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  • 1970-1974
  • 1965-1969  (4,641)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1968  (4,641)
  • Chemistry  (4,629)
  • Bone  (12)
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Years
  • 1970-1974
  • 1965-1969  (4,641)
  • 1890-1899
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Metabolism ; Ascorbic Acid ; Tissue Culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du tissu osseux, cultivé pendant 5 jours dans un milieu chimiquement défini, présente une augmentation de la consommation en O2 et une diminution de la production d'acide lactique lorsqué de l'acide lactique (50 μg/mI) est présent dans le milieu de culture. Ces paramètres ont été mesurés pendant des incubations de courte durée, en cultures de tissus. En n'ajoutant de l'acide lactique qu'au dernier jour de culture ou pendant les 4 premiers jours, et non le dernier jour, les valeurs en O2 et en acide lactique sont identiques à celles observées lorsque la vitamine est présente pendant 5 jours. Des produits similaires à l'acide ascorbique (50 μg/ml), administrés pendant 5 jours donnent des résultats identiques à ceux de la vitamine C. Une expérience préliminaire pour évaleur la vitesse d'oxydation de l'acide ascorbique dans le milieu de culture a permis de montrer que la vitamine doit être remplacée quotidiennement lorsque les cultures sont traitées avec 20% d'O2 et plus fréquemment avec des concentrations d'O2 plus élevées. Les changements dans le métabolisme énergétique, liés à l'acide ascorbique et observés dans cette étude, indiquent que la vitamine pourraît être un facteur important de stimulation du métabolisme squelettique aérobique.
    Notes: Abstract Bones cultured for 5 days in a chemically defined medium showed an increased O2 consumption and decreased lactic acid production when ascorbic acid (50 μg/ml) was present in the culture medium. In this and the following experiments these parameters were measured in short-term incubations following tissue culture. Adding ascorbic acid for only the final day of culture or for the first 4 days and not the final day gave O2 and lactic acid results similar to those obtained when the vitamin was present for all 5 days. Ascorbic acid analogs (50 μg/ml) added for 5 days also exhibited results similar to those for vitamin C. A preliminary experiment to evaluate the oxidation rate of ascorbic acid in the culture medium established that the vitamin must be replenished daily when cultures are gassed with 20% O2 and more frequently with higher O2 concentrations. The ascorbic acid-dependent changes in energy metabolism seen in this study suggest that the vitamin may be an important factor in stimulating skeletal aerobic metabolism.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Collagen ; 14C-Proline ; Growth ; Bone ; Teeth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von85Sr und von14C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen. Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von14C-Prolin zu14C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt. Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.
    Notes: Abstract The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on14C-proline conversion to14C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 262-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Exchange ; Radioisotopes ; Ions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une hypothèse, destinée à rendre compte de façon semi-quantitative, des grandes variations de temps nécessaire à équilibrer, au niveau du squelette, divers produits radioactifs, introduits dans le torrent circulatoire, est mise au point. Cette hypothèse est basée sur le fait que 3 facteurs interviennent dans les échanges osseux: a) la vitesse de perfusion de l'os, b) la concentration ionique du plasma, et c) la concentration ionique de l'os. Partant de cette hypothèse et de résultats publiés dans la littérature, “des temps de cyclage” sont calculés par Cl−, Na+, K+ et Ca++. Ils varient selon quatre ordres de grandeur (de 10 min pour Cl− à 64 jours Ca++, chez le rat). Ces résultats ont été vérifiés pour des échanges de22Na et de45Ca dans une colonne d'apatite minéralin vitro. Des échanges de36Cl et de42K ont été étudiésin vivo au niveau du fémur de rat. La disparition sanguine du22Na a été suivie chez l'Homme. Enfin des résultats d'échanges de45Ca, au niveau de molaires de rat, publiés dans la littérature, ont été recalculés. Dans chaque cas, les résultats expérimentaux ont confirmé les prédictions de l'hypothèse du cyclage.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine Hypothese aufgestellt, um auf semi-quantitative Weise die breite Variabilität der Zeit zu erklären, die benötigt wird, um im Skelett ein Gleichgewicht von verschiedenen radioaktiven in den Kreislauf eingeführten Substanzen herzustellen. Diese Hypothese beruht auf der Annahme, daß der geschwindigkeitsbeschränkende Faktor beim Knochenaustausch durch 3 Variablen definiert ist: a) das Maß der Knochenperfusion, b) die Konzentration der Ionen im Plasma und c) die Konzentration der Ionen im Knochen. Auf Grund dieser Annahme und gestützt auf Angaben aus der Literatur wurden die “cycling times” für Cl−, Na+, K+ und Ca++ berechnet. Diese variieren in 4 Größenordnungen, beispielsweise von 10 min für Cl− bis zu 64 Tagen für Ca++ bei der Ratte. Diese Annahmen wurden für den Austauschin vitro von22Na und45Ca in Apatitmineral in einer Säule geprüft. Der Austausch von36Cl und von42K wurdein vivo am Rattenfemur studiert. Die Abnahme von22Na im menschlichen Blut wurde ebenfalls verfolgt. Schließlich wurden Literaturangaben über den Austausch von45Ca in Rattenbackenzähnen überprüft. Die Versuchsresultate kamen dabei sehr nahe an die auf Grund des “cycling concept” erwarteten. Einige der Zusammenhänge dieser Befunde werden kurz besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract An hypothesis has been developed to explain in a semi-quantitative fashion the wide variations in time required for the equilibration in the skeleton of various radioactive substances when they are introduced into the circulation. The basis for the hypothesis rests on the assumption that three variables define the rate-limiting step in bone exchange: a) the rate of perfusion of bone, b) the concentration of the ion plasma, and c) the concentration of the ion in bone. Using this idea and data from the literature, “cycling times” were calculated for Cl−, Na+, K+, and Ca++. They were found to vary by four orders of magnitude (from 10 min for Cl− to 64 days for Ca++ in the rat). These predictions were tested for22Na- and45Ca-exchange in a column of apatite mineralin vitro. In vivo 36Cl- and42K-exchange in rat femur was studied. The blood disappearance of22Na in man was also examined. Finally, data in the literture of45Ca-exchange in the rat molar was redrawn. In every case, experimental results closely approximated the predictions of the cycling concept. Some of the implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Glycosaminogloycans ; Hyperparathyroidism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les glycosaminoglycanes de l'os compact ont été identifiés, par la méthode de précipitation au chlorure de cetylpyridinium, chez le chien normal et des chiens soumis à 20 ou 30 U.S.P. d'extrait parathyroïdien pendant 5 et 3–4 jours. Les concentrations d'héxosamines totales ainsi que les héxosamines, en rapport avec les glycoaminoglycanes