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  • 2000-2004
  • 1975-1979  (12)
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  • 1976  (12)
  • 1968  (12)
  • Kidney
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric radiology 4 (1976), S. 87-92 
    ISSN: 1432-1998
    Keywords: Kidney ; polycystic ; newborn infant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two cases are reported of adult type polycystic renal disease (autosomal dominant) presenting in the newborn as a unilateral abdominal mass. The radiographic findings in the involved kidney simulated the ectatic tubules of infantile polycystic disease, yet histologic examination was consistent with the adult variety and both infants had other family members with adult type polycystic kidneys. These cases emphasize some of the ambiguities that exist in the definition and classification of polycystic renal disease.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 38 (1976), S. 19-30 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Proteinuria ; Kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The concentration of several protein (β2-microglobulin, orosomucoid, albumin, transferrin) and of total amino acids was determined in the urine of 18 cadmium-exposed workers and in a group of matched nonexposed workers. The results were compared with the electrophoretic pattern of urinary proteins on agarose gel. Ten of the cadmium-exposed workers had an abnormal electrophoretic pattern, eight of them excreted larger quantities of high and low molecular weight proteins, and the other two showed only an increased excretion of high molecular weight proteins. An increased β2-microglobulin excretion was found in five workers with a normal urinary protein electrophoresis whereas only the urine of three exposed workers were found to be normal. We have confirmed a previous observation that in the majority of the cadmium-exposed workers with an abnormal electrophoretic pattern or an increased total proteinuria, not only low molecular weight proteins (β2-microglobulin) are excreted in greater amount but also high molecular weight proteins such as albumin and transferrin. Furthermore, in cadmium-exposed workers proteinuria is more closely related to the concentrations of albumin and orosomucoid in urine than that of β2-microglobulin. The change in urinary concentration of total amino acids was less marked than that of protein. The determination of both low and high molecular weight proteins ought to be recommended for detecting renal damage due to cadmium.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 293 (1976), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Adenosine ; Adrenergic neurotransmission ; Noradrenaline release ; Vasoconstriction ; Kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The action of adenosine on adrenergic neuroeffector transmission was studied in the rabbit kidney in vitro and in situ, in the canine subcutaneous adipose tissue in situ and in the guinea-pig vas deferens in vitro. In the kidney, adenosine (0.1–10 μM) caused a concentration-dependent increase in vascular resistance and in vasoconstrictor responses to nerve stimulation and administered noradrenaline. In the adipose tissue, adenosine also increased the vasoconstrictor responses but it decreased vascular resistance. In all three tissues studied adenosine significantly and reversibly depressed noradrenaline release evoked by nerve stimulation in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect of adenosine was not altered by phenoxybenzamine which blocked all vasoconstrictor responses and diminished the rise in vascular resistance by adenosine in the kidney. It is concluded that adenosine affects adrenergic neuroeffector transmission by two discrete mechanisms, prejunctional inhibition and postjunctional enhancement.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 362 (1976), S. 203-208 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Tubular reabsorption ; Bicarbonate ; PCO2 ; pH ; Carbonic anhydrase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Renal reabsorption of bicarbonate was studied in Merino ewes during carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Bicarbonate reabsorption was directly proportional to plasma bicarbonate concentration. No tubular maximum for bicarbonate was demonstrated. Elevation of arterialPCO2 or depression of arterial pH caused slight increases in bicarbonate reabsorption. The data suggest that bicarbonate is reabsorbed by 2 distinct processes. The quantitatively more significant process may involve ionic reabsorption of bicarbonate secondary to Na+ reabsorption and a relatively minor part of bicarbonate reabsorption may be secondary to H+ secretion.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Blood supply ; Radioisotopes for the measurement of renal blood flow ; Ureteral obstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In moderate mannitol diuresis in the dog the ratio RBF-86Rb uptake/RBF-electromagnetic flowmeter decreased during ureteral obstruction from 0.923–0.705. In the same animals the ratio RBF-133Xe wash-out/RBF-electromagnetic flowmeter increased from 0.932–1.365. With the rubidium technique a significant redistribution of intrarenal blood flow was observed. No similar flow changes were seen with the133Xe wash-out technique. The two methods do not measure during ureteral obstruction the true RBF. The change of86Rb uptake by the individual segments of renal tissue is not an unequivocal proof for the intrarenal redistribution of bloof flow, but this possibility cannot be definitely excluded.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 295 (1976), S. 123-126 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Kidney ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 14C-Dopamine at a dose between 0.16 and 400 nmol per kg body weight was injected locally into the renal artery and urinary excretion of the label was followed for a period of up to 75 min. During the first renal passage the injected kidney excreted 28.2±8.3% (n=8) of the activity applied. As shown by column chromatography the 14C-activity in urine was mainly present as 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (40%), homovanillic acid (15%) and dopamine (app. 20%). Excretion rate and the pattern of dopamine metabolites in urine was independent of the administered dose. Thus, the excretion of dopamine by the cat kidney is linked to an inactivation by the kidney enzymes MAO and COMT. From the literature it is known that in dog and chicken kidney catecholamines are not metabolized to such a large extent during renal excretion.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 527-548 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Teleost ; Castration, Sex hormones ; Involutive processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé Les mécanismes intervenant dans les phénomènes d'autophagie cellulaire sont étudiés au niveau de l'épithélium rénal chez l'Epinoche mâle (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) après castration. Deux types de phénomènes sont observés dans les cellules proximales. On assiste d'abord à la formation d'enroulements ergastoplasmiques, suivie immédiatement par l'apparition de progranules mucigènes lacunaires, ainsi que par un changement d'aspect des nucléoles. Il en résulte une diminution progressive de l'activité glandulaire de ces cellules. La castration agit également au niveau des grains de sécrétion, dont elle provoque l'involution. Des processus lytiques originaux sont décrits à ce niveau, qui conduisent à la destruction complète des produits glandulaires. Il en résulte parfois des dégénérescences cellulaires. Dans les tubes collecteurs, la castration provoque un ralentissement des synthèses glandulaires, qui se traduit par la disparition progressive des sécrétions muqueuses. Des granules denses de faible diamètre sont observés à ce moment. Ils sont supposés correspondre à des lysosomes. Les phénomènes involutifs décrits après castration sont comparables à ceux observés chez le mâle normal en fin de période de reproduction. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent fortement que l'hormone sexuelle mâle peut exercer, sur les cellules rénales de l'Epinoche, une action à deux niveaux distincts: cytoplasmique et nucléolaire.
