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  • 1995-1999
  • 1965-1969  (3,404)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1967  (3,404)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (1,642)
  • General Chemistry  (1,332)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (422)
  • Chinese hamster  (8)
  • Nuclear reactions
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1965-1969  (3,404)
  • 1935-1939
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional morphology and evolution of tail autotomy in salamanders (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 265-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Basal tail constriction occurs in about two-thirds of the species of plethodontid salamanders. The constriction, which marks the site of tail autotomy, is a result of a reduction in length and diameter of the first caudal segment. Gross and microscopic anatomical studies reveal that many structural specializations are associated with basal constriction, and these are considered in detail. Areas of weakness in the skin at the posterior end of the first caudal segment, at the attachment of the musculature to the intermyotomal septum at the anterior end of the same segment, and between the last caudosacral and first caudal vertebrae precisely define the route of tail breakage. During autotomy the entire tail is shed, and a cylinder of skin one segment long closes over the wound at the end of the body.It is suggested that specializations described in this paper have evolved independently in three different groups of salamanders.Experiments and field observations reveal that, contrary to expectations, frequency of tail breakage is less in species with apparent provisions for tail autotomy than in less specialized species. The tail is a very important, highly functional organ in salamanders and it is suggested that selection has been for behavioral and structural adaptations for control of tail loss, rather than for tail loss per se.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051220402
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051230201
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural differentiation of the epithelium and mucous glands of the esophagus in the chick embryoContribution no. 089 from the Institute of Molecular Evolution. This work was done while a NSF Science Faculty Fellow and was supported in part by USPHS grant AM-05429, National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, NASA grant number NsG-689 Institute of Molecular Evolution and NSF grant number GB 3899 to Dr. C. B. Metz. Embryos were provided by Dr. C. Grabowski. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 121-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Esophagi of White Leghron chick embryos, six days to hatching, were fixed in 5% glutaraldehyde in a cacodylate-sucrose buffer, postfixed in 1% OsO4, dehydrated and embedded in Araldite. Tissues were sectioned with glass knives and viewed with a Philips EM 100C. The epithelium in early stages of development is characterized by small intercellular spaces, few cell processes and few desmosomes. In contrast the differentiated epithelium contains numerous cell processes, large intercellular spaces and numerous desmosomes. Mucin appeared in the mucous glands at 17 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051230203
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisotropy of the mechanical loss tangent of drawn polyacrylonitrile film (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1317-1319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050629
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of poly(ethylene oxide) by high-speed stirring (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 125-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Degradation of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) by violent stirring was studied in various solvents. The chain scission or the limit of the degradation was measured, and the effects of solvents, polymer concentration, stirring speed and degree of polymerization (DP) were investigated. It was found that the number of bonds broken per polymer chain was independent of the concentration but increased with the stirring speed and with decrease in the DP. The rate was much affected by the solvent used, being larger in a poor solvent. It was also found that the rate could be represented either by Jellinek's or Ovenall's rate equations, which have been applied to the ultrasonic degradation of polymers in solution.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050111
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstrain investigation of polyethylene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 143-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The small-strain mechanical behavior of crystalline polyethylene has been studied by using a microstrain technique with strain resolution on the order of 10-6. The strain rate was varied from 10-6 to 10-4 sec.-1, and a temperature range of 17-28°C. was investigated. A strong dependence on strain rate and temperature has been observed for the following parameters which characterize the mechanical response of polyethylene in the microstrain region: the initial modulus of the stress-strain curve, the deviation in strain from ideal linear elastic behavior at a given stress amplitude, and the energy dissipated in a deformation cycle. The Young's moduli that were observed by means of tensile tests in the microstrain region were only about 20% lower than the values reported in other investigations at kilocycle and megacycle frequencies. The experimental method made it possible to isolate a deformation process which was attributed to a crystallographic shear mechanism corresponding to a yield point of 27 psi. This shear mechanism is discussed in terms of the various shear processes, such as slip, twinning, and the orthorhombic-monoclinic phase change.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050112
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of temperature on the ozone cracking of butyl rubbers (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 157-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rates of growth of single ozone cracks have been measured for vulcanizates of two butyl rubbers over the temperature range of 20-160°C. Over most of this range the rates are quantitatively related to the segmental mobility of the polymer and depend upon temperature in accord with the appropriate from of the WLF relation. The rates are also proportional to the concentration of ozone. It is therefore concluded that diffusion of ozone into the polymer before reaction is the rate-controlling step. This is contrasted with the behavior of butadiene-styrene copolymers, for which the rates of crack growth are also quantitatively related to the segmental mobility, but the rates are somewhat larger at equivalent mobilities and the dependence upon ozone concentration is smaller. The difference is attributed to different penetration distances before reaction in polymers containing low and high densities of reactive sites.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050113
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion coefficients in a halocarbon-polybutene system (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 323-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion coefficient of 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (TTE) in a liquid polybutene was determined at 25°C. as a function of concentration over the range 1.0-19.5 g. TTE/100 cc. The diffusion coefficient increase with increasing TTE concentration, rising continuously from 3 × 10-8 cm.2/sec. at the lowest concentration to 15 × 10-8 cm.2/sec. at the highest. The magnitudes of the diffusion coefficients indicate that the diffusion mechanism for small molecules in polymeric media must afford vastly greater opportunities for diffusion than the Stokes-Einstein relation allows. Similarly, self-diffusion coefficients for the liquid polymer are much lower than the observed mutual diffusion coefficients. An explanation for this behavior is presented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050208
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gel permeation chromatography of branched polyethylene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 333-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of long-chain branching must be considered in gel permeation chromatography to evaluate the molecular weight polydispersity of branched polyethylenes. Osmotic molecular weights of fractions of branched polyethylene were correlated with elution volumes; weight-average and number-average molecular weights of a branched polyethylene were determined. Molecular weight changes on crosslinking polyethylene by ionizing radiation are accompanied by branching and cannot be simply interpreted by gel permeation chromatography.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050209
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and solution properties of radical-initiated poly(vinyl chloride). II. Correlation of solution properties (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 343-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The results of detailed measurements of osmotic pressure, light scattering, and viscosity of poly(vinyl chloride) solutions are used to establish the molecular weight dependence of [η] and A2, to estimate the unperturbed dimensions of the poly(vinyl chloride) molecule, and to analyze critically the [η]-M correlations published hitherto.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050210
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  • 111
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    Electronic Resource
    Study of crystallization kinetics of trans-1,4-polyisoprene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 377-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The concentrations and the growth rates of high- and low-melting type spherulites of trans-1,4-polyisoprene were measured in the temperature range 39-49°C. It was shown that above about 40°C., the crystallization rate of trans-1,4-polyisoprene is determined primarily by the radial growth rate of high-melting form (HMF) spherulites, whereas the predominance of the low-melting form (LMF) crystals below 40°C. can be attributed to the high rate of formation of LMF primary nuclei at lower crystallization temperatures. Temperature-independent rate parameters were calculated from optical and dilatometric measurements and were found to be in good agreement. Both the change in nucleation habit and spherulite growth rate with temperature can be explained on the basis of a lower end surface free energy of LMF crystals of trans-1,4-polyisoprene compared to that of the HMF crystals.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050212
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physics of plastics. P. D. RITCHIE, Ed. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, 1965. 447. $19.50 (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 397-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050215
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  • 113
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    Configurational statistics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) chains (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 417-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The length of the span of the terephthaloyl residue in poly(ethylene terephthalate) guarantees independence of the conformations of successive repeating units of the chain. Interactions within units of the chain are amenable to interpretation by comparisons with related polymers; cis and trans conformations of the terephthaloyl residue are given equal weighting. The mean-square dimension ratio (〈r2〉0/M)∞ estimated on this basis is in substantial accord with the value deduced from experiments.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050302
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient analysis of a vibrating reed: Error analysis (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 425-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The error analysis for the transient vibrating reed test is developed based on a linearized approximation. Tables are given for the efficient utilization of the equations in evaluating the accuracy range of test data.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050303
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Configurational statistics of polyamide chains (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 399-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The statistical mechanical treatment of polymeric chains in terms of the largest eigenvalue of the product of statistical weight matrices for the rotational interactions of skeletal bonds of the repeat unit becomes excessively complicated if the repeat unit spans more than three or four skeletal bonds. Moreover, such treatment is necessarily limited to chains in which the number of repeat units is indefinitely large. Newer methods are readily applicable to chains of any degree of polymerization comprising repeat units of any realizable length. If interdependence of neighboring bond rotations is confined to bond pairs within a given unit, rotations about a pair of bonds belonging to neighboring units being mutually independent, further simplifications may be introduced without sacrifice of rigor. Polyamides, in which rotation about bonds on opposite sides of the amide group are independent, are polymers of this type. Adherence of the amide group to the planar trans conformation favors a more extended configuration of the chain, but this effect is dominated by the smaller steric repulsions affecting rotations about bonds which are first, second, and third neighbors of the amide group. It is for this reason that the characteristic ratio 〈r2〉0〉/nl2 for poly(hexamethylene adipamide), ca. 6.0 according to experimental results of Saunders, is less than the value, 8.0, for polymethylene at 25°C. The characteristic ratios and molecular dipole moments are computed as functions of the degree of polymerization. The poly(εaminocaproamide) chain also is treated.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050301