acides, précipités par chlorure de cetylpyridinium, sont déterminées. En outre, la répartition du glycosaminoglycane de la zone d'ossification épiphysaire ainsi que l'incorporation du35S-sulfate dans les glycosaminoglycanes du tissu osseux et du cartilage épiphysaire, après administration de35S-sulfatein vivo, ont été étudiées. Dans l'os compact, les héxosamines, en rapport avec les glycosaminoglycances acides, constitutent environ un tiers de la concentration totale en héxosamine et environ 0,05–0,06% du poids sec total. Le constituant principal des glycosaminoglycances acides osseux est formé par le chondroitine-4-sulfate. Ce dernier est plus riche en sulfate et présente un poids moléculaire plus élevé que le chondroitine sulfate du cartilage épiphysaire, qui, selon des travaux antérieurs, présente des caractéristiques infra-rouges du chondroitine-4-sulfate et du chondroitine-6-sulfate, avec prédominance du premier. Les poids moléculaires du chondroitine sulfate osseux varient surtout d'environ 45000 et 56000. L'acide hyaluronique constitute une faible fraction des glycosaminoglycanes osseux. Des différences marquées de l'activité spécifique des fractions de cohondroitine sulfate de l'os et du cartilage épiphysaire, à poids moléculaires variables, on tété notées de façon répétée. L'administration d'extrait parathyroïdien à des chiens n'a pas d'effet sur les poids moléculaires en chondroitine sulfate de l'os ou du cartilage épiphysaire. Elle n'influence pas non plus les concentrations en héxosamines totales ou en glycosaminoglycances acides. Dans ces tissus, il ne se produit pas d'effect de stimulation ou de dépression concernant l'incorporation de35S-sulfate dans le chondroitine sulfate our sur la séparation moléculaire de molécules transformées en sulfates et/ou de molécules synthétiques de sulfate chondroitine.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An normale Hunden und an Hunden die unter 5 respektive 3–4 Tagen 20 oder 30 U.S.P./kg Parathyreoidea-Extract erhalten hatten, wurden im kompakten Knochen die Glykosaminoglykane unter Anwendung der Cetylpyridiniumchlorid-Fällungsmethode identifiziert und die Konzentration des Total-Hexosamins und des Hexosamins, entsprechend den Cetylpyridiniumchlorid fällbaren sauren Glykosaminoglykanen, wurde bestimmt. Außerdem wurden das Glykosaminoglykanmuster der Epiphysenplatte und der Einbau von35S-Sulfat in die Glykosaminoglykane des Knochengewebes und des Epiphysenknorpels nach Zufuhr von35S-Sulfatin vivo studiert. Im kompakten Knochengewebe macht des Hexosamin, entsprechend den sauren Glykosaminoglykanen, ungefähr ein Drittel der totalen Hexosaminkonzentration und ungefähr 0,05–0,06% des totalen Trockengewichtes aus. Der Hauptanteil der sauren Glykosaminoglykane im Knochen war Chondroitin-4-Sulfat. Dieses war in höherem Grad sulfatiert und hatte ein höheres Molekülgewicht als das Chondroitinsulfat der Epiphysenplatte, welches, in Übereinstimmung mit früheren Untersuchungen, Infrarot spektra kennzeichnend für sowohl Chondroitin-4-sulfat als auch für Chondroitin-6-sulfat, das Erstere überwiegend, hatte. Das Molekülgewicht des Hauptanteiles des Knochen-Chondroitinsulfates lag zwischen ungefähr 45000–56000. Ein kleiner Teil der Knochen-Glykosaminoglykane war Hyaluronsäure. Sowohl im Knochengewebe als auch im Epiphysenknorpel wurde in verschiedenen Fraktionen des Chondroitinsulfates, mit unterschiedlichem Molekülgewicht, grße und regelmäßig reproduzierbare Unterschiede in der spezifischen Aktivität gefunden. Behandlung der Hunde mit Parathyreoideaextrakt gab keinen Ausschlag in den Molekülgewichten des Chondroitinsulfates, weder des Knochens noch des Epiphysenknorpels. Ebenso wurde kein eindeutiger Effekt auf die Konzentration des totalen Hexosamins oder der sauren Glykosaminoglykane gefunden. Kein offenbarer, weder anregender noch senkender, Effekt auf den Einbau von35S-Sulfat in das Chondroitinsulfat oder in der molekularen Verteilung der neulich sulfatierten und/oder synthetisierten Moleküle des Chondroitinsulfates dieser Gewebe wurde gefunden.
    Notes: Abstract In normal dogs and in dogs treated with 20 or 30 U.S.P. parathyroid extract for 5 and 3–4 days, respectively, the glycosaminoglycans of compact bone tissue were identified using the cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation method, and the concentrations of total hexosamines and the hexosamines corresponding to cetylpyridinium chloride precipitable acid glycosaminoglycans were determined. Further, the glycosaminoglycan pattern of the epiphyseal plate and the incorporation of35S-sulphate into the glycosaminoglycans of bone tissue and epiphyseal cartilage after administration of35S-sulphatein vivo was studied. In compact bone tissue, the hexosamines corresponding to acid glycosaminoglycans constuted approximately one third of the total hexosamine concentration and approximately 0.05–0.06% of the total dry weight. The main component of the acid glycosaminoglycans in bone was chondroitin-4-sulphate. This was sulphated to a higher degree and also of a higher molecular weight than thechondroitin sulphate of the epiphyseal cartilage, which in accordance with earlier investigations was found to have infrared characteristics of both chondroitin-4-sulphate and chondroitin-6-sulphate, with the former dominating. The molecular weights of the main part of bone chondroitin sulphate ranged from approximately 45,000 to 56,000. A small component of the bone glycosaminoglycans was hyaluronic acid. Large regularly recurring differences in the specific activity of fractions with differences in molecular weight in the condroitin sulphate of bone tissue and epiphyseal cartilage were noted. Treatment of the dogs with parathyroid extract gave no effect on the molecular weights of the chondroitin sulphate of the bone matrix or of the epiphyseal cartilage. Nor was there any unequivocal effect on the concentrations of total hexosamines or on the acid glycosaminoglycans. No evident stimulatory or depressant effect on the incorporation of35S-sulphate into the chondroitin sulphate or in the molecular distribution of newly sulphated and/or synthesized molecules of the condroitin sulphate within these tissues occurd.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 177-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Microradiography ; Bone ; Dentin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les couches de matrice osseuse entourant les lacunes des osteocytes qui sont apparemment hypermineralisees (radioopaques), peuvent etre eliminees des microradiographies au moyen d'une agitation continue au cours de developpement. Il en va de meme des bordures radioopaques situees le long des felures artificielles dans les coupes. Les structures reellement hypermineralisees, telles que la dentine peritubulaire, les lignes cementantes es les bords internes des osteones ne sont pas modifiees par le traitement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das Auftreten einer hypermineralisiert erscheinenden Schicht von Knochengewebe um die Knochenhoehlchen, aber auch dasjenige von dichter erscheinenden Rändern an künstlich erzeugten Spalten in den Gewebsschnitten, konnte verhindert werden durch stetiges Agitieren während der Entwicklung der Historadiogramme. Dagegen hatte die gleiche Behandlung keinen Einfluß auf das Sichtbarbleiben anderer, wirklich hypermineralisierter Gebilde, z. B. der Ränder der Zahnbeinkanälchen, Knochenkittlinien, und Binnensäume von Osteonen.