    Notes: Summary The mechanisms of cellular autophagy have been studied in the renal epithelium of male sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) following castration. Two main types of alteration are described at the level of the proximal tubule cells. At first, the formation of endoplasmic reticulum whorls is observed, followed immediately by the secretion of lacunar progranules and by nucleolar modifications. These alterations lead to a progressive decrease of the glandular activity of the cells. The other main effect of castration is a general involution of the secretory granules still present in the cells. The involutive processes which lead to the complete destruction of the secretory material and, sometimes, of entire proximal cells, are described. In the collecting tubules, a marked and rapid decrease in glandular activity occurs, followed by disappearance of the mucous secretions. Small dense granules, supposedly lysosomes, are present. The processes described also appear to be characteristic of the normal involution of the renal cells occurring at the end of the breeding period. The findings strongly suggest that the male sex hormone may exert a double control on the renal cells in the stickleback, at both the cytoplasmic and nucleolar levels.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Autoradiography ; Sympathetic nerves ; Efferent arteriole ; Juxtaglomerular apparatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenergic innervation of the juxtaglomerular complex was studied in kidneys from mice, rats, guinea-pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs, pigs, monkeys, and humans using fluorescence histochemistry of neuronal nor-adrenaline and autoradiography of 3H-noradrenaline. The localization of the nerves was established by phase contrast optics or by perfusing the vascular system with India ink. Adrenergic nerve terminals, exhibiting a formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and having the ability to take up and accumulate 3H-noradrenaline, were easily identified when they enclosed the glomerular afferent arteriole. They continued in between and close to the macula densa and lacis cells to supply the glomerular efferent arteriole. The nerves could be seen to accompany this arteriole for a considerable distance until they branched off to the vasa recta in the juxtamedullary region and to adjacent cortical veins. This innervation pattern was found to be a constant feature except in kidneys from guinea-pigs and cats, in which post-glomerular adrenergic nerves were not found in some of the superficial glomerular units. The fluorescence in all adrenergic fibres supplying the juxtaglomerular complex disappeared after removal of the aortico-renal ganglion, showing that they belong to a common system of renal sympathetic nerves.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 431-446 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Bowman's capsule ; Zonulae occludentes ; Gap junctions ; Freeze-fracturing ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intercellular connections between the epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule were investigated. It could be demonstrated that typical zonulae occludentes (tight junctions) are present in the species (rat, hamster, and Tupaia) studied. Freeze-fracturing shows a network of anastomizing strands; some species variations are described. In the rat two strands are common. In the golden hamster mostly two to four and occasionally five strands occur. In Tupaia regularly three tight junction strands are found and also gap junctions associated with the zonulae occludentes. In thin sections the goniometric analysis confirms the freeze-fracturing results and reveals attachment zones of macular shape, which are classified as intermediate junctions and desmosomes. The functional role of these cell junctions observed in the epithelium of Bowman's capsule is discussed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 357-366 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Stickleback ; Antiandrogenss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La structure fine du rein est étudiée chez l'Epinoche mâle, sexuellement mature, après administration d'un antiandrogène, l'acétate de cyproterone. Les tabules rénaux se dédifférencient, dans ces conditions, selon des processus involutifs identiques à ceux induits par la castration, à la différence près que l'acétate de cyprotérone commence à agir après 14 jours seulement alors que la castration provoque déjà des modifications remarquables après 7 jours. Les transformations observées concernent les nucléoles, l'ergastoplasme et l'appareil de Golgi; elles traduisent une inhibition du processus sécrétoire. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que l'administration d'acétate de cyprotérone à des Epinoches mâles provoque, au niveau des cellules rénales, des effets apparemment identiques à ceux induits par l'absence d'hormone sexuelle mâle et que cette substance permet de réaliser une castration “chimique” valable chez les Poissons.
