625-1635 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A technique has been developed which provides a means for estimating polypropylene fractionation conditions in an elution column from a knowledge of the fractionation conditions used to fractionate linear polyethylene in the column and the solution behavior of both polymers in the same solvent-nonsolvent system of varying compositions. The fusion behavior of linear polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene in mixtures of o-di-chlorobenzene and dimethyl phthalate of varying compositions has been studied by a differential thermal analysis (DTA) technique using concentrations similar to those in an elution fractionation column. The column temperature for fractionating each of these polymers by using o-dichlorobenzene and dimethyl phthalate as the solvent and nonsolvent, respectively, was determined from their melting temperatures in dimethyl phthalate. On the basis of the equivalence of the fractional depression in solution temperature of each polymer in the binary liquid mixture, the composition range of solvent-nonsolvent mixtures to be used in fractionating polypropylene was estimated from a knowledge of the polyethylene fractionation conditions together with the DTA data. Although separation depends primarily on molecular weight, the equivalence in fractional solution temperature depression provides a convenient means of correlating fractionation conditions for the polyolefins investigated.
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  • 136
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1687-1698 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Membranes prepared from 5% Parlodion solution have been characterized. These and other membranes prepared from 0.38, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0% Parlodion solutions and already characterized, have been used severally to estimate the number of anionic sites present in them by two different methods. The potentiometric method, which is indirect, gave values of X̄P which were higher than X̄T, the values obtained by a direct isotopic method. The order was reversed for well-characterized ion-exchange membranes. These discrepancies were attributed to the shortcomings of the Teorell, Meyer, and Sievers theory of membrane potentials from which the potentiometric method was derived.
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  • 137
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1787-1792 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Rates of oxidation in oxygen at 140°C. of natural rubber gum vulcanizates containing PBNA as inhibitor have been compared. They are a function of sulfur combined with the rubber, and only slightly affected by curing system for sulfur alone, TMTD sulfurless, and very high-efficiency sulfenamide plus dithiocarbamate-accelerated compositions. Addition of diphenylguanidine to simple sulfur vulcanizates causes much faster oxidation. No conclusions about oxidation mechanism can be drawn from rates of oxidation alone.
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  • 138
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1777-1786 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method for assessing extent of swelling of the gel fraction of formaldehyde-modified cottons, employing cupriethylenediamine hydroxide as the swelling agent, is described. Substantial differences in apparent specific volumes of swollen gel fractions are observed for cottons crosslinked by different processes to the same level of agent. The apparent crosslink density measured by the swelling of gel fraction increases with formaldehyde content of the cotton; at 0.20% formaldehyde the order of increasing crosslink density in the various processes of reaction is as follows: nonaqueous system (forms D and D′) 〈 aqueous system (forms W and W′) 〈swelling system (form F) 〈 vapor system (form V) 〈 bake-cure system (form C).
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 139
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1831-1836 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Stress relaxation experiments were carried out in a dry nitrogen atmosphere on polydimethylsiloxane and an ethylene-propylene terpolymer. Relaxation times much longer than expected were observed, and plots of In f(t)/f(0) versus time were linear in all cases.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 140
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1845-1862 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Some Physical, chemical, and solution properties of polyethylene prepared by emulsion polymerization are described and compared with those of conventional high-pressure polymer. The emulsion polymers contain an unusually large amount of low molecular weight material for the solution viscosities they exhibit. It is this low molecular weight material that contributes to the characteristic low elongation of the emulsion polymer, as well as to its wide distribution of molecular weights. The effect of changes in recipe and in conditions of polymerization on these properties is discussed. It is shown that some of the emulsifier present during polymerization becomes part of the polymer chain.
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  • 141
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1929-1935 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An artifact observed in point projection microradiographs of polymeric fiber and filaments obtained with 8-A. x-rays is recorded and described. The phenomenon has been related to fiber-beam geometry and the high reflection efficiency of soft x-rays for these materials.