    Notes: Abstract Apparently hypermineralized (radiopaque) layers of bone matrix surrounding osteocyte lacunae, as well as radiopaque edges along artificial cracks in the sections, could be eliminated from microradiographs by continuous agitation during development. Other hypermineralized structures, such as peritubular dentin, cementing lines and the inner edges of osteons, persisted and were not artefacts of development.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 237-241 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Carbonate ; Bone ; Fish ; Apatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé D'après la littérature, il semble que les poissons soient obligées d'hyperventiler en CO2, pour recevoir suffisamment d'oxygène. Ils présenteraient par suite une quantité faible de bicarbonate circulant. Dans cet ordre d'idée, les arêtes de truites et de carpes ont été analysés pour établir si la composition du minéral osseux traduit la faible concentration en bicarbonate sérique. Le contenu en CO2 d'arêtes de poissons n'est pas significativement différent de celui des os normaux de mammifères. Des crîstaux d'apatite synthétique, préparés dans des conditions identiques de T, μ et (HCO 3 − ), ne contiennent que 1/7ème à 1/8ème du CO2 d'arêtes de poissons. Ces résultats indiquent que la composition des liquides dans l'os ne réfléchit pas simplement la composition du sérum circulant, ainsi qu'on l'admet généralement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es ist in der Literatur berichtet worden, daß Fische, um genügend Sauerstoff zu erhalten, einen Überschuß von Kohlensäure einatmen müssen und folglich einen niedrigen Gehalt an Bicarbonaten im Kreislauf aufweisen. Knochen von Forellen und Karpfen wurden analysiert, um festzustellen, ob ihre Mineralsalzzusammensetzungen die niedrigen Serum-bicarbonate-konzentrationen wiederspiegeln. Die Resultate zeigten keinen wesentlichen Unterschied zwischen dem Carbonatgehalt der Knochen von Fischen und Säugetieren. Synthetische Apatitkristalle, die unter ähnlichen Bedingungen von T, μ und HCO3 bereitet wurden, wiesen nur 1/7–1/8 des Carbonatgehaltes der Fischknochen auf. Diese Ergebnisse deuten zweifellos darauf hin, daß zwischen der Zusammensetzung der Gewebeflüssigkeit der Knochen und des Serums kein einfacher Zusammenhang besteht.
    Notes: Abstract It has been reported in the literature that fish, to get sufficient oxygen, must overventilate with respect to CO2 and therefore exhibit a low circulating level of bicarbonate. Accordingly, the bones of trout and carp were analyzed to learn if the composition of their bone mineral reflects the low serum level of bicarbonate. It was found that the CO2 content of fish bone is not significantly different from that of normal mammalian bone. Synthetic apatite crystals, made under comparable conditions of T, μ, and (HCO 3 − ) were found to contain only 1/7th to 1/8th the CO2 of fish bone. These data strongly suggest that the composition of the fluids in bone does not reflect, in a simple way, the composition of the circulating serum as is generally assumed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 127 (1968), S. 1-24 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Bone ; Femur ; Density ; Strength ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Untersucht wurden 40 Femora (meist Paare vom selben Individuum) von 12 Frauen und 12 Männern. Aus jedem Knochen wurden in 5 gleichmäßig über die Schaftlänge verteilten Höhen Querschnittsscheiben entnommen, und von diese Röntgenaufnahmen angefertigt. In jeder Aufnahme wurde die Strahlenabsorption in der Corticalis an der Vorderseite, Hinterseite, medial und lateral gemessen. Daraus wurde die Dichte, bezogen auf einen Vergleichskörper aus Aluminium, in g/cm3 Aluminium berechnet. An denselben Stellen, deren Dichte bekannt war, wurden Probekörper gewonnen und deren Druckfestigkeit gemessen. Ergebnisse. 1. Materialdichte (Röntgenstrahlenabsorption) und Festigkeit der Femurschaftcorticalis stehen in Zusammenhang. 2. Beide nehmen von der Schaftmitte gegen die Gelenkenden hin ab. 3. Strahlenabsorption (Dichte) und Festigkeit sind über den Knochenquerschnitt ungleichmäßig verteilt, sie sind medial und lateral relativ größer als vorn und hinten. 4. In der Crista femoris nimmt die Dichte von innen nach außen zu. 5. Aus diesen Befunden wird abgeleitet, daß die funktionelle Anpassung des Knochens an seine mechanische Beanspruchung nicht nur in einer Änderung der Querschnittsfläche, sondern auch in einer lokalen Änderung seiner Materialdichte besteht.
    Notes: Summary 200 cross sections of 40 femora (mostly pairs of the same individual) of 12 women and 12 men were examinated. On x-ray photographs of each specimen, density measurements were made in 4 sites: posterior, anterior, medial, and lateral. after densitometry, the compressive strength was determined on samples from the same sites. Conclusions: 1. Bone density (x-ray absorption) and strength are correlated. 2. They decrease from the middle of the shaft to both ends. 3. Density and strength are distributed inhomogeneously over the cross section, being relatively higher in the medial and lateral regions. 4. In the crista femoris, density increases from the centre to the outer surface. 5. From these facts is derived, that functional adaptation of the bone on its mechanical stresses is reached not only by adaptation of the cross section area, but also by local change of density.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 127 (1968), S. 66-71 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Bone ; Intervertebral disc ; Epiphyses ; Photography/Instrumentation ; Infrared rays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Photographing with the aid of short-wave infra-red light has been used for improved photographic demarcation of hyaline cartilage from connective tissue and fibrous cartilage in specimens from children. This improved effect seems to be the result of a particularly high permeability to infra-red light rays in the hyaline cartilage of children.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Photographieren mit kurzwelligem infrarotem Licht wurde zur verbesserten photographischen Begrenzung des hyalinen Knorpels gegenüber dem Bindegewebe und dem fibrösen Knorpel bei Präparaten von Kindern benutzt. Der Effekt scheint auf eine speziell hohe Durchlässigkeit beim hyalinen Knorpel des Kindes für die infrarote Strahlung zurückzuführen zu sein.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Bone ; Femur ; Density ; Strength ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Corticalisdichte des Femurschaftes nimmt bei den untersuchungten Männern (398 Probekörper) und Frauen (337 Probekörper) mit zunehmendem Alter ab. Die Beziehung zwischen dem Quadrat der aus Röntgenbildern densitometrisch ermittelten Dichte und dem Alter in Jahren ist nicht linear. Die mittlere Dichte des Femurschaftes und die Dichtespektren in den Schaftquerschnitten sind sowohl bei verschiedenen Individuen als auch auf der rechten und linken Körperseite der gleichen Person different. Die Dichtespektren der drei proximalen Schaftquerschnitte sind im Mittel gleich aber von den zwei distalen verschieden. Die mittlere Materialverteilung in der Corticalis von 8 Femora wird dargestellt (Abb. 4). Zwei Dichte-Festigkeitsfunktionen werden für Personen unter bzw. über 67,8 Jahren berechnet und die Linearität der Regressionen der Festigkeitsquadrate auf die Dichtequadrate nachgewiesen. Die Beziehung zwischen Dichte und Bruchfestigkeit ist in beiden Altersgruppen gleich, aber bei gleicher Knochendichte ist die Bruchfestigkeit der Probekörper in der zweiten Altersgruppe geringer als in der ersten. Unterschiede in der Bruchfestigkeit können nur zu 40 bzw. 42% auf Unterschiede in der Knochendichte zurückgeführt werden, d. h. die Festigkeit des Knochens ist zwar dem Kalksalzgehalt proportional, aber darüber hinaus verbleibt ein bedeutender, aus Röntgenbildern nicht zu ermittelnder Rest an Bruchfestigkeitsunterschieden.