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  • 116
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    Electronic Resource
    Unperturbed dimensions of copolymer molecules (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 461-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Proceeding from the work of Zimm and Stockmayer and of Benoit, a general formula is derived for the calculation of the radius of gyration of block and graft copolymers. It appears that with linear block copolymers the ratio of the mean-square radius of gyration and the mean-square end-to-end distance is usually not far from 1/6. With a great number of blocks the difference from 1/6 can entirely be neglected. Also the influence of the composition of the molecules on the scattered light intensity has been considered.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050306
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intrinsic viscosity of polydisperse branched polymers (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 431-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relationships between molecular weight distribution and structure in polymerizations with long-chain branching were reviewed and extended. Results were applied to an experimental examination of intrinsic viscosity in polydisperse, trifunctionally branched systems. Several samples of poly(vinyl acetate) were prepared by bulk polymerization under conditions of very low radical concentration. The relative rate constants for monomer transfer, polymer transfer, and terminal double-bond polymerization were established from the variation of Mn and Mw with the extent of conversion. Average branching densities were then calculated for each sample and ranged as high as 1.5 branch points/molecule. Intrinsic viscosities [η]B were measured in three systems: a theta-solvent, a good solvent, and one that was intermediate in solvent interaction. These results were compared with calculated viscosities, [η]L, which would have been observed if all the molecules had been linear. The values of [η]B/[η]L were substantially the same in all three solvents. The variation of this ratio with branching density was compared with the theory of Zimm and Kilb as adapted to polydisperse systems. Discrepancies were noted, and the adequacy of present model distribution functions for branched polymers was questioned.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050304
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  • 118
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    Experimental anomalies and the conformational theory of polymers (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 455-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of the size and shape of the torsional potential upon the theoretical temperature coefficient (T∂ ln 〈r02〉/∂T) of a polymeric chain was studied. The uncorrelated end-to-end distance equations for isotactic, syndiotactic, and completely atactic chains were differentiated with respect to temperature and the integrals in the resulting equations were evaluated by the method of Gaussian quadrature. The calculated coefficients were found to be nonlinear functions of the energy ratio Umax/KT, where Umax is the maximum potential barrier and possess real roots which critically depend upon the size and shape of the potential. Qualitative anomalies between experiment and theory disappeared when the entire torsional potential was used in the conformational theory. It appears that quantitative agreement between theory and experiment can be established for polymeric materials if the entire potential is used, rotations within bulky side groups are included, and the potential is determined by the method of minimum conformational energy.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050305
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  • 119
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    Annealing and melting of poly-4-methylpentene-1 single crystals (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 493-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of thermal treatment at temperatures in the 177-250°C. range for 2 hr. on solution-grown single crystals of poly-4-methylpentene-1 have been studied by using electron microscopy. Crystals were grown both from 0.02% pentyl acetate solution at 110°C. and from 0.02% toluene solutions at temperatures less than 80°C. A number of distinct types of crystals have been obtained in the same or in separate solutions depending on the crystallization conditions. These crystals have some morphological characteristics in common such as a square outline with well-defined faces. The contrasting features include such things as a marked difference in relative size, with the smaller crystals showing extensive overgrowth and collapse markings. Observations by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) on the melting behavior of these various crystals show the presence of distinct and characteristic melting points. The effects of a given thermal treatment depend on the type of crystals used, with the larger crystals showing greater stability. The first effects are the appearance of lines, notches at the edges, and holes. An increase in temperature results in an increase in these effects with the formation of fibrillar structures. Consideration is given to the influence of molecular conformation and molecular chain folding on the observed results.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050309
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  • 120
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    Calibration of gel permeation chromatographic columns for measuring the molecular size of poly(vinyl chloride) in tetrahydrofuran (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 547-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A calibration plot of the intrinsic viscosities of poly(vinyl chloride) fractions against elution volumes gives a good correlation between the first moments, i.e., mean elution volumes, and intrinsic viscosities of poly(vinyl chloride) whole polymers. This is evidence that column permeation of chain macromolecules is governed by some sort of hydrodynamic size in a manner akin to that in which hydrodynamic size affects capillary viscosity measurements.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050312
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  • 121
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    Gel permeation chromatography: On the shape of the calibration plot and molecular size separability (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 569-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Data obtained from the calibration of GPC columns of different permeabilities with standard polystyrenes are reported. For single columns the logarithm molecular weight-elution volume plot is linear for approximately one and one-half decades in molecular weight. GPC separations are such that the separability of two samples of similar molecular weight improves as their mean molecular weight decreases. Because of this the analysis of high molecular weight polymers can best be accomplished on a series of columns in which each column has a high permeability limit. The elution volume for columns in series is shown to be the sum of the elution volumes of the individual columns. As higher molecular weights are eluted a pronounced tailing effect is observed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050314
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  • 122
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isothermal calorimeter for studies of polymer solution processes (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 555-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A simple differential, isothermal calorimeter has been built to study the thermodynamics of interactions associated with a variety of polymer solution processes. The calorimeter is readily operated at temperatures ranging from ambient to about 200°C., temperature adjustments are rapid, and the apparatus is rugged enough to permit application to commercial process studies. Though less sensitive than microcalorimeters, it represents an attractive combination of satisfactory accuracy, speed, and flexibility of operation. The operation of the calorimeter is demonstrated by measurements of the heat of solution of sodium chloride in water and the heats of solution of various polyolefins in Tetralin and α-chloronaphthalene. The latter tend to confirm the presence of polymer aggregates in chloronaphthalene solutions below the thermodynamic melting temperature of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050313
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  • 123
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    Application of significant structures theory to amorphous polyethylene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 623-631 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermodynamic properties of amorphous polyethylene are calculated from a model based on the method of significant structures. The motion of a molecule as a whole is described by the motion of segments, each segment moving independently of all others. It is assumed that on melting, holes appear in the solid lattice and the segments can move into these vacancies, obtaining some gaslike degrees of freedom. The complete frequency distribution for polyethylene is used for the solidlike degrees of freedom, while a corrected classical partition function is used for the gaslike degrees of freedom. The calculated thermodynamic properties are in reasonable agreement with experimentally determined values, assuming each gaslike segment to consist of 20 CH2 groups.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050318
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    On the use of a random parameter in the theory of depolymerization of long-chain molecules (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 633-637 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Equations for the time course of depolymerization of long-chain polymers are derived by the method of randomization of a parameter for the case in which all bonds have equal probability of cleavage. This yields some gain in insight and avoids the necessity for solving systems of differential equations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050319
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  • 125
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    Diffusion theory of the post-irradiation oxidation of polyethylene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 639-652 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The primary reaction of oxygen with irradiated polyethylene has been followed by observing the rapid disappearance of the ultraviolet absorption bands at 258 and 285 mμ, bands attributed to the allyl and dienyl free radicals. A mathematical theory based on diffusion equations has been developed by means of which a quantitative estimate of the total initial free-radical concentration can be made. From the shape of the free-radical decay curve it can be concluded that the initial oxygen-free-radical reactions occur about three times as frequently in the amorphous regions as in the crystalline.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050401
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  • 126
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    Influence of stereoregularity on binding of counterions by poly(methacrylic acid) (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 771-780 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The activity coefficient γNa+, of sodium ion, in aqueous solutions of both isotactic and conventional poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) has been studies throughout the whole range of degree of neutralization α with a Beckman Na electrode and membrane electrodes. The results show that the fraction of sodium ions bound to isotactic PMA is higher than that bound to conventional (or syndiotactic) PMA over the entire range of α. The binding of divalent counterions (Mg+2, Cu+2, Co+2, and Ni+2) by the two forms of PMA (at α = 0.95) has been evaluated from the release of Na+ ions with the Beckman Na electrode. Turbidimetric determinations of the critical amount of various divalent cation chlorides necessary to bring about precipitation of both isotactic and conventional PMA (at α = 0.95) have also been carried out.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050412