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the kidney is studied in the sexually mature male three-spined stickleback after administration of an antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate. Under these conditions, the dedifferentiation of renal tubules is characterized by the same involutive processes as those induced by castration, with the difference that cyproterone acetate only begins to act after 14 days whereas after castration the first signs of involution are visible after 7 days. The ultrastructural modifications affect the nucleoli, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. They reflect an inhibition of the secretory process. The results obtained demonstrate that administration of cyproterone acetate to male sticklebacks has an inhibitory effect on renal target cells, apparently indistinguishable from the changes induced by lack of male sex hormone, and that this drug may be a valid substitute for castration in fish.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 82 (1976), S. 1259-1261 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: Kidney ; transplantation ; juxtaglomerular apparatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the early stage of existence of the allografted kidney in the recipient, hyperplasia of cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus — epithelioid-modified cells of the afferent arteriole and of Goormaghtigh's cells (the lacis) — is observed. These changes are combined with elevation of the juxtaglomerular index, and in conjunction with the results of karyometric investigation, they are evidence of activation of the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the allografted human kidney during the first month after transplantation.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 342 (1976), S. 583-583 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Kidney ; Surgery, extracorporeal ; Niere ; Extrakorporale Operation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Technik und Indikationsbereich anhand 8 eigener Fälle werden diskutiert. Die Indikationen sind begrenzt: Bilaterale Nierentumoren und Tumoren der Einzelniere mit intra-renalem Wachstum sowie intra-renalem Aneuraysmata oder arterielle Stenosen kommen in erster Linie in Frage. Ein Fall mit intra-renalem Carcinom in einer Einzelniere und normaler Nierenfunktion 22 Monate nach der Operation sowie die technischen Möglichkeiten bei multiplen Tumoren in einer Hufeisenniere werden demonstriert.
    Notes: Summary The surgical technique and the indications for extracorporeal renal surgery are discussed with reference to 8 of the authors own cases. The indications for this type of surgery are still strictly limited: bilateral renal malignancies or tumors in the solitary kidney, intrarenal aneurysms or arterial stenosis. One case with intrarenal carcinoma in a solitary kidney and normal kidney function 22 months after operation is illustrated, as are the technical possibilities in multiple tumors in a horseshoe kidney.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Aldosterone ; Tubular Sodium Reabsorption ; Proximal Tubule ; Sodium Chloride Loading ; Niere ; Aldosteron ; tubuläre Natriumresorption ; proximaler Tubulus ; Natriumchloridbelastung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ratten erhielten 4 Wochen lang isotone Kochsalzlösung als Trinkflüssigkeit. Glomerulumfiltrat und Passagezeit von Lissamin-Grün im proximalen Tubulus blieben unverändert. Die spezifische Resorptionskapazität des Tubulusepithels — gemessen mit der „gespaltenen-Tropfen-Methode“ — nahm signifikant ab. Daraus ergab sich eine Verminderung der fraktionellen Natrium-und Wasserresorption im proximalen Tubulus von 51 auf 38% der gefilterten Menge. Die Na+-Ausscheidung stieg von 0,06 (Kontrollen) auf 1,25% der gefilterten Menge. Diese Veränderungen waren rückgängig zu machen durch Injektion von d-Aldosteron. Durch Bestimmung des TF/P-Inulin-Quotienten am Ende des proximalen Konvolutes wurden die Ergebnisse bestätigt. Es wird angenommen, daß die Resorptionshemmung im proximalen Tubulus bei chronischer Kochsalzbelastung durch verminderte Sekretion von Mineralocorticoiden bedingt und letzten Endes Ursache der vermehrten Na+-Ausscheidung ist. Ein Teil der proximalen Resorptionshemmung wird anscheinend in weiter distal gelegenen Nephron-Abschnitten kompensiert.