    Notes: Summary The x-ray determined density of the compact femoral shaft bone is negatively correlated with age (r=−0.2829) in 398 male and 337 female specimens of cortical bone. The regression of density on age is non-linear. The differences in mean density of the femoral shaft and the density spectra of the shaft cross sections are significant between individuals and between left and right femora in individuals. the density spectra of the 4 proximal cross sections of the shaft are equal, but different from the 2 distal ones. the mean distribution of bone material in the corticalis of 8 femora is presented diagrammatically in Fig. 4. Two density strength functions were calculated by the method of least squares for individuals younger and older than 67.8 years respectively and the linearity of the 2 regression lines are shown in an analysis of variance. An analysis of covariance revealed no significant differences between the slopes of the 2 regressions but a significant difference in elevation; that is, the breaking strength of specimens of equal density is different in the two age groups (lower in the older one), but this difference is equal in all density intervals. Only 40 or 42% of strength variation is due to density variation.
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  • 10
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 165-176 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mineral ; Exchange ; Bone ; Isotope ; Radioactive-Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des produits marqués variés (urée, Cl−, K+, Na+, HCO 3 − , PO 1 3− , Ca++) sont administrés à des groupes de rats jeunes et âgés. Les résultats pour Mg++ sont empruntés à ceux trouvés dans la littérature. Une heure et demic plus tard, des fragments d' os longs sont prélevés et nettoyés minutieusement. La concentration de ces substances marquées et non marquées est déterminée. L'intervalle de temps choisi est utilisé afin de permettre l'équilibre de la phase aqueuse de l'os, tout en réduisant les échanges de surface, la recristallisation, la diffusion solide et la croissance ou la résorption. Avec des intervalles de temps fixes, avec les mêmes espèces ainsi que des specimens osseux et des techniques identiques, une comparaison des échanges entre les divers es substances dans l'os a pu être effectuée. Les résultats ont pu être répartis en trois groupes: a) échange total (urée, Cl− et K+); b) échange partiel, diminuant de façon variable avec l'âge (Na+, CO2 et Mg++); et c) échange faible (Ca++ et PO 4 3− ). La classification classique de sequelette «accessible» et «non accessible» parait peu conforme et dépend des conditions et de la nature de la substance étudiée. Un concept général des échanges osseuxin vivo devrait être élaboré. Des calculs concernant la concentration apparente des divers electrolytes au niveau de la phase aqueuse de l'os montrent qu'elle a une concentration nettement différente de celle du plasma. La concentration du potassium y est, en particulier, remarquablement élevée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Gruppen von jungen und alten Ratten erhielten Injektionen von verschiedenen markierten Substanzen (Harnstoff, Cl−, K+, Na+, HCO 3 − , PO 4 3− , Ca++). Die Angaben für Mg++ wurden der Literatur entnommen. 11/2 Std später wurden die Diaphysen der behandelten Tiere gewonnen, sorgfältig gereinigt und deren Gehalt an kalten und radioaktiven Substanzen bestimmt. Dieser Zeitpunkt wurde gewählt, um ein Gleichgewicht innerhalb der wäßrigen Phase des Knochens sicherzustellen und ein gleichzeitiges Mitwirken des Oberflächenaustausches, der Rekristallisation, der festen Diffusion, des Wachstums oder der Resorption möglichst einzuschränken. Wurden Variablen wie Zeit, Rattenart, Knochenproben und Methodik festgelegt, so konnten eindeutige Vergleiche hinsichtlich des Austausches dieser verschiedenen Substanzen im Knochen gezogen werden. Die erhaltenen Resultate konnten in drei Kategorien eingeteilt werden: a) vollständiger Austausch (Harnstoff, Cl−, K+); b) teilweiser Austausch, je nach Alter unterschiedlich abnehmend (Na+, CO2 und Mg++); c) minimaler Austausch (Ca++ und PO 4 3− ). Offenbar ist die klassische Einteilung in “verfügbares” und “nichtverfügbares” Skelet zweideutig und abhängig von den Bedingungen sowie von den Ionen oder Substanzen, die für den Versuch gewählt wurden. Es liegt auf der Hand, daß ein neues, allgemeingültiges Konzept für den Knochenaustauschin vivo dringend benötigt wird. Berechnungen der scheinbaren Konzentration der verschiedenen Elektrolyte in der Knochenflüssigkeit ergaben, daß die wäßrige Phase des Knochens eine deutlich andere Zusammensetzung als die Plasmaflüssigkeit hat. Insbesondere konnte in der Knochenflüssigkeit eine bemerkenswert hohe Kaliumkonzentration festgestellt werden.
    Notes: Abstract Groups of young and old rats were injected with a variety of labelled substanzes (urea, Cl−, K+, Na+, HCO 3 − , PO 4 3− , Ca++). Data for Mg++ were taken from the literature. One and a half hours later, compact shafts of long bones were removed and cleaned scrupulously, and analyses were performed for both “cold” and isotopic concentrations of substances. This time point was chosen to insure equilibration of the aqueous phase of bone while minimizing contributions from surface exchange, recrystallization, solid diffusion, growth or resorption. With fixed variables of time, species, bone specimen, and methodology, uambiguous comparisons of the exchange in bone could be made between the many substances studied. The exchange data could be divided into three categories: a) complete exchange (urea Cl−, and K+); b) partial exchange, decreasing variably with age (Na+, CO2, and Mg++); and c) minimal exchange (Ca++ and PO 4 3− ). Clearly the traditional classification of “available” and “unavailable” skeleton is ambiguous and determined by the conditions and the ion or substance chosen for study. Clearly also, a new overall concept of bone exchangein vivo is badly needed. Calculations of the apparent concentration of the various electrolytes in bone water reveal that the aqueous phase of bone has a composition markedly different from plasma water. In particular, the concentration of potassium in bone water was found to be remarkably high.