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    Adhesion of high polymers. I. Influence of diffusion, adsorption, and physical state on polymer adhesionPaper presented to the Polymer Division, 152nd American Chemical Society Meeting, New York, September 1966. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 751-760 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is possible to identify three distinct types of polymer adhesion on the basis of the physical state of adhesive and adherend: (1) rubbery polymer-rubbery polymer (R-R adhesion); (2) rubbery polymer-glassy polymer (R-G adhesion); (3) rubbery polymer-nonpolymer (R-S adhesion). Limitations of the diffusion and adsorption theories and their conflicting results are discussed within the framework of the proposed classification. By defining the physical state of the polymer as an adhesive or as an adherend, it is possible to eliminate many of the discrepancies commonly noted in attempted application of the diffusion and adsorption theories. As predicted by the Bueche-Cashin-Debye equation, the diffusion of a polymer into another should be greatly reduced as it changes from the rubbery to the glassy state. For this reason, diffusion, which depends to a great extent on the physical state of the polymer, is actually a limited, selective process. Assuming a 1013 poise bulk viscosity at glass temperature, self-diffusion constants of forty polymers were calculated to be 10-21cm.2/sec. or 10-5A.2/sec. This slow rate of diffusion is unmeasurable and insignificant. Adsorption, which is less dependent on the physical state of the polymer, is more frequently encountered.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 128
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    Sorption of organic vapors into drawn and undrawn polyethylene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 957-972 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Drawing of linear polyethylene at 60°C. to an extension ratio of ten drastically reduces the sorption and diffusion of n-pentane, benzene, methylene chloride, and tetrachloroethylene. Methylene chloride was chosen for more detailed study. The sorption is of the normal Fickean type. It is also fully reversible in the temperature range between 25 and 45°C. if the sorbed amount is kept to below 0.5%. At higher concentrations the sample relaxes so that sorption irreversibly increases. The reversible sorption per gram of amorphous component is about 1/6 of that in undrawn polyethylene. The diffusion constant has a larger temperature and concentration dependence than in the undrawn material. At zero concentration the activation energy for diffusion is 34.4 kcal./mole and the diffusion constant at 25°C. is 8 × 10-11 cm.2/sec. as compared with 14.4 kcal./mole and 1.5 × 10-8 cm.2/sec. in undrawn PE. Cold drawing reduces the sorption sites without changing their energy content, but drastically cuts down diffusion and increases the activation energy. A smaller part of the increase of the latter is a consequence of the lower enthalpy of the amorphous material and a larger part is probably due to the increased distance between sorption sites.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 129
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    Determination of osmotic coefficients in polyelectrolyte solutions by potentionmetric measurements during phase separation (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1055-1059 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A method of evaluating osmotic coefficients of polyelectrolyte solutions is suggested for systems in which a two-phase equilibrium is maintained between the polymer solution and a polymer precipitate so that the “polymer” terms Cpdμp in the Gibbs-Duhem relationship may be neglected. The method is applied to a polybase system, and the osmotic coefficients calculated from the experimental data are discussed in terms of the theory of Alexandrowicz. The results are found to be in line with the above theory but the characteristic parameter φp, the fraction of free counterions, is about twice as large as values previously observed in polyacids.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050605
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  • 130
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    Comparison of osmotic pressures from EMF measurements, obtained according to cell-model considerations and exact Gibbs-Duhem integrations (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1061-1066 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Osmotic pressures of aqueous solutions of poly(diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) hydrochloride, in equilibrium with a precipitate of the un-ionized polybase, at various concentrations of polymer and NaCl in solution and at different values of pH are derived from emf measurements and the “cell” theory for polyelectrolytes. Single-ion activities are evaluated according to two procedures. The first is based on measurements with ion-specific electrodes versus a calomel electrode. The second makes use of a salt bridge, but assumes that the co-ions have activity coefficients equal to the mean activity coefficient of the salt in a polyelectrolyte-free solution of the same concentration. The results show that the calculated values of the osmotic pressures are consistent with those obtained by the exact integration of the Gibbs-Duhem relationship, when the first procedure is employed. If, however, the single-ion activities are evaluated by the second procedure, the osmotic pressures obtained are consistently lower by about 10%. These differences arise because the two methods yield different values of the activity coefficients of the single ions.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050606
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  • 131
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    Time-temperature superposition of the dynamic birefringence of polyethylene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1079-1086 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic strain-optical coefficient of low-density polyethylene is found to decrease with increasing frequency and increase with increasing temperature (at temperatures up to 60°C.). It is found that a series of curves representing the real, K′, and imaginary, K″, parts of the frequency variation of the strain-optical coefficient obtained at various temperatures up to 60°C. may be superposed by translation along the frequency axis. The temperature dependence of the shift factor corresponds to an Arrhenius type equation with an activation energy of the order of 25 kcal./mole. This may be compared with the similar value obtained by Takayanagi for the αc′ mechanical loss and with the dynamic x-ray diffraction values reported by Kawaguchi et al., but is somewhat lower than the value of 34 kcal./mole reported by Onogi et al. from birefringence relaxation studies. Takayanagi has ascribed the αc′ peak to cooperative motion of crystalline and amorphous regions of the sort that might be involved in the suggested sliding of lamellae over each other. At temperatures higher than 80°C., horizontal superposition is not possible.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050608
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  • 132
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    Time-temperature superposition of time-dependent birefringence for low-density polyethylenePaper presented at the International Symposium on Macromolecular Chemistry, Tokyo and Kyoto, Japan, October 3, 1966. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1067-1078 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The time-dependent birefringence has been measured simultaneously with the stress relaxation on quenched and annealed low-density polyethylene at various temperatures from 10 to 70°C. The strain-optical coefficient increases generally with increasing time, and approaches the equilibrium value, which depends upon the temperature. When the strain-optical coefficient at a fixed time is plotted against temperature, it first increases and then decreases after passing through a maximum at Tmax with increasing temperature. The higher the degree of crystallinity, the higher are the equilibrium values of the strain-optical coefficient and Tmax. The curves for strain-optical coefficient versus time and relaxation modulus versus time below Tmax can be superposed well by a horizontal shift along the abscissa. The optical shift factor obeys the original WLF equation, while the mechanical shift factor is much larger than the optical one. The molecular mechanisms corresponding to this dispersion of the strain-optical coefficient and viscoelastic αc absorption peak near Tmax are discussed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 133
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    Structure of crystalline polyethers (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 1 (1967), S. 119-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.230010105
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  • 134
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    Homogeneous anionic polymerization of unsaturated monomers (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 2 (1967), S. 71-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.230020103
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  • 135
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    Masthead (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051210301
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  • 136
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    Comparative responsiveness of supracaudal and other sebaceous glands in male and female guinea pigs to hormonesThis research has been aided by research grants GM-05335 and AM-03628 from the National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 209-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Different types of sebaceous glands in guinea pigs were chosen to study their comparative responsiveness to steroid hormones. Glands selected were (1) Sebaceous glands associated with rudimentary hair in the supracaudal gland; (2) Free sebaceous glands of the nipple; (3) Sebaceous glands associated with the hair. The results showed distinct differences in sensitivity among these different sebaceous glands and according to the sex of the experimental animal. The most responsive of the glands in males was the supracaudal gland; in the female the most responsive glands were the sebaceous glands of the nipple. Sebaceous glands associated with normal hair were relatively insensitive to changes in hormonal level. In all cases testosterone propionate was more potent in stimulating any of the sebaceous glands than progesterone. After gonadectomy, various sebaceous glands showed unequal states of depletion due to the different rates of differentiation and disintegration of their cells into sebum.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051210303
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    Electron microscopy of the thymus in two species of snakes, Crotalus atrox and Lampropeltis getulusSupported by N.S.F. grant GB-4159 and U.S.P.H.S. grant FR-05423. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 277-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The lymphoid cell population of thymus in the rattlesnake and king snake is similar to that of mammals. Lymphocytes occupy the interstices of an epithelial cell framework. An abudance of tonofilaments and desmosomes occupy the cytoplasm of epithelial cells with light, homogeneous nuclei and prominent nucleoli. Other epithelial cells contain phagocytized material in a dense cytoplasm which surrounds an irregular nucleus with heavily clumped chromatin. Small, granular vesicles are found within some epithelial cells.Myoid cells occur in the medullary area. In mature forms, myofibrils are arranged in a concentric fashion around the nucleus and occupy much of the cytoplasmic volume. The presence of developmental stages of these cells suggests their differentiation within the thymus of the adult animal.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051210403
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  • 138
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    Masthead (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051220101
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  • 139
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    Morphological and histochemical studies on oogenesis in Callosobruchus analis Fabr. (Bruchidae-Coleoptera) (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 19-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ovary in Callosobruchus analis consists of telotrophic ovarioles with the so called nurse cells confined to one chamber at the anterior end of the ovariole. There are three types of lipids in the ovary: (1) L1 bodies that are present in the early oocytes, in the posterior prefollicular tissue and in the follicular epithelium and contain unsaturated phospholipids; (2) L2 bodies that have a complete or incomplete sheath of phospholipids and a triglyceride core; (3) L3 bodies that are formed of highly saturated triglycerides. Lipids are absent from the trophic tissue. In a mature oocyte the L1 and L2 bodies are cortical in distribution while the L3 bodies are centrally located.The mitochondria contain lipoproteins with RNA. The yolk spheres are acid mucopolysaccharides and protein in nature. The precursors of the yolk spheres appear first in the cortical coplasm and are absent from the follicular epithelium or the trophic tissue. The nucleolus of the oocyte shows evidence of extrusions that are believed to pass into the ooplasm.There are no nutritive cords connecting the trophic tissue to the oocytes; nor is there any evidence of any histochemically demonstrable nutritive material being contributed to the oocyte by the trophic tissue. The circumstantial evidence points towards a contribution of the raw materials to the oocyte by the haemolymph either through or in between the follicular epithelium in some soluble form or as submicroscopic particles.