    Notes: Summary Rats were kept on isotonic saline as drinking fluid for a period of 4 weeks. Glomerular filtration rate and proximal transit time of Lissamine green remained unchanged. The intrinsic reabsorptive capacity of the proximal tubular epithelium—measured by the “shrinking-droplet-method”—decreased significantly. As a result, fractional proximal reabsorption of sodium and water decreased from 51 to 38 per cent of the filtered load. Sodium excretion rose from 0.06 (controls) to 1,25 per cent of the filtered load. These changes were reversible by injection of d-aldosterone. The results were confirmed by measuring the TF/P ratio of inulin at the end of the proximal convolution. The results indicate that in rats chronically loaded with salt, the inhibition of fractional proximal reabsorption is due to a decreased secretion of mineralocorticoids, and is the cause of the higher sodium excretion. Apparently, the decreased proximal reabsorption is partly compensated in more distal parts of the nephron.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Concentration ; Dialysis ; Urea ; Electrolytes ; Niere ; Konzentrierung ; Dialyse ; Harnstoff ; Elektrolyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um den Einfluß des Plasmaharnstoffspiegels auf die Konzentrierfähigkeit der Niere zu untersuchen, wird der Blutkreislauf von Ratten an eine Dialysiervorrichtung angeschlossen und der Harnstoffspiegel des Blutes für 3 Std durch Dialyse gegen eine harnstoffreie Spüllösung gesenkt. Gleichzeitig wird der Harnfluß der Tiere durch eine Regelanordnung konstant gehalten. Die Regelung wird dadurch erreicht, daß dem Blutkreislauf bei zu hohem Harnfluß automatisch Flüssigkeit entzogen und bei zu niedrigem Harnfluß Flüssigkeit zugeführt wird. Es wird gefunden, daß die Harnstoffkonzentrationen im Harn linear mit dem Plasmaharnstoffspiegel abfallen bzw. ansteigen. Die Summe der Elektrolytkonzentrationen fällt dagegen mit dem Plasmaharnstoffspiegel nur wenig ab. Falls ein völliger Harnstoffentzug möglich wäre, würde auch dann noch eine Konzentrierung der Elektrolyte auf mehr als doppelt isoton möglich sein. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung lassen sich am einfachsten mit der Annahme interpretieren, daß in der Niere der Ratte zwei unterschiedlich arbeitende Konzentrierungsmechanismen wirksam sind, von denen der eine im wesentlichen Elektrolyte, der andere im wesentlichen Harnstoff konzentriert. Der Konzentrierungsmechanismus für Elektrolyte könnte im äußeren Mark, der für Harnstoff im inneren Mark lokalisiert sein.
    Notes: Summary To investigate the influence of plasma urea levels on the concentrating power of the kidney, the blood circulation of rats was connected to a dialyser; with dialysis against a urea-free cleaning solution, the urea level of the blood was lowered for three hours. During this, the urine flow of the animals was kept constant by a regulating arrangement. This control was achieved by removing fluid from the blood circulation in the case of too high urine flow and by putting in fluid in the case of too low urine flow. It was found that the concentration of urea in the urine had a direct linear relationship with the plasma urea level. The total electrolyte concentration fell only slightly compared to the plasma urea level falls. If the urea could have been completely removed, high concentrating of the electrolyte, to more than double isotonic, would still have been possible. The simplest way to interpret the results of this research is by the hypothesis that two different concentrating mechanisms are at work in the rat kidney, the one essentially concentrating electrolytes, and the other principally urea. The concentrating mechanism for electrolytes could be localised in the outer medulla, and for urea in the inner medulla.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Concentration ; Infusion ; Urea ; Electrolytes ; Niere ; Konzentrierung ; Infusion ; Harnstoff ; Elektrolyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um die gegenseitige Beeinflussung von Harnstoff und NaCl bei der Bildung eines konzentrierten Harns zu untersuchen, werden Ratten 2 Tage lang NaCl-Lösungen mit wechselndem Harnstoffgehalt infundiert. Sodann werden der Harn sowie das Gewebe der Nierenrinde, des äußeren Marks und des inneren Marks auf ihren Gehalt an Kalium, Natrium und Harnstoff analysiert. Es wird gefunden, daß die Konzentrierfähigkeit der Rattenniere unter diesen Versuchsbedingungen für NaCl bei gleichzeitiger Zufuhr von Harnstoff geringer wird. In der Niere steigen NaCl und Harnstoffkonzentrationen unter allen Infusionsbedingungen von der Nierenrinde zur Nierenpapille hin an. Bei Infusion reiner NaCl-Lösungen entsprechen die NaCl- und Harnstoffkonzentrationen im Harn denen in der Papille. Bei Infusion von harnstoffhaltigen NaCl-Lösungen sind im Harn die NaCl-Konzentrationen höher und die Harnstoffkonzentrationen niedriger als im Papillengewebe. Diese Ergebnisse schließen aus, daß die hohen Harnstoffkonzentrationen im Nierenmarkgewebe durch einfache Diffusion des Harnstoffes aus den Sammelrohren in das Nierenmarkgewebe zustande kommen. Es wird die Möglichkeit diskutiert, daß die Harnstoffkonzentrierung unter den hier wiedergegebenen Versuchsbedingungen durch Gegenstromdiffusion in dem Vasa recta-System verursacht wird. Der Konzentriereffekt hierfür könnte durch einen Wasserfluß aufgrund osmotischer Kräfte von dem Blutgefäßsystem in die Henleschen Schleifen zustande kommen, wenn der Harn in den Henleschen Schleifen durch Aufnahme von NaCl, das aus den Sammelrohren stammt, hyperton wird.