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  • 11
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    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 343-352 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Nucleation ; Mineralization ; Bone ; Collagen ; Apatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons utilisé de la collagène d'os de mounton et de tendons de queues de rats et des cristaux d'apatite pour étudier dans un système modèle la catalysation de la nucléation et la déposition de minéral dans un tampon métastabile. La collagène d'os de mouton se trouvait être un bon catalysateur, tandis que des expériences antérieures ont démontré que la collagène de tendons de queues de rats était un catalysateur très faible. Le phase rapide de la déposition de l'apatite dans la collagène se termine aussitôt que le contenu du minéral a attaint au plus 50 à 60 pour cent, bien que la supersaturation du tampon est encore bien èlevée. Les résultats montrent que dans un tel système modèle la quantité du depôt minéral est réglée par des facteurs semblables à ceux qui opèrent pendant la calcification biologique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Kollagen aus Schafsknochen und Rattenschwanzsehnen und Apatitkeime wurden verwendet in einem Modell-System zur Untersuchung der katalytischen Nukleation und der Fällung von Mineral in einem metastabilen Calciumphosphatpuffer. Kollagen aus Schafsknochen war ein guter Katalysator für die Nukleation, während in früheren Versuchen sich herausstellte, daß Rattenschwanzkollagen ein ganz schlechter Katalysator ist. Die schnelle Phase der Apatitfällung im Kollagen war beendet, wenn der Mineralgehalt bis zu 50–60% angestiegen war, obwohl der Puffer noch stark übersättigt war. Die Resultate weisen daraufhin, daß die Menge des gefällten Minerals in einem solchen Modell-System von ähnlichen Faktoren reguliert wird wie die biologische Verkalkung.
    Notes: Abstract Sheep bone collagen, rat tail tendon collagen and apatite seeds were used in a model system to study nucleation catalysis and mineral deposition in a metastable calcification buffer. Sheep bone collagen was shown to be a good nucleation catalyst, while earlier experiments have shown that rat tail tendon collagen was a very poor catalyst. The rapid phase of apatite deposition in the collagen was terminated as soon as a mineral content of not more than 50–60 per cent was reached, although the buffer was still highly supersaturated. The results suggest that the amount of mineral deposited in such a model system is regulated by factors similar to those operating in biological calcification.
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  • 12
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    Archives of toxicology 23 (1968), S. 245-249 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Bone ; Strontium poisoning ; Parathormone ; Kidney ; Knochen ; Strontiumvergiftung ; Parathormon ; Niere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Restitution des strontiumgeschädigten Skelets wachsender Sprague Dawley Ratten ist von einem Anstieg der dialysablen Strontium- und Calciumfraktion des Serums begleitet. Die Ergebnisse legen eine Beeinflussung der renalen Manipulation von Kationen bei Knochenschädigungen durch Fremdmetalle nahe.
    Notes: Summary Restitution of skeletal damage caused by strontium in growing Sprague Dawley rats is accompanied by an increase in the dialysable serum fractions of strontium and calcium. The results suggest that the renal manipulation of cations is influenced in bone lesions caused by foreign metals.
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  • 13
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 89-100 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The stress-strain characteristic of polymeric binders and solid propellants are dependent on the crosslink density, molecular weight between crosslinks, molecular weight distribution in the binder formulation, volume fraction of filler, and the interaction between the binder and filler particles. This investigation is directed toward elucidation of solid propellant microscopic response and failure mechanisms through characterization of the constitutive effects of crosslink density, molecular weight distribution and curing agent ratio in the binder formulation, and filler fraction. This was accomplished on the ERLA/PBAA propellant system through investigation of three binder formulations with the same curing agent ratio but different crosslink densities; five binder formulations with different curing agent ratios; and four formulations with up to 69.9% by volume of filler.Uniaxial stress-strain characteristics were determined on each formulation at displacement rates of 0.2 to 20.0 in/min at isothermal test conditions ranging from 75 to -90°F. The failure characteristics of a viscoelastic material represent a curve in the three-dimensional space of stress, strain, and time. The ultimate property data on each formulation are presented as projections of this failure curve on the stress-strain, stress-time, and strain-time planes, respectively. Relationships are developed for the dependence of the stress-time, strain-time, and stress-strain failure envelopes on the volume fraction of bound rubber, crosslink density, molecular weight distribution and curing agent ration in the binder component, and the volume fraction of filler.
    Additional Material: 29 Ill.