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  • 142
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 347-347 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 143
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 264-264 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 144
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 639-639 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 145
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 425-425 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 146
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 429-445 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 147
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  • 148
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 149
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 150
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 151
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 641-641 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 152
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 643-643 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 153
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 643-643 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 154
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 648-648 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 155
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 156
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 10-17 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Suitable apparatus designs of synthetic carbon and electro-graphite, and their applicationsProduction and properties of synthetic carbon and electrographite ane described. Through impregnation of the intrinsically porous materials, one obtains apparatus materials of high corrosion resistance with a wide field of applications. The quality of these materials is largely governed by the type of impregnating agent and by the impregnation method.The properties of the carbon materials must be taken into account in the structural design. Numerous types of graphite equipment have been developed. The advantages and disadvantages of certain designs for specific spheres of application are discussed. In conclusion, some general advice is given concerning transport, servicing and repairs.
    Notes: Es werden die Herstellung und die Eigenschaften von Kunstkohle und Elektrographit beschrieben. Durch Imprägnieren der von Natur aus porösen Materialien erhält man bockkorrosionsfeste Apparatebau-Werkstoffe mit vielfältigen Einsatzmöglichkeiten. Die Qualität dieser Werkstoffe ist weitgehend durch die Art des Imprägniermittels und durch das Imprägnierverfahren bestimmt.Die Eigenheiten der Kohlewerkstoffe müssen bei der konstruktiven Gestaltung berücksichtigt werden. Es wurden zahlreiche Graphit-Apparatetypen entwickelt; die Vor- und Nachteile einiger Konstruktionen für spezielle Einsatzgebiete werden diskutiert. Abschließend werden einige allgemeine Hinweise über Transport, Wartung und Instandsetzungsarbeiten gegeben.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 157
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: High-temperature corrosion by products of combustion of fuel oils of high and medium densityThe author describes a pilot plant for the investigation of the corrosive attack by products of combustion of heavy and light fuel oils on 18 different materials at 650, 700 and 750° C; test conditions are maintained widely comparable. The materials were selected in view of the technical suitability for the construction of turbine blades. The following fuel oils were used: (a) heavy fuel oils having a high ash content; (b) oils having a low ash content; (c) a light fuel oil to which the author added, gradually and in the form of oil-soluble compounds, the elements S, Na and V which are considered as mainly responsible for the corrosion.The oils mentioned under (c) permitted to show that 1The three elements mentioned, in the form of their compounds formed during combustion, are mainly responsible for the corrosion;2It is not an individual element or its compounds but the combination of the three aggressive ash species which produces the damages found in the tests.Thanks to this investigation the solution of the problem of corrosion by fuel oils has brought a little closer to its final solution although another considerable research effort will have to be made in order to establish such measures as might be able to prevent such corrosion.
    Notes: Es wird eine halbtechnische Anlage beschrieben, in der der korrosive Angriff der Verbrennungsprodukte schwerer und leichter Heizöle auf 18 verschiedene Werkstoffe bei 60, 700 und 750° C unter möglichst vergleichbaren Bedingungen untersucht wird. Die Auswahl der Werkstoffe ist nach dem Gesichtspunkt einer technischen Brauchbarkeit für den Bau von Turbinenschaufeln erfolgt. Als Heizöle wurden verwendet: (a) schwere Heizöle wurden verwendet: (a) schwere Heizöle mit hohem Aschegehalt; (b) solche mit geringem Aschegehalt; (c)ein leichtes Heizöl, dem stufenweise in Form öllöslicher Verbindungen die Elemente S, Na, V zugesetzt werden, die als hauptverantwortlich für die Korrosion anzusehen sind.Mit den „Aufbauölen“ nach (c) gelingt der Nachweis, daß1Dei genannten drei Elemente in den bei der Verbrennung entstehenden Verbindungstypen als hauptverantwortlich für die Korrosion anzusehen sind;2nicht ein einzelnes Element und seine Verbindungen, sondern die Kombination der drei aggressiven Aschearten die auftretenden Schäden hervorruft.Durch die Untersuchung ist das Problem der Heizölkorrosion zwar einer Lösung nähergebracht worden, aber das weitere Studium von Gegenmaßnahmen zur Verhinderung der Korrosion bedarf noch immer einer erheblichen Forschungstätigkeit.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 158