    Notes: Summary To investigate the mutual interdependence of urea and sodium in producing concentrated urine, solutions of different concentrations of sodium and urea were infused into the stomach of rats. After two days' infusion, the urine and tissues from the different zones of the kidneys were analysed for sodium, potassium and urea content. It was found that the efficiency of the rat kidney in producing urine with high sodium content was diminished if urea was infused together with the sodium chloride. Under all conditions sodium and urea concentrations increased from the cortex to the papilla of the kidneys. When pure sodium chloride solutions were infused, sodium and urea concentrations in the urine were nearly equal to the corresponding concentrations in the papilla. Infusion of solutions containing NaCl and urea caused production of urine with a higher sodium concentration and lower urea concentration than in the papilla. These results show that the high concentration of urea in the medulla of the kidney does not arise by passives diffusion of urea from the collecting ducts into the medullary tissue. The possibility that the concentration of urea in the inner medulla is produced by counter current diffusion of urea in the vasa recta is discussed. The concentration effect necessary for this counter current multiplication could be created by an osmotic flow of water from the vasa recta into loops of Henle, if the urine in the loops becomes hypertonic by taking up sodium chloride from the collecting ducts.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Tubules ; Kidney ; Intraluminal Oil Injection ; Ultrastructure of Kidney ; Proximales Tubuluskonvolut ; Rattenniere ; intraluminale Ölinjektion ; Ultrastruktur der Niere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light- and electronmicroscopic evaluation of proximal convolutions of the rat kidney were made following injection with either mineral oil or castor oil. The following observations were made: 1. Injection of mineral oil does not result in a complete blockade of the tubular lumen and leads to morphological lesions of epithelial cells. 2. Injection of the more viscous castor oil, in contrast, leads to a dilatation of the tubular lumen and a compression of the brush border of proximal tubular cells. Thus a better blockade of longitudinal flow is achieved. A toxic effect of castor oil on the tubular epithelium could not be detected. Mechanical lesions, similar to those observed after mineral oil injection, were less frequent. They consisted in a penetration of oil into the cells, perhaps as consequence of the tubular dilatation. 3. In oil-injected proximal tubular segments the following cytologic phenomena were observed: a) a cessation of the normal pinocytosis, which is induced in the presence of tubular fluid, b) simultaneously the “large resorption vacuoles” disappear, indicating that they originate from confluence of pinocytotic vesicles, c) in dilated tubules protein resorption vacuoles are found to have ruptured towards the tubular lumen suggesting a high hydrostatic pressure within the vacuoles.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Experimental Hypertension ; Tubular Sodium Reabsorption ; Tubular Water Reabsorption ; Henle's Loop ; Niere ; experimenteller Hochdruck ; tubuläre Natriumresorption ; tubuläre Wasserresorption ; Henlesche Schleife
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 4 Wochen nach Klammerung einer Nierenarterie war der Perfusionsdruck der geklammerten Niere normal, während der arterielle Mitteldruck auf 188 mm Hg angestiegen war. Die Ausscheidung von Natrium und Wasser im Harn der geklammerten Niere war normal, im Harn der ungeklammerten Niere erheblich höher als normal. Glomerulumfiltrat (pro g Niere), intratubulärer Druck, Tubulusweite, Passagezeit von Lissamingrün und die fraktionelle Resorption von Natrium und Wasser waren im proximalen Tubulus sowohl in der geklammerten wie in der ungeklammerten Niere normal. In der ungeklammerten Niere war die Passagezeit durch die Henlesche Schleife stark verkürzt und die Resorption von Natrium und Wasser in der Schleife erheblich vermindert. Diese Veränderungen — obwohl zum Teil kompensiert durch vermehrte Resorption im distalen Tubulus und im Sammelrohr — sind verantwortlich für die höhere Wasser- und Natriumausscheidung der ungeklammerten Niere. Die Ursache ist wahrscheinlich eine stärkere Durchblutung des Nierenmarkes. Im Nephron der geklammerten Niere war die fraktionelle Natrium- und Wasserresorption nicht signifikant von normalen Werten verschieden mit der Ausnahme einer niedrigeren Natriumresorption im distalen Tubulus und einer höheren Natriumresorption im Sammelrohr. Der Natrium-Transport im distalen Tubulus ist anscheinend gestört; TF/P−Na+ betrug im Mittel 0,6 bis zum Ende des distalen Tubulus. Die Ergebnisse können die unterschiedliche Harnausscheidung erklären, die beim Hypertoniker mit einseitiger Nierenarterienstenose beobachtet wird (Howard-Test).
    Notes: Summary Four weeks after clamping one renal artery, the perfusion pressure of the clamped kidney was normal whereas the mean arterial pressure had increased to 188 mm Hg. Urinary excretion of sodium and water of the clamped kidney had not changed while that of the untouched kidney increased considerably. Glomerular filtration rate (per g kidney), intratubular pressure, tubular diameter, transit time of Lissamine green and fractional sodium and water reabsorption of the proximal tubule were normal in both the clamped and the untouched kidney. In the untouched kidney, the transit time through Henle's loop was shortened and the sodium and water reabsorption in it was significantly reduced. These changes, although partly compensated by higher reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct, are responsible for the increased sodium and water excretion of the untouched kidney. They are probably due to an increased medullary blood flow. In the clamped kidney, fractional sodium and water reabsorption of the whole nephron did not differ significantly from normal values. However, sodium reabsorption was lower in the distal tubule and higher in the collecting duct. Sodium transport in the distal tubule seemed to be impaired; throughout its length sodium TF/P ratio averaged 0.6. These results may explain the different urinary excretion found in human hypertension following unilateral renal artery stenosis (Howard-Test).