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  • 14
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 58-63 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 15
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 82-88 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two independent methods for predicting the deformation of free openings of arbitrary shape in a viscoelastic plate are illustrated.The first method is experimental and is based on the interference of two systems of lines representing the initial and final positions of the material. To demonstrate the moire method, the creep compliance function for polymethylmethacrylate is determined as preliminary information. This function is used as input data in the ensuing theoretical analysis to insure realistic viscoelastic behavior.The second method involves techniques to approximate viscoelastic displacements from known elasticity solutions and known material properties.The methods are applied to two examples: (1) The square hole - to determine the motion of an opening of complicated shape; and (2) an ellipse loaded at 45° - to indicate qualitative agreement with an existing prediction of the motion of cracks in a viscous plate.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 16
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 116-125 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple, versatile biconical rehemoter has been developed. This device provides shear creep and creep recovery data for polymer melts over a temperature range of 200-500°F. and a range of applied shear stresses from 2 × 103 to 9 × 105 dynes/cm2.Extensive reheological data have been obtained for two samples each of polyisobutylene and high-density polyethylene. These illustrate the value of the device in obtaining data useful for predicting and understanding the processing properties of polymer melts.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 17
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 18
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 161-185 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Considerable progress has been made in the past 20 years in the synthesis, characterization and fabrication of plastics. Previous SPE Award winners, such as Mark, Natta, and Marvel dealt largely with synthesis; Flory with characterization; Alfrey and Du Bois with fabrication. One of the still unsolved problems lies in the realm of relating mechanical properties, such as impact strenght and creep to molecular structure.The design enginner who wishes to use a plastic part is concerned primarily with how some property such as impact strenght varies with temperature, speed of test, test method, etc. The polymer scientist must know why. Through knowing why, he may be able to design better plastics.This paper attempts to survey some of the world-wide progress made in this area in the past 10 years. The ultimate goal is to understand these mechanical properties in terms of internal molecular motions which occur in solid polymers. Internal motion can be detected by electrical, electromagnetic and dynamic mechanical measurements. When these three methods are applied on a given polymer over a range of temperatures, insights can be gained as to the variation of impact strength and other properties with temperature and frequency for that same polymer. These three fundamental methods, which require very small samples (less than 50 grams), can provide insight into the practical behavior of plastic materials over the wide range of temperatures and frequencies encountered in the real world.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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  • 19
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A knowledge of the variation of melt viscosity of thermoplastic polymers with both shear rate and temperature is of considerable importance to plastics engineers as well as to polymer rheologists. The actual measurement of melt viscosity at a large number of temperatures and shear rates is frequently a tedious and time-consuming task. A technique has been developed, based upon the applicability of shear rate-temperature superposition, for predicting the flow curves of a number of olefin polymers and copolymers at various temperatures from experimental data obtained at one temperature for the material in question. The experimental validity for superimposing log shear stress - log shear rate curves at different temperatures along the log shear rate axis has been established for both high and low density polyethylenes, polypropylene, polybutene-1, and poly (ethylene vinyl acetate) copolymers. The temperature dependence of the resultant shift factors has been determined for each system, and the method of utilizing this information to predict viscosities as a function of temperature and shear rate is discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 20
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 245-245 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 21
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 267-271 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A dynamic mechanical study has been made of an ethylenemethacrylic acid copolymer containing 4.1 mole per cent of methacrylic acid units and its sodium, lithium and calcium salts. On the basis of the results and related physical chemical studies it is proposed that the structures of the ionized copolymers consist of three distinct phases - a crystalline polyethylene phase, an amorphous polyethylene phase, and an ionic phase consisting of ionic domains. It is further proposed that the unionized acid copolymer consists of two phases - a crystalline polyethylene phase and an amorphous phase consisting of polyethylene crosslined with hydrogen bonded, carboxylic acid dimers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 22
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 290-301 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The true stress-true strain behavior of polyoxymethylene, n(-CH2O), as an example of a bulk semi-crystalline polymer, has been investigated for constant hydrostatic environmental pressures from 1 atmosphere to 8 kilobars with the principal objectives of elucidating the factors controlling flow and fracture. Experiments were conducted in uniaxial tension at room temperature and constant strain rate. The tensile observations were supplemented by measurements of bulk compressibility and stress relaxation behavior at pressure.In contrast with metals and inorganic compounds, the modulus, yield stress and fracture stress of POM increase strongly with pressure by a factor of approximately three at 8 kilobars. The modulus increase is shown from the stress relaxation measurements to be associated with a pressure-induced increase in the β-transition temperature which points to the potential usefulness of the concept of pressure-temperature super-position of mechanical behavior. The characteristics of the pressure dependence of the yield stress demonstrate that yield criteria based on continum mechanics considerations, including the Mohr or Coulomb-Navier criterion, are not valid for general deformation (non-plane strain) conditions in this polymer. The concept of a critical volume change determining the initiation of yielding is suggested to be applicable to semi-crystalline polymers. Comparison with analogous changes in yield stress with temperature points to an increasing contribution to the control of yielding by the initially disordered regions with increasing pressure or decreasing temperature. The fracture behavior observed at pressure eliminates the concepts of a critical stress as a fracture criterion for POM and of a simple reduction in normal stress at points of stress concentration as the principal effect of the applied pressure on fracture.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 23
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 41-49 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 24
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 25
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 3-4 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 26
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 19-23 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 27
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 130-141 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fracture toughness of a variety of sharply notched tension, bending and rotating disc specimens of PMMA is examined using linear fracture mechanics. It is observed that rapid fracture with a brittle glassy appearance usually follows a period of slow crack growth, denoted by fan shaped markings of local ductility, though still brittle overall. In this near brittle regime the fracture toughness is sensitive to strain rate so that high values of effective surface energy are easily induced by rapid testing or notch bluntness. At impact rates the toughness increases again. For design purposes, in the absence of environmental effects, the onset of slow cracking and rapid (glassy) fracture, can be associated with fracture toughness K1c of about 800 Ibf/in3/2 (90 kg/cm3/2) and 1600 Ibf/in3/2 (180 kg/cm3/2) respectively. Detailed studies have not been made on other materials but a guide to the levels of notch toughness and notch brittle temperatures are given for several plastics.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 28
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 186-194 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study of the tensile modulus of unidirectional short fiber reinforced plastics is reported. The data show poor agreement with the theories for the longitudinal case but better agreement in the other cases. A semi-empirical theory is proposed to explain the longitudinal modulus data.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 29
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 789-803 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermodynamic properties of polymer solutions are frequently described in terms of the Flory-Huggins equation. This equation includes a parameter χ, which depends upon the intermolecular forces acting between the molecules in a solution. The experimental determination of χ was performed by an improved microtechnique and extended to a wide range of polar and nonpolar diluents of polyethylene. Careful correlations are prescribed for calculating χ from pure-component properties; they are based on an extension of the Hildebrand-Scatchard theory of solutions and on the theory of intermolecular forces. Polar (τ) and nonpolar (δ) solubility parameters are presented for a variety of solvents. For polyethylene - nonpolar solvent systems we have emphasized the factor deciding the sign of heat of mixing, while for polyethylene-polar solvent systems we have determined the contribution of dipole-induced dipole interactions ψ (δτ) in interchange-energy density B and, hence, χ.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 30
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 903-914 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The use of refractive index data for studying changes in oriented polyolefin films has been demonstrated. Application of this technique to oriented polypropylene and polyethylene films showed that the birefringence is a linear function of the refractive index in the direction of maximum orientation. By utilizing refractive index, density, and crystallinity data the crystalline refractive indices nc and (na + nb)/2 and polarizabilities α∥ and α⊥ could be estimated for polypropylene and polyethylene.
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  • 31
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 973-974 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 32
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1119-1136 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several fractions obtained from a large-scale fractionation and several unfractionated PVC polymers and blends have been processed both as rigid and plasticized compounds. The latter have been studied by stress-strain, creep, and recovery tests. The recoverable character of the creep results show that a relatively stable network must be present in the samples. The crosslink density is little influenced by molecular weight, as shown by the modulus and compliance results. On the contrary, the ultimate tensile properties depend strongly on molecular weight, which is interpreted as evidence that the stability of the crosslinks increases with increasing chain length of the polymers.