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    Splenomegaly and hemolytic anemia induced in rats by methylcellulose  -  an electron microscopic studyThis work was supported by grants Hema CA 5375-06 of thE United States Public Health service and a Training Grant of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 35-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Parenteral administration of methylcellulose causes massive splenomegaly and hemolytic anemia in rats. The red pulp of the spleen is markedly cellular due mainly to: (1) large numbers of voluminous free macrophages containing methylcellulose-induced vacuoles, (2) an increase in the number of plasma cells and (3) stasis of blood evidenced by a large number of erythrocytes and platelets in vessels, sinuses and cords. White pulp changes are usually less marked. Here the major change is the presence of macrophages containing methylcellulose-induced inclusions. The slow circulatory time in the spleen and the increase in macrophages may cause the hemolytic anemia observed in these animals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051220104
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    Observations on the cervix uteri of the squirrel monkeyThis investigation was supported by NIH Resource grant FR 00180 and NIH grant HD 01357. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The squirrel monkey uterine cervix was studied macroscopically and microscopically in intact and ovariectomized monkeys. The effect in ovariectomized monkeys of estradiol dipropionate or progesterone of both given after estrogen priming was studied by PAS staining.The lower portion of the cervix was dilated to form a vestibule into which projected fibromuscular colliculi which arose from the isthmic end of the cervix. The stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina was continuous through the external os with a similar epithelium lining the vestibule and covering the external surfaces of the colliculi. The transitional zone between the stratified epithelium and columnar cells was variable. The colliculi were covered internally with mucosal folds of columnar epithelium continuous with those of the endocervical canal.Glycogen concentration in the smooth muscle did not fluctuate markedly, irrespective of the hormones used. Glycogen granules were more numerous in the stratified squamous epithelium. Malt-diastase-resistant material appeared to be more abundant in the columnar epithelium and glandular lumina when the monkeys received both hormones than when they received solely estrogen or progesterone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051220202
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    Masthead (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051220301
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    Oxytalan fibers in the periodontal ligament of the Caiman and the Alligator (Crocodilia, Reptilia) (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 169-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histological examination of the fibrous and cellular connective tissue components of the periodontal ligament in the Caiman and the Alligator reveals the presence of reticular fibrillae, collagenic, elastic, and oxytalan fibers, as well as fibrocytes, osteoblasts, cementoblasts and epithelial rests. The oxytalan fibers differentiated by the peracetic acid aldehyde-fuchsin method are most numerous in the coronal region, radiating from the primary cementum into the periodontal ligament a short distance. Oxytalan fibers in fewer numbers are found interspersed between the oblique and the horizontal principal fiber bundles. Inasmuch as the crocodilian teeth have continuous replacement and thus a relatively short functional life, the oxytalan fibers of the Caiman and the Alligator appear to be proportionally fewer in number than they are in the mammalian periodontal tissues. The presence of the oxytalan fibers and epithelial rests in the Order Crocodilia (Crocodilia) adds to the number of dental structures shared with the Class Mammalia (Mammalia) (mammals) such as a stellate reticulum, a primary and secondary cementum and a periodontal ligament. This furnishes additional histological evidence for evaluation of the phylogenetic position of this group.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051220302
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    Histochemical studies on cell death and histolysis during regeneration I. Distribution of acid phosphomonoesterase activity in the normal, the regenerating and the resorbing forelimb of the larval spotted salamander, Amblystoma maculatumSupported by grants (GM-05483 and AM-03605) from The National Institutes Of health, United States Public Health Service. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 203-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histochemical methods, especially azo dye methods for detecting acid phosphomonoesterase activity were applied to normal, regenerating and denervated, amputated limbs from larval Amblystoma maculatum. Efforts were made to control inactivation of enzymic activity and diffusion of both enzyme and reaction product. “Base-line” values for enzymic activity were determined for normal limbs. Activity appeared most intense in macrophages, less intense in epidermis and cartilage matrix. Some activity was detected in Schwann cells, peri- and endoneurium and muscle fibers form normal limbs. Enzymic activity in regenerating limbs was strongest within macrophages which appeared in increased numbers especially in early stages. Wound tissue showed little increased activity. As the blastema formed, increased enzymic activity was detected in epidermis and within increased numbers of macrophages. Chondrocytes showed increased activity especially during cartilage matrix deposition. Amputated, denervated limbs showed large numbers of active macrophages beneath and within epidermis and along muscle. As regression commenced, areas of cartilage matrix breakdown showed increased enzymic activity but, in general, greatest activity was in macrophages. The various possible roles of acid phosphomonoesterase activity in the specific biological situations dealt with are considered in light of such observations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051220304
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    The histology of inhibition of limb regeneration in the newt, Triturus, by actinomycin D (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 249-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Adult newts, Triturus viridescens, were treated with from 1.0-10.0 μg/g body weight of actinomycin D one day before amputation of both forelimbs. Mean survival times ranged from over 50 days in newts treated with 1.0 μg/g to 13.2 days in animals given 10.0 μg/g body weight of actinomycin. Low doses little altered the course of regeneration, but animals treated with over 2.0 μg/g never formed blastemas. In another series, animals were given doses of 2.5 μg/g body weight of actinomycin D at intervals from 14 days before to 30 days after amputation. It was found that certain signs of toxicity (loss of equilibrium) are related to the time of administration of the drug whereas others (hemorrhage into the limb stumps) are restricted to a definite phase of the regenerative process. Early administration of actinomycin completely inhibits regeneration whereas later treatment results in a considerably lessened effect. The postamputational stages which are basically destructive in nature are not noticeably affected by actinomycin D, but the phases of dedifferentiation, blastema formation and redifferentiation are strongly inhibited.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051220306
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    The morphogenesis of the stomach and intestine in the salamander Ambystoma maculatumSupported by grant HD1789 from the National Institutes of Health. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 345-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The major events associated with the morphogenesis of the amphibian alimentary tract are described and illustrated with a series of photomicrographs that present a continuous account of the differentiation process from its onset at stage 38 until the initiation of feeding at stage 46. Histological evidence is presented for the normal disappearance of the midgut region of the archenteron and the de novo formation of the intestine through the yolk mass. The mechanics of intestinal lumen formation are discussed in terms of the dynamic autonomous actions and interactions of the endoderm and the splanchnic mesoderm. The opening of the intestinal lumen as a consequence of cytolysis or cellular digestion is discounted. The relation of the present observations to the previously described polar endoderm cells is considered.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051220405
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    Masthead (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051230101
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  • 148
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    Lympho-myeloid organs of amphibia I. Appearance during larval and adult stages of Rana catesbeianaSupported by USPHS grant AM 09030 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 381-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, possesses lympho-myeloid and epithelial structures that are morphologically similar in some respects to lymph nodes of mammals. These organs are present during the entire life cycle of the frog, however, the structures that are present during larval stages do not appear to be morphological precursors of adult organs. According to certain terms used previously by other investigators, two major organs are present throughout the larval stages: the lymph gland and the ventral cavity body. In the adult, the jugular body, the epithelial body, the precoracoid and propericardial bodies are found in the ventral neck region in contrast to the lateral and ventral arrangement of the lymph gland and ventral cavity body in larvae. The function of these organs is not known but it is believed that they play a role in the production of certain blood cells, particularly lymphocytes, and they may be involved in some aspects of the differentiation and maintenance of the immune response capacity.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 149
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    Fine structure of the functional mesonephros in the eight-day chick embryo (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 441-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An electron microscopic study of the functional mesonephros in the 8-day chick embryo revealed the following features of the nephron:Proximal tubule cells. Nuclei are spherical and basally oriented. Mitochondri are round or elongate with clear-cut cristae. Intramitochondrial granules occur sporadically. The Golgi complex, lying adjacent to the nucleus in apical cytoplasm, consists of flattened lamellae and associated secretion droplets. The cytoplasm is filled with ribosomes which occasionally are spiral in arrangement. Characteristic microvilli project from the apical end of cells. Basal regions of the cells are bounded by a homogeneous basement membrane. Adjacent epithelial cells are separated at their base by wide intercellular spaces. Interdigitating processes between cells are common in this area. At their apices, cells are joined by junctional complexes.Distal tubule cells. Nuclei are round and centrally located. Microvilli are sparse and usually absent. When present, they are short and blunt. Cells are closely allied at their base and joined tightly at their apices. Interdigitating processes are not as prevalent as in proximal tubules. Infoldings of the plasma membrane are prominent and compartmentalize mitochondria.Glomerulus. Endothelial cells are elongate, bordering the capillary lumen, and their membranes contain definite slit-pores. Epithelial pedicels extend from the cell body, intergiditate with each other and rest on the capillary basement membrane. The latter consists of three layers resembling those in adults.The similarity in the fine structural characteristics between chick mesonephros and adult metanepros corroborates the holonephric theory of vertebrate kidney evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051230408
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    Histological and histochemical observations of the hemolymph cells in the crayfish, Orconectes virilis (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 559-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hemolymph cells of Orconectes virilis were stained during the months of August to November by a variety of histological and histochemical techniques. Cells were classified as hyaline cells, small granulocytes, and large granulocytes. Presence of mitochondrial enzymes was indicated by tests for succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase. Reaction to test for the hydrolytic enzyme, leucine acylnaphthylamidase was intense in the granules of the large granulocytes. The PAS reaction indicated a mucopolysaccharide at the cell membrane. Lipid was found in all three hemolymph cell types of Orconectes virilis at the time of this study.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051230413
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  • 151
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    NMR spectra of poly-2-vinylpyridine (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1320-1322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050630
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  • 152
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    On polymorphism in polypentene-1 (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1323-1325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050631
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    Light scattering study of the molecular weight distribution of polypropylene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1329-1329 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050633