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 34-48 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Scaling rate of pure iron and mild steel in oxygen, water vapour and carbon dioxide at temperatures ranging from 850 to 1000° CThe tests were carried out in oxygen, air, CO2 and water vapour as well as in air with up to 15 per cent water vapour. The duration of the tests was up to 200 minutes. The oxidation of pure iron and steel in oxygen and air, as a function of time, was found to follow a parabolic law; with tests of long duration, however, the results tended to be lower then those corresponding to the ideal parabola. In water vapour, pure iron was found to oxidize at 850° C at a linear rate; at higher temperatures, the curve followed an alignment between straight line and parabola. Mild steel showed similar characteristics except that the deviation at higher temperatures was less marked. In CO2 the curve was linear with both samples. Generally speaking, the oxidation rate of pure iron was found to be twice as high as that of steel. The oxidation rate decreased in the sequence: oxygen, water vapour, carbon dioxide.With parabolic oxidation, the scale always consisted of three layers; with linear oxidation, it consisted of one layer only (Wüstit).In air with water vapour content, the curve was parabolic in all cases although no distinct influence of the water vapour addition 2.5 to 15 per cent.) was recognizable.
    Notes: Die Versuche wurden durchgeführt in Sauerstoff, Luft, CO2 und Wasserdampf sowie in Luft mit bis 15% Wasserdampf; die Versuchsdauer betrug bis 200 min. Für die Oxydation von Reineisen und Stahl in Sauerstoff und Luft ergab sich ein parabolisches Zeitgesetz, das jedoch bei längerer Versuchsdauer unter dem der idealen Parabel entsprechenden Wert sank. In Wasserdampf wurde Reineisen bei 850° C linear oxydiert, bei höheren Temperaturen lag das Zeitgesetz zwischen einer Geraden und einer Parabel. Der Weichstahl verhielt sich ähnlich, doch war hier die Abweichung bei höheren Temperaturen weniger ausgeprägt. In CO2 ergab sich für beide Probenarten ein lineares Zeitgesetz. Ganz allgemein wurde Reineisen doppelt so schnell oxydiert wie Stahl; die Oxydationsgeschwindigkeit nahm in der Reihenfolge Sauerstoff  -  Wasserdampf  -  Kohlendioxid ab.Bei parabolischer Oxydation bestand der Zunder immer aus drei Schichten, bei linearer Oxydation nur aus einer (Wüstit).In Luft mit Wasserdampf ergab sich immer ein parabolischer Verlauf, ohne daß ein deutlicher Einfluß des Wasserdampfzusatzes (2,5 bis 15 % zu erkennen gewesen wäre.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
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  • 159
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 66-67 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 160
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 89-89 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 161
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 89-89 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 162
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 89-89 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 163
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 164
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 90-90 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 165
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 90-91 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 166
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 91-95 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 167
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 168
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. I 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 169
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 119-124 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The anodic and cathodic behaviour of iron in neutral and alkaline solutionsTo investigate the behaviour of iron in the pH range from 7 to 14 in the presence of chloride ions, the authors make use of the electrochemical affinity/overpotential diagram. At pH =7, the activation of the iron by the destruction of the FeO primary layer is possible. With increasing alkalinity, the passive zone is reduced by the direct effect of Cl- ions, by the oxidation of FeCl2, and by the formation of the iron complexes FeO42-. The decomposition of Fe(OH)2 by Cl- ions is thermodynamically possible up to pH = 10.5 only. At pH 〉 10.5, there occurs the equilibrium Fe(OH)2 = HFeO2- + H+.