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  • 33
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1151-1165 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The technique of in situ crystallization of low molecular weight organic compounds from amorphous polymers was evaluated as a method of fabricating composite materials. Two workable systems, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN)-acetanilide and SAN-anthracene, were found and their phase diagrams determined. In both systems kinetic studies revealed that the maximum crystallization rate takes place at large degrees of supercooling and that below these temperatures the mechanism is diffusion-controlled. The temperature-dependent crystal morphologies were characterized with electron microscopy, which showed three distinctly different morphologies for both systems. From dynamic mechanical measurements, it appears that the elastic moduli of organic crystals are about the same as those of organic polymers in the glassy state, and that relatively little reinforcement took place under the particular crystallization conditions employed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The ceric ion-cellulose redox system has been studied for grafting acrylonitrile on cotton fibers. Grafting yields are very high as compared to the persulfate-thiosulfate redox system reported earlier. Traces of copper sulfate in the reaction mixture do not increase grafting yields, unlike the persulfate-thiosulfate system. The high polymerization rate on cotton fibers is shown to be due to the reducing action of cellulose and not to the large surface area of cotton fibers. The Ce+4 consumption during grafting is higher than during oxidation of cellulose, indicating formation of homopolymer during the grafting reaction. Studies on the consumption of Ce+4 by model compounds such as D-glucose and α-methyl-D-glucoside show that the hemiacetal group in D-glucose is responsible for a faster rate of Ce+4 consumption. Formation of a Ce+4-alcohol complex also contributes to the initial fast rate of Ce+4 consumption. Studies on the oxidation of cellulose by Ce+4 indicate that the initial oxidative attack occurs on carbon atom 2, with the formation of a 〉C=O group. On further oxidation, cleavage of the C2-C3 bond occurs as shown by the presence of glycol aldehyde determined chromatographically. Cellulose-polyacrylonitrile grafts have been isolated by an acetolysis treatment followed by extraction with dimethylformamide. Number-average molecular weights of the isolated fractions are approximately 50,000-55,000. A theoretical method to calculate the number-average molecular weights, based on the PAN and the COOH contents of the grafted cellulose, is described.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 35
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1343-1353 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The discrete relaxation spectrum of an ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) polymer at 190°C. was calculated by using results from tensile relaxation moduli and the principle of reduced variables. The shift factor was found to conform well to the WLF equation, and the free volume fraction at Tg was calculated to be 0.026 in good agreement with the universal value. The values of the thermal expansion coefficient of free volume were calculated to be 9.8 X 10-4 deg.-1 and 7.0 × 10-4 deg.-1, respectively, from the WLF coefficients and from dilatometric results. The width of the entanglement plateau of the relaxation spectrum was observed to be a factor of approximately 2 larger than that calculated from molecular weights between entanglement couplings determined either from rubber elasticity theory or from an assumed molecular model which discounts the presence of the butadiene in the ABS system. By using Pao's theory, flow curves at 190°C. were calculated both from the discrete relaxation spectrum and from the dynamic modulus. These curves were essentially identical. However, the stress values of these curves were found to be about a decade higher than those experimentally determined from capillary flow measurements. Nevertheless, the shapes of the curves are in good agreement, and an explanation is suggested for existing discrepancies. Flow instability, processing variables, and residual strains are discussed in light of the flow curves and the calculated recoverable shear strains.
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  • 36
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1397-1409 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relationship between cohesive energy (c.e.) or cohesive energy density (c.e.d.) and the glass transition tenperature (Tg) of polymers has been re-examined on the basis of literature data. For polymers with Tg above 25°C., there is no correlation between published or calculated values of c.e. or c.e.d. and Tg. However, for the rest of the polymers there is a linear relationship between c.e.d. and Tg, and a broad relationship between c.e. and Tg. These results imply that c.e.d. is the regulating, though not the only, factor in determining Tg's up to values of approximately 25°C.
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  • 37
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1411-1421 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It was demonstrated by ESR spectroscopy that the Fe+2/H2O2 system gave a reactive species which generated an ESR triplet spectrum or sorbitol similar to that generated by hydroxyl radicals from the Ti+3/H3O2 system. An ESR spectrum was obtained for the hydroxyl radicals generated by the latter system. However, the lifetime of hydroxyl radicals, generated by the Fe+2/H2O2 system, was apparently very short, and an ESR spectrum for the hydroxyl radicals, generated by this system, was not observed. The Fe+2/H2O2 system also generated triplet spectra with cotton cellulose I, cotton cellulose II, and microcrystalline cellulose, suggesting that a hydrogen atom had been abstracted from the hydroxyl group on carbon C6, or possibly the hydrogen atom on carbon C5. The ESR spectrum generated on microcrystalline cellulose was less intense than those generated on cellulose I and II. On initiation of graft polymerization of the activated cellulose with acrylonitrile, the triplet spectrum disappeared and was replaced by two strong singlet spectra. One of the singlet spectra was likely generated on carbon C1 or C4 on depolymerization of the cellulose molecule, and the other was probably generated on the end of the growing polyacrylonitrile molecular chain. The absence of a triplet spectrum gave direct evidence for the order in which the acrylonitrile monomer was being grafted onto the cellulose molecule. The mechanisms proposed by Haber and Weiss for the reactions generated in the Fe+2/H2O2 system were generally supported.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1477-1479 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 39
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1459-1469 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mill-mastication study of an EPDM polymer (DuPont, Nordel 1070) was conducted in the mill-roll temperature range of 68-480°F. The extent of degradation was determined by dilute-solution viscosity measurements. The role of oxygen in the polymer mastication was followed by infrared spectroscopy. The breakdown of the EPDM polymer on the mill is minimum in the temperature range of 185-315°F. Up to 315°F. the increase in temperature leads to a decreased amount of degradation. During cold mastication mechanical breakdown occurs. The use of a free-radical acceptor shows that this type of breakdown is caused by the mechanical rupture of C—C bonds in the polymer chain. At and above 350°F. thermooxidative degradation becomes dominant, the polymer degrading drastically, and the higher the temperature, the greater the extent of degradation for the same period of mastication. Infrared spectroscopy shows that hot mastication results in decreased double-bond concentration and increased amounts of carbonyl and, possibly, anhydride and lactone groups. Of the carbonyl groups formed 30% are due to the oxidation of double bonds in terpolymer and 70% to the oxidation of the main chain. A mechanism is proposed to account for these observations.
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  • 40
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1484-1485 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1649-1652 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The use of exact numerical methods for calculating spectra from dynamic moduli is shown to lead to acceptable results when a modified numerical method is employed. The modification avoids the wild oscillations encountered with existing methods when difficult experimental data containing sudden spectral cutoffs must be analyzed.