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  • 154
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    Structural studies of polyethers. IV. Structure analysis of the polyoxymethylene molecule by three-dimensional fourier syntheses (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 63-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Detailed structure analysis of the polyoxymethylene molecule was carried out by the method of three-dimensional Fourier synthesis. The diffraction data were measured on a highly ordered polyoxymethylene sample prepared from a single crystal of tetraoxane by solid-state radiation polymerization. By assuming the anisotropic thermal factors for the oxygen and carbon atoms and taking into account the contribution of the hydrogen atoms, good agreement between the observed and calculated structure factors was obtained; the R factor is 8.8%. The distance between the oxygen atom and the helix axis r(O) = 0.671 A. is slightly shorter than r(C) = 0.691 A. The bond distance C—O = 1.421 A., the angle ∠COC = 112°24′, and ∠OCO = 110°49′. All the internal rotation angles of the skeletal bonds are 78°13′. It is deduced from the experimental results that each crystallite of polyoxymethylene is composed of only one type of helix, right-handed or left-handed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050106
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    Frequency dependence of intrinsic viscosity of macromolecules with finite internal viscosity (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 179-193 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In order to explain the observed nonvanishing limiting value of dynamic intrinsic viscosity of polymer solutions at ω = ∞ one has considered the necklace model with finite resistance to the rate of coil deformation introduced long ago by Cerf for the study of gradient dependence of intrinsic viscosity and streaming birefringence. The calculation need not take into account change of hydrodynamic interaction as a consequence of coil deformation because the experimental data are always either obtained at very low gradient or extrapolated to zero gradient so that in the experiment the macromolecule has the same conformation as in the solution at rest. The model indeed yields a finite [η]′ω = ∞ in good agreement with experiments on polystyrene in Aroclor. According to the theory [η]′ω = ∞/[η]0 decreases with increasing molecular weight as M-1 and M-1/2 for the free-draining and impermeable coil, respectively. The absolute limiting value [η]∞′, therefore turns out to be nearly independent of M, at least for small values of internal viscosity. From the observed value [η]∞′/[η0] one can obtain the coefficient of internal viscosity of the macromolecule. The value for polystyrene in Aroclor calculated from dynamic experiments on rather concentrated solutions is close to that derived by Cerf from streaming birefringence observations of polystyrene in a series of solvents of widely differing viscosity.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050115
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    A concise polymer crystal genealogy (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 225-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050118
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    Radiation-induced catalytic polymerization. I. Theory (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 211-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of radiation polymerization on a solid catalyst is discussed, under the condition that only linear termination of the chain takes place. All the kinetic equations are balance equations of particles of each type adsorbed by unit mass of the catalyst, and this makes it possible to account for the effect on the kinetics of the time dependence of the magnitude of the part of its surface on which the reactions we are considering may take place. Integro-differential equations are used for calculating the molecular weight distribution of the resulting polymer; this ensures higher accuracy of the formulas obtained than when differential equations are used and makes it possible to eliminate a number of limitations generally involved in the transition to differential equations. An expression has been found for the molecular weight distribution of the polymer product which allows for the possibility of radiation-induced catalytic polymerization on the resulting adsorbed polymer. Expressions have been derived for the average molecular weight and yield (weight and molecular) of the polymer formed. Asymptotic formulas have been obtained (for large irradiation times) for all the above values. The conclusions that can be drawn concerning the mechanism of the process based on a comparison of the formulas obtained with kinetic curves plotted from experimental data are given. It is shown how such a comparison can be utilized for calculating the rate constants for polymerization and chain termination reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050117
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    Dynamic mechanical properties of a gel of cellulose nitrate in diethyl phthalate: Reduced variable analysis in terms of amorphous and crystalline phases (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 195-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A phenomenological theory is presented to extend the method of reduced variables for the effects of both temperature and changing degree of crystallinity on the linear viscoelastic properties of solutions of crystalline polymers. The vertical and the horizontal shift factors, which are both obtainable in the course of analysis of the experimental data, are correlated with the concentration of the solution and the volume fraction of the crystalline phase, and the fractional free volume of the system, respectively. Dynamic mechanical properties of a gel of cellulose nitrate (nitrogen content, 12.6%) in diethyl phthalate with a nominal concentration of 18% by weight were obtained in the transition region from glasslike to rubberlike consistency and also in the rubbery plateau region by employing the Fitzgerald apparatus and a freely oscillating torsion pendulum over the temperature range from -49 to 65°C. Application of the new reduction method to the experimental data was found to be quite successful, and it was shown that in general the degree of crystallinity in the system (and hence also the concentration of polymer in the amorphous phase) can depend on both temperature and thermal history. The dynamic mechanical data of a gel of different nominal concentration (23% by weight) previously obtained by Plazek were reanalyzed in terms of the method herein given.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050116
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    Intrinsic viscosity of homopolymers and graft copolymers in solvent mixtures (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 230-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050119
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    Macromolecules in solution (high polymers, volume XXI). HERBERT MORAWETZ. Interscience, New York, 1965. xvi + 495. $16.50 (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 235-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050120
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  • 161
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    Recording microdilatometer for the measurement of polymer crystallization rates (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 391-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050213
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  • 162
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    Configuration and hydrodynamic properties of fully acetylated salep glucomannan (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 361-375 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polysaccharide of salep orchid tuber was shown to be a glucomannan with a glucose/mannose ratio of 2.6 and an acetyl content of 2.1%. After extraction from the powdered root with water, the triacetate derivative was prepared and its configurational and hydrodynamic properties examined. The polymer yielded a series of fractions from 615 to 4170 in weight-average degree of polymerization. Light-scattering, viscosity, and osmometry experiments were conducted. Intrinsic viscosity results were interpreted according to the hydrodynamic theory of Eizner and Ptitsyn resulting in a value of ζ/η0 = 20 ± 6 A. for the ratio of monomeric friction coefficient to solvent viscosity and a corresponding value of a = 55 ± 4 A. for the persistence length, closely similar to those reported for other β-1,4-linked polysaccharides. The theoretical Flory coefficient increased with increasing molecular weight but was less than the limiting value of Φ0 = 2.86 × 1023 mole-1. The dependence of the light-scattering radius of gyration of the glucomannan polymer on the contour length showed that the configuration of the heteropolymer was similar to that of other β-1,4-linked polysaccharides which have only glucose or mannose in the main chain. Calculated radii of gyration based on the Porod-Kratky persistence length were found to be smaller than radii found by light scattering on the fractions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050211
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    Some optical and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 583-596 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The optical and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) film were examined by observing both the stress and birefringence during stretching at constant rate, during relaxation at constant length and during a dynamic birefringence experiment. Experiments were also done by varying the temperature at constant length. The changes in birefringence are interpreted in terms of changes in negative distortional birefringence, changes in positive orientation birefringence, and possible reversible changes in birefringence with temperature arising from conformational changes in the polymer chain and changes in the contribution of birefringent crystals.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050315
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    Morphology of polypropylene crystals. I. Dilute solution-grown lamellar crystals (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 597-613 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of crystalline morphology of isotactic polypropylene crystallized from dilute solutions on its molecular weight and growing conditions and the mechanism of crystal growth were studied by electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Lathshaped lamellar crystals 150-300 A. in thickness are obtained from fractionated polypropylene powders of Mw (average molecular weight) = 600,000 and 240,000, but not from the samples of Mw = 82,000 and 44,000, by means of isothermal crystallization at 130°C. for 20 hr. in dilute α-chloronaphthalene solution (0.005 wt.-%). Precipitation of the fractionated polypropylene sample of Mw = 82,000 from a dilute solution of carbitol gives typical dendritic crystals under the same isothermal crystallizing conditions as mentioned above. The mode of chain folding in these crystals based on the orientation and the crystal structure of the lamellar crystals agrees with that proposed by Sauer, Morrow, and Richardson. From the morphological observations, the mechanism of growth pertinent to polypropylene lamellar crystals is presumed to be as follows: fibrils at first aggregate, then the molecular chains are folded to form small lamellae, and then these small lamellae accumulate compactly to grow to large, lath-shaped, lamellar crystals.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050316
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    Selective polymeric effects on solvent NMR relaxations (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 697-704 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of the spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of solvent protons have been performed on systems containing mixed solvents with and without polymer. It has been found that the motion of solvent is selectively affected by polymers present in the system. Polyisobutylene (10%) in mixed solvents of carbon tetrachloride (or cyclohexane) and dichloromethane at various proportions produces little effect on T1 values of dichloromethane, but it affects significantly the T1 values of cyclohexane; whereas poly(methyl methacrylate) (10%) in carbon tetrachloride and dichloromethane (or acetone) selectively associates with dichloromethane (or acetone), resulting in an approximate 50% reduction of the T1 values for dichloromethane (or acetone). In systems of poly(methyl methacrylate) and three mixed solvents of carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane, and cyclohexane, the polymer (10%) has a negligible effect on the T1 values of cyclohexane, but brings about a 50% reduction of the T1 values of dichloromethane. These phenomena are discussed in terms of local selective interactions between the solvent molecules and the polymeric chain segments.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050406
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    Configurational enthalpy of polystyrene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 705-710 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Recent precision measurements of the heats of combustion of atactic and isotactic polystyrene permit an unequivocal calculation of the enthalpy difference in the bulk amorphous forms of the two isomers of this polymer. Contributions to this quantity arise mainly from the differences in nonbonded interactions in the two configurations but may also contain terms relating to higher energy conformations and to intermolecular interactions. The thermochemical and NMR data of specific polymers and of simple molecules are discussed in a comparison with model compound calculations. The thermochemical method has potentially important applications in studying molecular interactions in stereoregular polymers.