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Fluxes ; Osmotic Gradients ; Niere ; Flüssigkeits-Substanzbewegungen ; osmotische Gradienten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch artifizielle osmotische Druckdifferenzen von 150 mOsmol/l zwischen Lumen- und Blutseite der Tubulusepithelien von Rana ridibunda wird Flüssigkeit im Richtungssinne der Reabsorption oder — in geringerem Maße — der Sekretion längs des osmotischen Gradienten bewegt. Na+ wird in jedem Fall „trocken” reabsorbiert. Bei mit Furosemid blockiertem aktiven Na+-Transport läuft isoton Flüssigkeit längs des osmotischen Gradienten aus dem Tubuluslumen in das blutseitige Medium. Bei umgekehrt gerichtetem Gradienten wird das Filtrat so verändert, als ob es durch Einstrom reinen Wassers verdünnt würde. Die Tubulusepithelien verhalten sich so, als besäßen sie — im Zustand des blockierten aktiven Na+-Transportes — ein „Rückschlagventil” für Na+. Wenn der osmotische Gradient so gerichtet ist, daß Wasser oder Flüssigkeit aus dem Lumen in das blutseitige Medium läuft, dann kommt es bei umgekehrt gerichtetem Na+-Konzentrationsgradienten nicht zum Einstrom von Na+ in das Tubuluslumen. Die Na+-Harnkonzentration sinkt beträchtlich unter die des Perfusates, was als Ausdruck einer Na+-Reabsorption gegen den Konzentrationsgradienten gedeutet wird. Bei Blockierung des Na+-Transportes durch Furosemid kommt es wiederum zum Einstrom reinen Wassers in die Tubuluslumina. Die Versuche mit durch Furosemid blockiertem Na+-Transportmechanismus sind beweisend, daß die Tubuli für Na+ im Richtungssinne der Sekretion impermeabel sind. Die „Verdünnung” des Tubulusinhaltes durch einen osmotischen Gradienten, der Wasser in die Tubuli hineinlaufen läßt, kommt also nicht durch ein Überwiegen der Reabsorption über die „Sekretion” zustande. Wird statt des leicht penetrierenden Na-Chlorids das schwer penetrierende Natriumcyclohexansulfamat angeboten, dann wird absolut gegenüber den Versuchen mit Na-Chlorid weniger Na+ transportiert. Im übrigen zeigen die Nieren jedoch das gleiche Verhalten wie bei Angebot von Na-Chlorid.
    Notes: Summary Osmotic gradients of 150 mosmol/l between intratubular fluid and blood in the kidney of Rana ridibunda induce a fluid movement down the osmotic gradient which is stronger into the tubule than out of it. In either case Na+ is reabsorbed “dry”. If the active Na+-transport is blocked by Furosemid an osmotically downhill movement of isotonic fluid out of the tubule obtains. Reversal of the osmotic gradient induces a reversal of flow but the inward moving fluid is diluted. The tubular cells seem to inhibit the backwash of Na+. If the osmotic gradient induces an outflow of fluid out of the tubule no influx of Na+ occurs even in the presence of a concentration gradient for Na+ in the opposite direction. The Na+-concentration in the urine falls considerably below that of the perfusion fluid. This finding indicates Na+-reabsorption against a concentration gradient. Upon blocking of the Na+-transport by Furosemid water enters the tubules. The results of the experiments in which the Na+-transport was blocked by Furosemid prove that the tubules are impermeable for Na+ in the direction of secretion. The “dilution” of the tubular fluid as a result of an osmotic gradient which induces an influx of water isnot due to a reabsorption outbalancing “secretion”. If instead of the easily penetrating NaCl the slowly penetrating Na+-cyclohexanesulphamate is used, less Na+ is transported. However, in every other respect the results obtained are similar to those described above.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 304 (1968), S. 336-350 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Experimental Hypertension ; Distal Tubular Sodium Reabsorption ; Distal Osmolality ; Tubular Potassium Secretion ; Niere ; experimenteller Hochdruck ; distale Natrium resorption ; distale Osmolalität ; tubuläre Kaliumsekretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vier Wochen nach Klammerung einer Nierenarterie wurde die Funktion des distalen Tubulus untersucht. In der ungeklammerten, unter dem hohen Blutdruck stehenden Niere blieb die Tubulusflüssigkeit bis 90% distaler Tubuluslänge hypoton. Dies wird auf eine erhöhten Flüssigkeitseinstrom aus der Henleschen Schleife zurückgeführt; eine verminderte Wasserpermeabilität des distalen Tubulus konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. In der geklammerten Niere war mit Ausnahme des frühdistalen Abschnittes die Natriumkonzentration on jeder Stelle des distalen Konvolutes signifikant höher als in der ungeklammerten Niere und in Kontrollnieren. Auch fehlte im distalen Tubulus der geklammerten Niere eine Nettokaliumsekretion. die distale Gleichgewichtskonzentration für Natrium war auf der geklammerten Seite erhöht, auf der ungeklammerten Seite normal. Der isotone Natriumausstrom (Methode des gespaltenen Tropfens) war in der geklammerten Niere vermindert, in der ungeklammerten Niere erhöht. Die frühdistale Harnstoffkonzentration war in der ungeklammerten Niere gegenüber der geklammerten Niere und Nieren von Kontrollratten erniedrigt. Spätdistal war TF/P-Harnstoff in beiden Nieren gleich. Beide Nieren hatten ein normales Glomerulumfiltrat und normale tubuläre Passagezeiten mit Ausnahme einer verkürzten Schleifenzeit in der ungeklammerten Niere. Die Befunde werden dahingehend interpretiert, daß der aktive Natriumtransport im distalen Tubulus der beiden Nieren voneinander verschieden ist, möglicherweise infolge des unterschiedlichen Reningehaltes der beiden Nieren.