    Notes: Für die Untersuchung des Verhaltens des Eisens im pH-Bereich 7 bis 14 in Anwesenheit von Chloridionen benutzen die Verfasser das elektrochemische Affinitäts/Überspannungs-Diagramm. Bei pH 7 ist die Aktivierung des Eisens durch die Zerstörung der FeO-Primärschicht möglich. Mit steigender Alkalität vermindert sich das passive Gebiet durch direkte Einwirkung von Cl--Ionen, durch Oxydation von FeCl2 und durch Bildung der Eisenkomplexe FeO42- und HFO2-. Die Zersetzung von Fe(OH)2 durch Cl--Ionen ist nur bis pH 10,5 thermodynamisch möglich. Bie pH 〉 10,5 stellt sich das Gleichgewicht Fe(OH)2 = HFeO2- + H+ ein.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 170
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 124-138 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Criteria for the selection of materials and corrosion protection in the chemical industryIn chemical technology, the technical requirements to be met by materials as well as the protection measures against corrosion become more differentiated. On the other hand, owing to the technical progress in the sphere of materials number of alternative solutions to cope with these specifications is becoming available. The selection process, which has thus become more difficult, must lead to an overall solution representing the economic optimum; but must not become too expensive in the planning of new plant or in the corrosion protection of existing plant. A distinction is made between, and a brief outline given of, several stages in the material selection process, viz. formulation of requirements; selection methods prior to testing; laboratory tests; utilisation of technical testing plants; tests under operating conditions; determining the correct solution. The economic calculations designed to determine the most favourable technical solution call for numerous technical data (e.g., the corrosion rates under different corrosion conditions) as well as economic data (especially the capital and annual costs depending on the material). The calculation and estimating methods suitable for this purpose are described in detail. In order to reduce the costs incurred through corrosion, money must be spent on certain protective measures. This relationship is illustrated by the phenomenon of cost substitution. Finally, a synopsis is given of all the practicable methods suitable for determining the optimum conditions.
    Notes: In der chemischen Technik werden die technischen Anforderungen an die Werkstoffe und Maßnahmen zum Korrosionsschutz differenzierter, während andererseits die Fortschritte auf dem Werkstoffgebiet aber auch immer mehr alternative brauchbare Lösungen zur Bewältigung dieser Aufgaben verfügbar machen. Der schwieriger gewordene Auswahlprozeß muß zu einer wirtschaftlich optimalen Gesamtlösung führen, soll jedoch im Rahmen der Projektierung neuer Anlagen sowie beim laufenden Korrosionsschutz vorhandener Anlagen selbst nicht zu aufwendig werden. Es werden mehrere Verfahrensschritte der Werkstoffauswahl unterschieden und kurz umrissen (Festlegung der Anforderungen, Auswahlmethoden vor dem Experiment, Laborversuche, Verwendung technischer Versuchsanlagen und Betriebsversuche, Festlegung der Lösungen). Um die Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnungen zur Abklärung der günstigsten technischen Lösung durchführen zu können, sind zahlreiche technische Daten (z. B. Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit unter verschiedenen Angriffsbedingungen) sowie wirtschaftliche Daten (vor allem werkstoffseitig beeinflußte Anschaffungs- und Betriebskosten) zu ermitteln. Auf die hierfür geeigneten Berechnungs- und Schätzungsmethoden wird ausführlich eingegangen. Um die Korrosionskosten zu senken, müssen bestimmte „Korrosionsschutzkosten“ aufgewandt werden. Dieser Zusammenhang wird am Phänomen der Kostensubstitution veranschaulicht. Schließlich werden die praktisch brauchbaren Bewertungsverfahren zur Entscheidung über das Optimum nochmals übersichtlich zusammengefaßt.