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    Energy contents of amorphous polystyrene with different thermal historiesSome of these results were presented at the International Congress on Macromolecular Chemistry, Prague, 1965. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 743-749 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Tian-Calvet microcalorimeter has been used to measure the heat of solution of atactic polystyrene in toluene at 30°C. By using a special technique for polymer sample preparation, it has been possible to measure directly the difference in conformational energy of the polystyrene chain at different temperatures, from 30 to 100°C. and to calculate its contribution to the specific heat.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050409
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    Models of spherulite deformation taking into account changes in volumePaper presented in part at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Society of Rheology, Cleveland, Ohio, October 1965. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 711-742 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A general method is presented for taking into account changes in volume in several types of calculations concerned with spherulite deformation in semicrystalline polymers. The method is applicable at large strains for which the low-strain limiting form of the equation defining Poisson's ratio is no longer valid. Applications are made to calculations of the three crystal orientation functions for models of spherulite deformation based on those proposed by Wilchinsky, Stein et al., and Oda et al. The effects of changes in volume are considered in detail and are compared with previous results in which the volume change was neglected. Calculations of spherulite birefringence are considered in a similar manner, as are the equations for determining spherulite deformation by means of low-angle light-scattering measurements. Results indicate that in several cases details of deformation mechanisms previously proposed should be revised in light of the effect of the change in volume on the calculated orientation functions. The equations in each case are presented in terms of a parameter β, the square root of the third strain invariant of the deformation tensor. Results are presented in numerical form for many of the basic parameters. Equations for all such results are expressed in explicit form and, in most cases, are displayed graphically together with available experimental data.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050408
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    Dynamic mechanical properties of aromatic, aliphatic, and partially fluorinated epoxy resins (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 761-769 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The α, β, and γ transitions at temperatures between -200 and +100°C. of crosslinked aromatic and aliphatic epoxy polymers were determined from damping and shear modulus data, and compared with their fluorine containing analogs. Loci of segmental relaxation are suggested at various temperatures, and similarities between aliphatic and fluorocarbon segments, and polyethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene are discussed. Two systems of structurally similar monomers 2,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoropentane diglycidyl ether-1,5 and 1,4-butane diglycidyl ether, and 2,2-bis(4-glycidyl phenyl ether)hexafluoropropane and 2,2-bis(4-glycidyl phenyl ether) propane were polymerized with the aid of two diamine curing agents, namely, ethylenediamine and m-xylylenediamine. Polymers of the aromatic diepoxides showed transitions with peaks at -56°C. and above +70°C. Three main peaks were registered for the aliphatic and fluorocarbon diepoxides: at -125 and at -100°C., at -56°C., and at 0°C. It is suggested that the Tg is affected by an interdependence of relaxation of all components of the polymer main chain.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050411
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  • 170
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    Apparatus for the measurement of the flow birefringence of polymer melts (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 781-790 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A description is given of a modified cone-and-plate apparatus suitable for the measurement of the streaming birefringence of molten polymers. Some results are given of measurements on a polystyrene and a poly(dimethyl siloxane). Those on polystyrene are compared with solution measurements of the same material by use of the well-known Bueche-Harding parameter. Measurements on the silicone oil have been compared with measurements of the dynamic moduli on the same material, after ascertaining the validity of the stress-optical law for this system as well.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050413
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  • 171
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    Thermodynamic properties of polybutene-1 and butene-1 (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 791-794 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050414
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  • 172
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    Strain birefringence of poly(vinyl alcohol) gels (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 795-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050415
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  • 173
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    Measurement of concentration gradients in swelling crosslinked polymer beads (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 799-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The concentration of solvent in the gel phase of a swelling polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer bead has been measured as a function of the radius by optical interference techniques. It is found that an appreciable gradient exists even shortly after the core disappears. Results are presented for two cases: a very lightly crosslinked bead that exhibits negligible birefringence while swelling, and a more tightly crosslinked network in which the birefringence must be considered. It is also found that the refractive index of the unswollen bead is considerably less than that found by extrapolation from the swollen state; this effect is reasonable when the “free volume” in the bulk polymer is considered.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050501
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  • 174
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    Birefringence dispersion in oriented polystyrene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 817-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dispersion of birefringence in oriented amorphous polymers is discussed. It is shown that for polystyrene, the birefringence can be considered as the product of an orientation function and a function of the wavelength of the light. This leads to a method for expressing the birefringence dispersion as a function that is characteristic of the polymer. This function is determined for polystyrene, and from it the birefringence at infinite wavelength is found to be 11% lower than that measured with the mercury green line (5461 A.).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050502
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  • 175
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    Molecular dimensions of polydipropylsiloxamer (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 829-838 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The molecular dimensions of polydipropylsiloxamer were studied by intrinsic viscosity measurements in toluene and in 2-pentanone. The relationships between the molecualr weight and the intrinsic viscosity were found to be: [η]25°C., toluene = 4.35 × 10-4 M0.58; [η]θ(10°C.), toluene = 1.09 × 10-3 M0.5; [η]θ(76°C.), 2-pentanone = 8.71 × 10-4 M0.5. This held reasonably well for molecular weights from 25,000 to 3000,000. The root-mean-square end-to-end length ratio, (r02/M)1/2 as calculated from the constant K, exceeds the free rotation value by approximately 100%. The disparity is greater than that found with polydimethylsiloxamer, indicating a lower degree of flexibility for the polydipropylsiloxamer. This is largely due to the short range steric interaction between near neighboring units of the chain. Gel permeation chromatography was also employed to demonstrate the lower degree of flexibility for polydipropylsiloxamer as compared with polydimethylsiloxamer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050503
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  • 176
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    Corresponding state relations for the Newtonian viscosity of polymer solutions. II. Further systems and concentrated solutions (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 853-874 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In earlier work we have indicated a superposition principle for moderately concentrated mixtures (c ≲ 2/[η]) in good and poor solvents. By an examination of data on a number of vinyl polymers and cellulose derivatives in good as well as poor solvents, the validity of this principle is extended to concentrated solutions (c ≲ 50%). The characteristic concentration factor γ is proportional to M-a1 over the whole concentration range, with 0.47 ≤ a1 ≤ 1.10 being larger for good than for poor solvents, the result obtained earlier. Significant deviations from this relationship are noted in good solvents for those low molecular weights at which deviations from the usual intrinsic viscosity relationship occur. This may be related to the expansion factor of the polymer coil. On the basis of these results, the concentration and molecular weight dependence of the viscosity in the concentrated solution can be related to each other in terms of the parameter a1 and thus to thermodynamic characteristics. In this manner a bridge between the relatively dilute and concentrated regions is established. Currently used semiempirical expressions are analyzed in terms of these results. For the polystyrene-cyclohexane systems and θ - 9 ≦ T ≦ θ + 3, γ can be identified with the critical concentration for phase separation. Provided an “entanglement” concentration ce exists, in the neighbourhood of which the concentration dependence of the viscosity changes reapidly, γ can alternatively be shown to be proportional to ce, or ce ∝ M-a1. The temperature reduction scheme suggested earlier remains to be investigated.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050505
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  • 177
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    Dependence of viscosity of concentrated polymer solutions upon molecular weight and concentrationPresented at the International Symposium on Macromolecular Chemistry, Tokyo and Kyoto, October 4, 1966. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 899-913 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Molecular weight M and concentration c dependencies of the zero-shear viscosity (η) were measured over wide ranges of M and c for concentrated solutions of linear and branched poly(vinyl acetate) as well as of polystyrene under θ conditions. The log η versus log M and log η versus log c curves for a given system can be superposed by the horizontal shift along the abscissa, giving smooth master curves. From the shift factors the ratio of two exponents β and α, which appear in the following equation, can be evaluated: η = K′(cρ)αMβ, where ρ is the density of the solution and K′ is a constant at constant temperature. The evaluated values of β/α for the systems under θ conditions are equal to or very close to 0.50 as was anticipated from the previous work. The above superposition method was also applied to available viscosity data, and it was found that β/α had a good correlation with a in [η] = KMa. This indicates that the individual molecules in concentrated solutions maintain the same individuality as in dilute solutions, and might be a positive support to the packed sphere model proposed previously by the authors. The effect of solvent on the molecular weight and the concentration dependencies of viscosity was also discussed.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050508
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  • 178
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    Synthetic thermally reversible gel systems. II (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 915-927 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The homopolymer and many of the copolymers of N-acrylylglycinamide yield thermally reversible gels in water. These systems are uniquely suitable for studying synthetic photographic gelatin substitutes and for understanding the mechanism of the gelation process. Polymerization of N-acrylylglycinamide has been studied under a variety of conditions. The homopolymer is aggregated in dilute aqueous solution and probably molecularly dispersed in 2M thiocyanate solution. At concentrations of several per cent, in water, thermally reversible gels are formed whose melting points rise with increasing concentration and increasing molecular weight. The heat of gelation crosslinking has been calculated to be -8.8 kcal./mole of crosslinks. Introduction of small amounts of carboxyl groups into the polymer raises the melting points of the aqueous gels. The effect of various organic and inorganic reagents on gelation is presented. The ability to prepare copolymers which can be flocculated has been demonstrated as well as the usefulness of the monomer in certain types of photoresist systems. Copolymerization with acrylic acid and β-aminoethyl vinyl ether has been studied, and the r1 and r2 values for these systems have been calculated as well as Q and e values for N-acrylylglycinamide.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050509