    Notes: Summary Four weeks after constricting one renal artery distal tubular function was studied using the micropuncture technique. In the untouched kidney tubular fluid remained hypotonic up to 90% distal tubular length. We believe this to be the result of the high inflow of tubular fluid from Henle's loop. A reduced permeability for water could not be demonstrated. Except for the early part of the distal tubule there was a marked increase in sodium concentration in the clamped kidney as compared to values obtained in the untouched one and in kindneys of control animals. In addition no potassium secretion could be observed in the clamped kidney. The distal steadystate concentration for sodium was increased in the clamped kidney and normal in the untouched one. Reabsorptive half-time, measured by the split droplet technique, was prolonged in the clamped kidney and shortened in the untouched one. Early distal urea concentration was lower in the untouched kidney than in the clamped one and in control kidneys, while at the end of the distal tubule urea concentrations did not differ significantly. Both kidneys had normal glomerular filtration rates and proximal tubular transit times, whereas a shortened transit time through Henle's loop of the untouched kidney was found. The results indicate that active sodium transport in the distal tubule of the clamped kidney differs from that of the untouched one, possibly due to the different renin concentration in both kidneys.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 305 (1968), S. 96-104 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Blood Circulation Time ; Kidney ; Plasma ; Radioautography ; Radioisotope Dilution Technique ; Regional Blood Flow ; Mittlere Kreislaufzeit ; Niere ; Plasma ; Autoradiographie ; Isotopenverdünnungstechnik ; Regionale Nierendurchblutung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary At different times after injection into the renal artery of131I-albumin, the distribution of the tracer in kidneys of the rabbit and the dog was illustrated by a series of autoradiograms. In order to determine the mean circulation time for albumin in the kidney, the radioactivity over the kidney was simultaneously registered by external monitoring. A short mean circulation time was measured for albumin (plasma) passing cortex, and a longer one for that fraction of the albumin that passed through medulla, papillae, and capsule. The investigation rendered probable that the mean circulation time for blood through the kidney determined by the external technique applies to blood passing cortex. The circulation times for blood through medulla, papillae, and capsule are not included in the calculation of the mean circulation time.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 23 (1968), S. 245-249 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Bone ; Strontium poisoning ; Parathormone ; Kidney ; Knochen ; Strontiumvergiftung ; Parathormon ; Niere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Restitution des strontiumgeschädigten Skelets wachsender Sprague Dawley Ratten ist von einem Anstieg der dialysablen Strontium- und Calciumfraktion des Serums begleitet. Die Ergebnisse legen eine Beeinflussung der renalen Manipulation von Kationen bei Knochenschädigungen durch Fremdmetalle nahe.
    Notes: Summary Restitution of skeletal damage caused by strontium in growing Sprague Dawley rats is accompanied by an increase in the dialysable serum fractions of strontium and calcium. The results suggest that the renal manipulation of cations is influenced in bone lesions caused by foreign metals.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 145 (1968), S. 270-277 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Aldosterone ; Kidney ; Stop flow dog ; Aldosteron ; Niere ; Stop flow-Hund
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Stop flow-Versuchen an Hunden konnten wir nach Infusion von 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid im Gegensatz zur Infusion von freiem 1,2-3H-Aldosteron keine proximale Sekretion von 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid nachweisen. Daraus kann geschlossen werden, daß in Hundenieren die proximalen Tubuluszellen wohl 18-Aldosteronglucuronid aus Aldosteron bilden und an das Tubuluslumen abgeben, während im Nierenarterienblut vorhandenes 18-Aldosteronglucuronid nur glomerulär filtriert und ausgeschieden wird.
    Notes: Summary In stop flow experiments during infusion of 1,2-3H-18-aldosterone glucuronide there was no proximal tubular secretion of this metabolite in contrary to experiments during infusion of 1,2-3H-aldosterone. The discrepancy must be explained by formation of 1,2-3H-aldosterone glucuronide out of3H-aldosterone in proximal tubular cells, while the 1,2-3H-18-aldosterone glucuronide in the plasma of the renal artery blood is only filtered in the glomerulum.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 146 (1968), S. 336-345 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Aldosterone ; Kidney ; Man ; Aldosteron ; Niere ; Mensch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund eines Vergleiches der Verhältnisse von 1,2-3HTetrahydroaldosteronglucuronid zu 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid im Plasma von drei Normalpersonen und zwei nephrektomierten Patienten nach einer Injektion von 1,2-3H-Aldosteron haben wir folgende Schlüsse in Betracht gezogen: 1. Das im Blutplasma vorhandene 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid wird nur glomerular filtriert. 2. Die renale Clearance von 18-Aldosteronglucuronid, die etwa das Fünffache der Inulinclearance beträgt [13, 15], mu\ zu vier Fünfteln auf Bildung von 18-Aldosteronglucuronid durch die proximalen [15] Tubuluszellen zurückgeführt werden. 3. Das Ausma\ der renalen Bildung von 18-Aldosteronglucuronid liegt in einer Grö\enordnung von 80% der Gesamtmenge 18-Aldosteronglucuronid im 24 StdUrin.