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  • 171
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 97-103 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkali sulphate corrosion in steel recuperators and boiler plantsThe continuously increasing number of cases of corrosion damage to steel recuperators and power station plants, partly due to the tendency towards higher wall temperatures adopted for thermal-economic reasons, has given rise to a detailed evaluation of surveys carried out on 9 recuperators in normal operation and 6 steam boiler plants. First, the typical features of alkali sulphate corrosion caused by the influence of coal and oil ashes are described with the aid of certain specific examples. According to a subsequent synoptic survey, all the cases of corrosion damage investigated have the following common features: 1Concentration of elements with low melting point, especially alkalis and sulphur, in the corrosive deposits in pipes.2Acid reaction of the aquaeous extract with a mean pH value of 3.4 which suggests the formation of ironalkali double sulphate.3Softening temperatures of the deposits within the range of the working temperatures.4Formation of iron sulphide on the boundary surface between metal and deposit.These observed features of alkali sulphate corrosion can be attributed to a reaction mechanism which has already been repeatedly referred to in the technical literature, according to which molten complex sulphates react with the metallic iron, forming iron oxide and iron sulphide.
    Notes: Die ständig zahlreicher werdenden Korrosionsschäden in Stahlrekuperatoren und Kraftwerksanlagen, die mit wärmewirtschaftlich bedingtem Streben zu höheren Wandtemperaturen zusammenhängen, waren der Anlaß zu einer zusammenfassenden Auswertung von Untersuchungen aus 9 betriebsbeanspruchten Rekuperatoren und 6 Dampfkesselanlagen. An Einzelbeispielen werden zunächst die typischen Merkmale der auftretenden Alkalisulfatkorrosion, die durch die Einwirkung von Kohle- und Ölasche ausgelöst wird, beschrieben. Nach anschließenden zusammenfassenden Auswertung sind als gemeinsame Merkmale aller untersuchten Korrosionsfälle zu nennen: 1Anreicherung tiefschmelzender Elemente, vornehmlich Alkalien und Schwefel, in den korrosiven Rohrbelägen.2Saure Reaktion des wäßrigen Auszuges mit einem mittleren PH-Wert von 3,4, der auf die Bildung von Eisen-Alkali-Dopplsulfiten schließen läßt.3Erweichungstemperaturen der Beläge im Bereich der Betriebstemperaturen.4Eisensulfidbildung an der Grenzfläche Metall-Belag.Die beobachteten Merkmale der Alkalisulfatkorrosion lassen sich einem in der Literatur bereits mehrfach genannten Reaktionsmechanismus zuordnen, nach dem geschmolzene komplexe Sulfate mit dem metallischen Eisen unter Bildung von Eisenoxyd und Eisensulfid reagieren.
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  • 172
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 175-175 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 173
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 174
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 191-191 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 175
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 189-191 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 255-263 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 178
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 264-264 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 264-264 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 181
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  • 182
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 265-265 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 184
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 275-276 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 185
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. IX 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 186
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Behaviour under vibrational and creep stressed of lead in sulphuric acidThe high corrosion resistance of lead in sulphuric acid si due to the formation of a dense and almost insoluble surface layer of lead sulphate. For permanent corrosion protection, however, it is indispensable to investigate the capacity of this layer to bear without deterioration the deformations resulting from vibrational and creep stresses.Fatigue tests carried out in sulphuric acid have shown that at high amplitude vibrations the passive lead sulphate layer is destroyed with a simultaneous increase of the fine lead types investigated the copper containing lead (0.05% Cu) exhibitated the best behaviour. Nickel containing lead (0.025% Ni) exhibited very low fatigue resistance and pronounced tendency toward intercrystalline corrosion. Because of the pronounced instability of pure lead during its passivation it should by no means be used. Hard lead (0.4% Sb) on the other side exhibited a very good behaviour and yielded the highest fatigue resistance up to 80% acid and up to 53°C.Creep tests in sulphuric acids revealed that the passive layer remains intact under continuous and uniform creep stresses, provided the creep deformation does not exceed 0.4% per day; in this case the layer retains its protective efficiency.An electrical measuring method indicated by Stern and coll. for measuring the weight loss of lead in sulphuric acid had proven to be suitable for the measurements described here.