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  • 179
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    Configurations of the free radicals in irradiated polypropylene and the relation of their decay reactions to the molecular motion (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 929-938 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Free radicals produced in irradiated polypropylene were studied by the electron spin resonance method. Two temperature regions in which the free radicals decay rapidly were found at around 170°K. and 260°K. The first temperature region corresponds to the γ-dispersion of polypropylene and the second to the β-dispersion. Steric configurations of the free radicals were investigated, and it was concluded that the free radicals trapped in polymer, conformation of which is appreciably twisted from the stable 31-helical structure, decay with small-scale motion of the matrix polymer. The decay of free radicals trapped in polymer of less twisted conformation is associated with the large-scale motion of the matrix polymer. Activation energies of decay were found to be 11 kcal./mole at the lower temperature and 48 kcal./mole at the higher temperature. Time constants of the decay reactions were compared with those for molecular motion of the matrix, with results reflecting the relations of the decay of the polymer radicals to molecular motion in the matrix.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050510
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  • 180
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    Deformation of polybutene-1 spherulites (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 939-955 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The deformation of fresh and aged polybutene-1 spherulitic samples has been investigated by microscopic observation, interferometry, studying macroscopic and spherulitic birefringence changes, and study of light-scattering patterns. The spherulite deformation is not affine, the microscopic deformation ratio being less than the macroscopic deformation ratio of the sample and greater in the equatorial regions of the spherulite than in the polar regions. The deviation from affine deformation is less for fresh spherulites than for the aged, where void formation occurs in the equatorial part of the spherulite. This gives rise to large scattering by this part of the spherulite and to form birefringence. The spherulite birefringence and its change with elongation is dependent upon the degree of aging of the sample. The spherulite birefringence is more negative for the aged sample. In the polar regions of the spherulite, this negative birefringence decreases and turns positive at higher elongations, characteristic of a reorientation of the crystals with their optic axes turning from being perpendicular to parallel to the spherulite radius. The spherulite birefringence in the equatorial direction becomes somewhat more negative on stretching a fresh sample but less negative on stretching an aged one. Spherulite distortion and orientation changes are apparent from the light-scattering patterns of films possessing small spherulites. The changes in Vv and Hv scattering patterns upon stretch are different for the fresh and aged samples. The Vv patterns of the fresh samples decrease in intensity with time after stretching a fresh sample with the Hv patterns do not.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050511
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  • 181
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    Heat of fusion of polyethylene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 987-988 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050514
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  • 182
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    An atomistic approach to the nature and properties of materials. J. A. PASK, Ed. Wiley, New York, 1967. xi + 477. $19.95 (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 989-989 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050515
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  • 183
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    Polyelectrolyte behavior and conformation of poly-L-methionine S-methylsulfonium salts in aqueous solution (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1013-1028 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of the species of counterion on the polyelectrolyte behavior and the conformation of poly-L-methionine S-methylsulfonium salts in aqueous solution was studied by viscometric, electrochemical, and optical measurements. The degree of binding of small counterions to charged polyions increases in the sequence: chloride ≲ bromide 〈 iodide 〈 thiocyanate. The conformations of chloride and bromide salts are independent of polymer concentration. On the contrary, iodide and thiocyanate salts indicate a conformational transition, probably from a random-coil conformation to an intermolecularly stabilized β-form, with the increase of polymer concentration. The results suggest the existence of a strong specific interaction between counterion and macroion in iodide and thiocyanate salt solutions at high polymer concentration.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050602
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  • 184
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    Investigation of the fold-surface problem in polyethylene single crystals with the nitric acid oxidation technique (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 991-1012 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Single-crystal preparations of polyethylene were treated with the selective oxidizing agent, fuming nitric acid. The degraded products were examined as regards layer thickness (by low-angle x-ray studies), chemical and weight changes, recrystallization and annealing treatments, and by broadline NMR, as part of a systematic investigation aimed at clarifying the nature of disordered material in single crystals. It emerges that there is a disordered-mobile region along the fold surface of the crystals in agreement with other parallel works along similar lines. In a more detailed analysis we can now decompose the nitric acid attack into components affecting the basal and side surfaces, respectively. Taking into account the recrystallization-annealing observations, we infer that the fold surface is heterogeneous with folds of more than one kind. These results were combined with a preliminary molecular weight distribution study by gel permeation chromatography. Taking into account all the available evidence, we are led to suggest a composite structure where surface looseness, coresponding to long loops and hairs, is superimposed on the more regular folded surface. This model is in the process of being tested. The problems concerning the assignment of a value to the amount of surface looseness are being discussed. In addition, a discontinuity in the thermal behavior of the crystals between 75 and 80°C. has been detected.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050601
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  • 185
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    Caractérisation des polymègres réaticuléas sous tension (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1029-1042 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This paper is devoted to the determination of the number of intermolecular bonds in a polymer crosslinked according to the following process: (1) crosslinking in the usual isotropic state, (2) additional crosslinking of the strained primary network. The Flory equation for swelling in solvents has been modified in order to take into account the oriented state of the initial network at the time of secondary crosslinking. The combination of this equation with those relating the modulus of elasticity and the dimensions of the relaxed sample to the deformation of the primary network at the time of secondary crosslinking leads to different possible evaluations of the number of intermolecular bonds. Their significance is discussed. The equations thus established are tested with natural rubber samples vulcanized according to the above-mentioned process. The validity of the number of crosslinks thus calculated is discussed; a partial degradation of the primary network occurs during the second crosslinking. Its influence is taken into account by using the approximated equations proposed by Flory. The efficiency of the vulcanizing agent (TMTD) is consequently shown to be practically independent of the deformation of the primary network at the time of secondary crosslinking.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050603
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  • 186
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    Gel permeation chromatography of polyethylene: Effect of long-chain branching (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1087-1101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of long-chain branching on the size of low-density polyethylene molecules in solution is demonstrated through solution viscosity and molecular weight measurements on fractionated samples. These well-characterized fractions are analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and it is shown that the separation of the polymer molecules by this technique is sensitive to the presence of long-chain branching. By using fractions of branched polyethylene possessing differing degrees of branching, one observes that a single curve is adequate in relating elution volume to molecular weight. This calibration curve is applied in the GPC analysis of a variety of commercial low-density polyethylene resins and it is shown, by comparison with independent osmometric and gradient elution chromatographic data, that realistic values for molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are obtained. The replacement of molecular weight M by the parameter [η]M as a function of elution volume, leads to a single relationship for both linear and branched polyethylenes. This indicates that GPC separation takes place according to the hydrodynamic volumes of the polymer molecules. The comparison of data for polyethylene and polystyrene fractions suggests that this volume dependence of the separation will be observed for other polymer-solvent systems.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050609
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  • 187
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    Polyurethane elastomers from post-grafted polymer-polyol systems (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 133-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Certain homopolymer-polyol mixtures, after treatment with a free-radical generating agent or ionizing radiation, will produce polyurethane elastomers of nearly twice the stiffness and tensile properties compared to control elastomers made with untreated mixtures. Specific examples of these mixtures include the homopolymers of acrylonitrile and vinyl chloride with a poly(oxypropyl) triol of about 3000 molecular weight as the polyol in each case. The marked improvement in the stiffness and tensile properties of elastomers made with the treated mixtures over those of the untreated controls indicates a grafting process occurring between the polyol and homopolymer upon the generation of free radicals. In the present work, grafting could occur by a chain-transfer hydrogen-abstraction mechanism, whereby a free-radical site is generated on both the homopolymer and polyol chains. Coupling of these two free-radical sites would thus result in the establishment of a polymer-polyol graft bond.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110111
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    Graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers in wool fibers (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 115-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers, mainly methyl methacrylate, in reduced, successively alkylated, or KCN-Treated wool fibers was performed in the redox LiBr-persulfate system without homopolymer. The reduction gives a striking effect in promoting the graft copolymerization. Methylation or ethylene recrosslinking of the reduced wool, especially the former, decreases the graft-on remarkably. By the KCN treatment in which the conversion of disulfide to lanthionine bonds occurs, the grafting is decreased in the bromide-persulfate system but promoted in the system with persulfate alone. Methylation or KCN treatment of wool as well as reduction brings about a great increase in the absorption of persulfate. The grafting of the lanthionine-containing wool in the redox system accompanied by the liberation of bromine might be retarded by the pronounced bromination of monomers over the inhibiting of homopolymerization, because the lanthionine bonds are more stable to bromine than the disulfide bonds. In general, disulfide bonds and the other easily oxidized components of wool may perhaps play an important role in regulating the bromination of monomers and in the graft copolymerization without homopolymer. The molecular weight of graft polymer is decreased distinctly with increasing extent of reduction of wool. From these results, the thiol groups on wool are considered to give predominantly graft centers by the radicalotropy from SO4-·, OH·, and/or Br·.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110109