    Notes: Summary After an intravenous injection of 1,2-3H-aldosterone the ratios of 1,23H-tetrahydroaldosterone glucuronide to 1,2-3H-aldosterone glucuronide in the blood plasma of three normal and two nephrectomized persons were compared. In the three normal persons the ratios were of the same magnitude as in the two nephrectomized persons. On the basis of glomerular filtration of tetrahydroaldosterone glucuronide, as previously demonstrated by renal clearance studies in man [13, 15] and stop flow experiments in dogs [6], we made the following deductions: 1. 18aldosterone glucuronide in blood plasma is only filtered in the glomerulum. 2. The renal clearance of 18-aldosterone glucuronide, as investigated during aldosterone infusion in man [13, 15], therefore must be explained by glomerular filtration of only one fifth and by formation of four fifth of 18-aldosterone glucuronide by proximal [15] tubular cells. 3. This means that about 80% of 18-aldosterone glucuronide excreted in urine is formed by the kidneys.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Plasma FFA composition ; Individual FFA extraction in heart ; Skeletal muscle ; Kidney ; Plasma-FFS-Zusammensetzung ; Extraktion der Einzel-FFS in Herz ; Skeletmuskel ; Niere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei narkotisierten Hunden wurden die arteriovenösen Differenzen der gesamten und der einzelnen freien Fettsäuren (FFS) am Herzen, am elektrisch stimulierten Skeletmuskel (M. gastrocnemius) und an der Niere bei verschieden hoher arterieller FFS-Konzentration untersucht. Die Konzentration der gesamten FFS wurde titrimetrisch, ihre Zusammensetzung wurde gaschromatographisch bestimmt. Bei einer Steigerung der FFS-Konzentration durch Noradrenalininfusionen stiegen die Anteile der öl- und der Palmitinsäure an, und die Anteile der Stearin- und der Linolsäure sanken ab. Bei einer Senkung der FFS-Konzentration durch Glucoseinfusionen nahmen die Anteile der öl- und der Palmitoleinsäure ab, und die Anteile der Palmitin- und der Stearinsäure nahmen zu. Unter Kontrollbedingungen entfielen am Herzen 44% der gesamten FFS-Extraktion auf die öl- und 24% auf die Palmitinsäure, am Skeletmuskel entfielen 43% auf die öl- und 29% auf die Palmitinsäure. Bei einer Steigerung der arteriellen FFS-Konzentration durch Noradrenalin extrahierten Herz- und Skeletmuskel nur noch öl-, Palmitin- und Palmitoleinsäure. Gleichzeitig wurde im Herz Stearin- und Linolsäure und im Skeletmuskel Stearinsäure produziert. In der Niere entfielen unter Kontrollbedingungen je 40% der Gesamt-FFS-Extraktion auf die Palmitin- und die ölsäure. Es wird gefolgert, daß die öl-, die Palmitin- und die Palmitoleinsäure gegenüber den anderen FFS bevorzugt als Energiequellen benutzt werden, weil bei gleicher arterieller Konzentration höhere Extraktionen für diese drei FFS gemessen wurden. Noradrenalin bewirkt, wahrscheinlich durch Aktivierung von Lipase, im Herzen und im arbeitenden Skeletmuskel einen Abbau von gespeicherten oder im Plasma transportierten Triglyceriden.
    Notes: Summary The arteriovenous differences of total and individual free fatty acids (FFA) have been determined in the myocardium, in the electrically stimulated skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius) and in the kidney of closed chest anesthetized dogs. The concentration of total FFA was determined by titration, their composition was determined by gaschromatography. When the arterial concentration of total FFA was increased by norepinephrine infusions the percentage of olic and of palmitic acid increased and the percentage of stearic and linolic acid decreased. When the concentration of total FFA was decreased by glucose infusions the percentage of olic and palmitolic acid decreased and the percentage of palmitic and stearic acid increased. Under control conditions in the myocardium 44% of the total FFA extraction were related to olic and 24% to palmitic acid and in the skeletal muscle 43% were related to olic and 29% to palmitic acid. During norepinephrine induced increases of arterial FFA concentration myocardium and skeletal muscle extracted only olic, palmitic and palmitolic acid. At the same time in the myocardium stearic and linolic acid and in the skeletal muscle stearic acid was produced. In the kidney under control conditions 40% of the total FFA extraction were related to palmitic and 40% to olic acid. Since the extraction of olic, palmitic and palmitolic acid was higher than the extraction of other FFA at comparable arterial concentrations, it is concluded, that these three FFA are used in preference to other FFA as energy sources. Norepinephrine causes, probably via activation of lipase, in the myocardium and in the working skeletal muscle a breakdown of stored or in plasma transported triglycerides.
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