    Notes: Die hohe Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Blei in Schwefelsäure beruht auf der Bildung einer dichten, nahezu unlöslichen Deckschicht aus Bleisulfat. Um jedoch einen dauerhaften Korrosionsschutz zu erzielen, muß geprüft werden, wie weit diese Schicht die aus einer Schwingungs - oder Kriechbeanspruchung resultierenden Verformungen unbeschadet zu ertragen vermag.In Ermüdungsversuchen unter Schwefelsäure zeigte sich, daß die Passivschicht aus Bleisulfat bei höheren Schwingungsamplituden unter gleichzeitigem Ansteigen des Korrosionsverlustes zerstört wird. Von den geprüften Feinbleisorten verhielt sich Kupferfeinblei mit 0,05 % Cu am günstigsten. Nickelfeinblei mit 0,025 % Ni zeigte sehr niedrige Dauerfestigkeitswerte und eine ausgeprägte Tendenz zur interkristallinen Korrosion. Von der Verwendung des reinen Bleis wird wegen seines ausgeprägten Instabilitätsverhaltens während der Passivierung abgeraten. Hartblei mit 0,4% so verhielt sich hingegen ausgesprochen günstig und wies bis zu einer Säurekonzentrationvon 80% und einer Temperatur von 53° C die höchsten Dauerschwingfestigkeitswerte auf.Bei den Kriechversuchen unter Schwefelsäure hat sich gezeigt, daß die Passivschicht bei stetiger Kriechverformung bis zu 0,4% Tag nicht beschädigt wird und ihre Korrosionsschutzwirkung beibehält.Die Anwendung eines von Stern und Mitarbeitern angegebenen elektrischen Meßverfahrens, um den Gewichtsverlust von Blei in Schwefelsäure zu bestimmen, erwies sich als gut geeignet.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 187
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 307-315 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on macroelements on pipelinesExternal corrosion of buried pipelines and tanks is often due to the formation of macroelements. these occur as a result of differentiated aeration, electrolytical composition, formation of surface layers, passivation, or contact between different metals, i.e. where there are local differences in the current/potential curves.The effect of, and results of measurementsfrom, macroelementsare described with the aid of three practical examples: 1long line currents of a pipeline in different geological strata,2aerated elements of protective casings and tanks, and3galvanic formation of cells in soils containing coke.With differentiated aeration, it does not necessarily follow that every compensating current has the effect that the corrosion rate of the less aerated electrode is higher than that of the better aerated electrode. Pit corrosion on aerated elements can only occur if, despite its more positive potential, the better aerated electrode has a lower corrosion rate than the less aerated electrode. This may happen if, because of a change in the PH value, the aerated electrode is strongly polarized or can become passivated with an electron-conductive cover layer.
    Notes: Die äußere Korrosion unterirdischer Rohrleitungen und Behälter ist oft auf die Ausbildung von Makroelementen zurückzuführen. Makroelemente treten bei unterirdischer Belüftung, elektrolytischer Zusammensetzung, Deckschichtenbildung, Passivierung oder bei Berührungen verschiedener Metalle auf, also kurz bei lokalen Unterschieden bei Strompotentialkurven.Wirkung und Meßergebnisse von Makroelementen werden an drei praktischen Beispielen beschrieben: 1Long line currents einer Fernleitung in unterschiedlichen geologischen Bodenformationen,2Belüftungeselemente von Schutzrohren and Lagerbehältern sowie3galvanische Elementbildung in kokshaltigen Böden.Bei unterschiedlicher Belüftung muß nicht bereits jeder Ausgleichstrom dazu führen, daß die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit der geringer belüfteten Elektrode die der besser belüfteten überwiegt. Lochfraßkorrosion bei Belüftungselementen ist nur dann möglich, wenn die besser belüftete Elektrode trotz ihres positiveren Potentials eine geringere Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit hat als die geringer belüftete Elektrode. Dies ist möglich, wenn die belüftete Elektrode infolge pH-Wert-Änderung stark polarisiert wird oder sich mit einer elektronenleitenden Deckschicht passivieren kann.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 188
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 241-242 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 189
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 337-344 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 190
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 346-346 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 191
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 359-360 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 192
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 265-265 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 193
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 265-265 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 194
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 265-265 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 195
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 265-266 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 196
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 411-412 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 197
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 275-275 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 198
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 423-424 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 199
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 490-500 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical drinking water statistics in the probability networkThe chemical composition of drinking water lies somewhere between the two extremes encountered in nature, viz. distilled water and sea water. The frequency distribution of the concentrations of some of the constituents investigated in (10), encountered in drinking water during the years 1956 and 1957, have been plotted in a probability network. S-shaped cumulative frequency curves have been dissected into their constituent universes, and the relevant characteristics of the universes have been determined.The mathematical structure of the probability network and the different frequently encountered distributions have been discussed, and the possible applications and advantages of the probability network have been demonstrated with the aid of three simple examples.Anyone having to deal with a corrosion problem where drinking water is a corrosive agents should first consult the existing curves indicating the frequency of the occurrence of certain constituents; this will already, in many cases, yield information on possible causes of corrosion.