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  • 189
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    Plastic Materials. J. A. Brydson. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, 1966. x + 576. $18.50 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 153-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110115
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  • 190
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    Some mechanical properties of an epoxy resin system cured with multiple crosslinking agentsProd. No. 1445 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Arbitrary cure times and glass transition temperatures are reported for an epoxy resin cocrosslinked by various weight fractions of hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) and m-phenylenediamine (m-PLDA). The glass transition temperatures of the epoxy resin systems studied yielded an excellent fit to an empirical equation developed by Dyvik for copolymers. The cure time parameters were found to be a linear function of the weight fractions of each crosslinking agent present. The mechanical properties of the epoxy resins were measured by an in situ dynamic modulus technique which employed the use of a resin-coated metallic substrate.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110202
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  • 191
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    Antiplasticization. III. Characteristics and properties of antiplasticizable polymersPaper presented at the 152nd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, September 1966.Prod. No. 1451 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 227-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Antiplasticization is applicable to polymers which contain rigid, polar groups and stiff chains, such as many bisphenol polycarbonates and polyesters, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol polycarbonates and polyesters, cellulose triacetate, and a commercial poly(sulfone ether). The stiffness, hardness, and tensile strength of these polymers are increased by antiplasticizers, and the elongation, impact strength, and heat-distortion temperature are decreased. The stiffness of antiplasticized polymers can be further increased by crystallization. A clear, hard, stiff, tough, self-extinguishing molding plastic with good electrical properties and improved resistance to stress cracking is obtained by antiplasticizing bisphenol A polycarbonate with 20% Aroclor 5460.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110206
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  • 192
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    Resistance of Valonia cellulose to mercerizationProd. No. 1456 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mercerization behavior at 20°C. of Valonia macrophysa cellulose of Japanese origin was investigated by x-ray, moisture regain, and infrared spectrographic methods. The NaOH concentration range necessary for mercerization was 16-20%, which is higher than those required for wood pulp (8-11%), ramie or cotton (11-14%), and even the animal cellulose, Tunicin (14-16%). Treatment with the alkaline solution of the ordinary concentration (17.5%) for 4 days could not mercerize it, and even mercerization with a 19% solution brought about the presence of the reflection from (101)II along with those from (101)I and (101)I after regeneration. Such a high resistance to mercerization of the Valonia cellulose may be due to its larger crystallite size rather than the crystalline content.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110209
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  • 193
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    Elastomer processing and application of rheological fundamentalsProd. No. 1452 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 321-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Elastomer processing operations are discussed and classified as unit operations. The theory of nonlinear viscoelasticity is applied to processing unvulcanized amorphous rubber and the significance of the maximum relaxation time τm is emphasized.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110301
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  • 194
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    Polymer degradation. V. Changes in molecular weight distributions during sonic irradiation of polyisobuteneProd. No. 1470 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 335-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Gel permeation chromatography was used to follow changes in the molecular weight distribution of a polyisobutene, initial Mv = 466,000, during degradation induced by sonic irradiation. Seven samples taken at times of 200-163,500 sec. were studied. In general, a steady decrease in molecular weight was observed, although a bimodal distribution was present after 20,000 sec. irradiation. Various measures of inhomogeneity, Mw/Mn, U, etc., were examined. The function, σn/Mw, where σn is the standard deviation of the number distribution, is considered as a measure of the relative distribution. It is shown to be almost constant throughout the degradation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110302
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  • 195
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    Effects of interfaces on the thermal degradation of polymer-metal compositesProd. No. 1458 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 357-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Previous studies by Black and Blomquist on the degradative failure of polymer-metal adhesive bonds have shown that composite failure depends largely on the type of metal substrate employed. In the work reported herein, metal powders of high surface area have been employed to maximize the metal-polymer interface. The composite systems studied consisted for aluminum and iron with polycondensates of bisphenol A-diglycidyl ether, phenol-formaldehyde and poly-2,2′-(m-phenylene)-5,5′-bibenimidazole. The composites were prepared in the absence of air and thermally degraded in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer while the degradation products were continuously monitored from mass 1 to 200. In the polymer and polymer-metal systems investigated, iron accelerated the decomposition of all polymers studied. This was determined by plotting m/e against degradation temperature for the more common mass peaks such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide for the carbon-hydrogen-oxygen-containing polymer and hydrogen cyanide and ammonia for the carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-containing polymer. This technique offers promise in determining the nature of the interface as well as the effect of the interface on polymer degradation.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110304
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  • 196
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    Graft copolymers of starch. III. Copolymerization of gelatinized wheat starch with acrylonitrile. Influence of chain modifiers on copolymer compositionProd. No. 1476 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 457-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study was made of the influence of selected chain modifiers on both the molecular weight of grafted polyacrylonitrile and the grafting frequency of the starch-polyacrylo-nitrile graft copolymer. Gelatinized wheat starch was used with ceric ammonium nitrate as the initiator. The organic chain modifiers investigated were ethyl mercaptan, 1-dodecanethiol, methyl ethyl ketone, acetaldehyde, and chloroform. Sodium chromate, cupric bromide, cupric nitrate, cupric acetate, and cupric chloride were also tested as chain modifiers. In the presence of cupric chloride, there was a tenfold reduction in the molecular weight of grafted polyacrylonitrile; however, fewer chains were grafted to the starch backbone than were observed without cupric chloride.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110312
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  • 197
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    Third annual polymer conference series wayne state university (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 475-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110315
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  • 198
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    Investigation of conditions of spherulite formation in mixtures of crystalline and amorphous polymersProd. No. 1454 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 499-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The supermolecular structure of mixtures of crystalline polymers (low pressure and high pressure polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene) with an amorphous polymer (atactic polypropylene) from the point of view of the influence of the amorphous component on the morphology of the crystalline component has been investigated. The criterion of changes in the morphological state of larger supermolecular formations was the microscopic image of the samples obtained with an optical microscope, both between crossed nicols and in phase contrast. It has been established that the formation of typical spherulites depends on the amount of admixture of the amorphous polymer and also on the treatment of the samples. Upon crystallization in presence of a small amount of solvent (p-xylene), formation of typical spherulites of the crystalline component of the mixture can be observed while the same mixture in case of evaporation of the solvent presents a granulated refractive structure without typical spherulites, regardless of the rate of cooling. The probable role of the solvent is to facilitate mutual segregation of the microphases of both polymers in consequence of decrease in viscosity of the mixture. It has been further shown that even after briefly heating the mixture to a temperature of 220°C., before crystallization, spherulites do not form; on the contrary, spherulites originally present disappear and a structure consisting of smaller refractive formations of crystalline polymer is obtained. The formation of this structure, emerging after destruction of spherulites, might be attributed to an increase of interpenetration of both polymers and to an increase of the contact surfaces between components of the mixture.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110402
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  • 199
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    Effect of environmental hydrogen pressure on the hydrogen yield from x-irradiated polyethylenesPaper presented at the meeting of the American Physical Society, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, August 28-30, 1963.Prod. No. 1474 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 515-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental assembly incorporating a capacitance-type, differential pressure transducer, which provides resolutions of 3 × 10-4 torr at pressures extending to 30 torr, has been employed to monitor the effect of hydrogen environmental pressure on the hydrogen yield from x-irradiated polyethylenes. Contrary to the observations of previous investigators, the hydrogen yield is found to be independent of hydrogen environmental pressures extending over the critical range up to at least 30 torr. It is demonstrated that neglecting the temperature and density gradients inherent in closed-volume irradiation assemblies employing cryogenic traps to separate liberated gases into condensable and noncondensable fractions may lead to erroneous conclusions with respect to gas yields arising from the irradiation of materials. A homogeneous, variable-plate separation ion chamber consisting of a polyethylene body and utilizing flowing ethylene as the cavity gas was employed to obtain total volatile G values of 3.6 ± 0.4, 3.8 ± 0.4, and 4.0 ± 0.4 molecules/100 e.v., for Marlex 6002, Dow Ziegler (Q 917.5), and DuPont A-1410 polyethylenes, respectively. A hydrogen contribution of approximately 98 mole-% was obtained with this experimental method.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110403
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  • 200
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    Electronic Resource
    Optical evaluation of films by means of moiré (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 601-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110409
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