    Notes: Das Trinkwasser liegt in seiner chemischen Zusammensetzung irgendwo zwischen den beiden natürlich vorkommenden Extremen, dem destillierten Wasser und dem Meerwasser. Die Häufigkeitsverteilung der Konzentrationen von einem Teil der untersuchten Inhaltsstoffe, mit denen das Trinkwasser etwa in den Jahren 1956 und 1957 vorkam, wurde im Wahrscheinlichkeitsnetz dargestellt. S-förmige Summenhäufigkeitskurven wurden in ihre Teilkollektive entmischt und die nötigen Kennwerte der Kollektive bestimmt.Der mathematische Aufbau des Wahrscheinlichkeitsnetzes sowie die verschiedenen, oft vorkommenden Verteilungen wurden erläutert, und an drei einfachen Beispielen konnten die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten und die Vorteile des Wahrscheinlichkeitsnetzes aufgezeigt werden.Vor jeder Bearbeitung eines Korrosionsproblemes, bei dem als angreifendes Agens Trinkwasser infrage kommt, sollte man sich anhand vorliegender Kurven über die Häufigkeit des Vorkommens gewisser Inhaltsstoffe informieren, wodurch man oft schon Hinweise über die möglichen Korrosionsursachen erhalten kann.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 200
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The importance of the formation of a cover with stress corrosion crackingMany metals and alloys, when exposed to corrosive agents, from covering layers which have a considerable influence on the corrosion process. This applies, in particular, to covering layers with protective effect.The significance of the formation of electro-positive cover films in stress corrosion cracking is illustrated by the example of the formation of cracks in unalloyed steels in nitrate solutions and alkali solutions as well as in austenitic steels in solutions containing chloride and in sulphuric acid.As with pit corrosion, the incomplete or disturbed formation of such layers is the cause of the occurrence of localized corrosion where, under the influence of tensile stresses, the local anodes become the points where the cracks originate.Tension crack corrosion must therefore be regarded as a special problem of the corrosion of metals with incomplete cover films.
    Notes: Viele Metalle und Legierungen bilden bei der Einwirkung korrosiver Medien Deckschichten aus, die einen bedeutenden Einfluß auf den Korrosionsvorgang haben. Dies gilt besonders für Deckschichten mit Schutzwirkung.Welche Bedeutung der Entstehung elektrochemisch edler Deckschichten bei der Spannungsrißkorrosion zukommt, wird am Beispiel der Rißbildungsvorgänge sowohl von unlegierten Stählen in Nitratlösungen und in den Alkalilaugen, als auch von Austenitstählen in choridhaltigen Lösungen und in Schwefelsäure gezeigt.Genau wie beim Lochfraß, ist die unvollständige bzw. gestörte Ausbildung solcher Schichten die Ursache für das Auftreten lokalisierter Korrosion, wobei die Lokalanoden unter dem Einfluß von Zugspannungen die Ausgangspunkte der Risse darstellen.Die Spannungsrißkorrosion ist demnach als spezielles Problem der Korrosion von Metallen mit unvollständigen Deckschichten zu betrachten.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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