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  • 42
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1653-1659 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Specimens of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were compressed at nominally constant strain rates ranging from 10-5 to 103 in./in./sec. at 0, 22, 50, and 115°C. A plot of stress at a small fixed strain (2%) and constant temperature versus logarithm of strain rate is sigmoidal in shape and, furthermore, time-temperature superposition could be used to construct a master curve of stress versus temperature-compensated strain rate. It is suggested that the sigmoidal curve is a manifestation of the β transition in PMMA, and this is supported by the measured value of activation energy and the strain rate value at the point of inflection on the curve. By contrast, yield stress varies linearly with log \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm \varepsilon }\limits^{\rm.} $\end{document}. Time-temperature superposition could not be applied. Rationalizing on the basis of the high stress form of the Eyring equation, yielding is by a yet unspecified molecular mechanism in which activation volume has the order of magnitude of a monomer unit but increases with increasing temperature.
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  • 43
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1835-1842 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The properties of poly-N-vinylcaprolactam organic and aqueous solutions were studied. Toluene solutions present an increasing [η] from 10 to 40°C. Aqueous solutions present a very accentuated diminishing of [η] from 10 to 30°C. Above 30°C. The polymer precipitates from its aqueous solutions. The precipitation temperature does not depend on the concentration but on the molecular weight of the polymer. Some acid and basic agents have a marked influence on [η] and the precipitation temperature of the aqueous solutions.
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  • 44
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1843-1851 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Bulk radical polymerization of N-vinylcaprolactam was studied at temperatures between 60 and 120°C. with different initiators. Satisfactory results were obtained with azobisisobutyronitrile, tert-butyl perbenzoate, and tert-butyl peroxide as initiators. The polymerization reaction of N-vinylcaprolactam with these initiators is first order with respect to the monomer and 0.5 order with respect to the initiator. A linearity of the kinetic curves up to high conversions was observed. The cause of this behavior is a feeble gel effect, which also induces an increase of the molecular weight during polymerization.
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  • 45
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1865-1871 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nitrocellulose (NC) films, when dried on a rigid substrate, tend to be biaxial and thus exhibit two refractive indices. The absolute difference between these indices has been found to provide an accurate measure of the degree of nitration of NC. A film of NC is cast from a 1% solution in butyl acetate to provide a film about 0.5 mil thick. The dry film, when placed in an Abbé-3L refractometer, gives two white lines which go to extinction alternately upon rotation of a cap analyzer through the east-west (EW) and north-south (NS) directions. Refractive index measurements are made using the line visible in each direction of the analyzer. The absolute difference between the two indices is related to the degree of nitration through standard curves for various grades of NC. The standard deviation for the proposed method was found to be ±0.01% N.
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  • 46
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1889-1899 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The proposition, that low molecular weight polymer fractions in good solvents behave as if they were under ⊖ conditions, has been examined experimentally. Series of monodisperse hydroxy-terminated polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF), 82% 1,4-polybutadiene (PBD), and 30% 1,4-PBD were prepared, and values of M̄n obtained by vapor-pressure osmometry and endgroup analysis. The Mark-Houwink viscosity parameters K and ν were determined in a number of solvents. The general conclusion is that the proposition is invalid for these systems notwithstanding the fact that ν = 0.50 for one of them [82% 1,4-PBD in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) at 25°C]. For this particular case, the following evidence suggests that these are actually ⊖ conditions so that the apparent fulfilment of the proposition is fortuitous. (1) Cloud-point precipitation yields ⊖ = 26 ± 3°C in MEK. (2) The value of K is close to that of K⊖ found elsewhere for PBD in a different solvent at a similar temperature. (3) Application of the Kurata-Stockmayer iterative procedure for estimating K⊖ from data in good and bad solvents yields a reasonably small discrepancy (10%) between the K⊖ values from data in toluene and MEK at 25°C for this polymer and only a 3% difference in the unperturbed dimensions (〈r02〉/M)1/2 derived from them. Measured melting points Tm of PTHF (M̄n = 1000-13000), plotted as a function of chain length Z, viz., 1/Tm = 1/Tm0 + 2R/ZΔHf, yield 43 ± 3°C and 1.6 kcal/submole, respectively, for the limiting melting point Tm0 and the heat of fusion ΔHf. The former is in good agreement with the value obtained dilatometrically for high molecular weight polymer, while the latter indicates a degree of crystallinity of ca. 54%.
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  • 47
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1921-1938 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of thermal history on the melting behavior of several polypropylene fractions have been studied. The specific fractions investigated include one that has crystallized in the triclinic modification, one that has crystallized in the monoclinic modification, and a third that contained a combination of the two types of crystals. Thermal histories given to these specimens included a series of stepwise annealings at steadily decreasing temperatures, a series of annealings for various times at a given elevated temperature, and a series of stepwise annealings at a set of steadily increasing temperatures. The melting behavior was investigated by means of a differential scanning calorimeter and various DSC peaks are presented. The nature of multiple peaks produced by the different treatments is discussed, and the results are compared with similar data obtained on whole polymer.
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  • 48
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2039-2045 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The method of analysis for a polycondensation polymer containing the carboxylate and sulfonate functional groups has been devised. A combination of infrared spectroscopy and combustion analysis provides a simple and accurate determination of the monomeric units and their molar distribution in the polymer.
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  • 49
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2059-2066 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chlorination of a low molecular weight polystyrene in the α position was studied by following changes in the infrared spectrum, glass transition temperature, and molecular weights of the polymer. The logarithm of the absorbance ratio at 2920 and 1500 cm-1 as a function of mole per cent chlorination was linear. The glass transition temperatures, determined by use of a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), were found to obey an equation developed by Dyvik for copolymers. The molecular weight of the chlorinated polystyrene decreased as a function of chlorination.
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  • 50
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2117-2128 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Infrared bands in the 900-1100 cm-1 region are sensitive to thermal energy. These bands can result from intermolecular coupling, producing the crystal lattice, or from intramolecular coupling of the various atomic groups in a regular helix or coiled chain. In either case an increase in temperature will disrupt the coupling mode, resulting in a form of structural relaxation and a reduction in the integrated absorbance. It is proposed that the temperature at which the peak areas begin to decrease be assigned as the Tg. This is measured by continuously scanning a selected peak in the infrared spectrum of a polymer film while it is heated at a rate of about 1°C/min. Using this technique polyamides (nos. 6,66, and 610) exhibited transitions in the 30-50°C range, and by studying the increase in the free NH region (3440 cm-1) of nylon 66 two other transitions were detected at 80 and 137°C; the latter represents a change in the nylon 66 crystal state. An amorphous film of poly(ethylene terephthalate) displayed a transition at 58-68°C (Tg) and at 85°C, which is the crystallization temperature. Films of poly(vinyl acetate) and polystyrene exhibited transitions at 25-37°C and at 70°C, respectively.
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  • 51
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2747-2747 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 52
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2747-2747 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 53
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 24-31 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 54
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 50-57 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 55
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 227-234 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Spiral and helical fractures can be formed around high-modulus filaments and yarns which are embedded in brittle, amorphous, crosslinked resins. The phenomena are of particular interest because the stress field imposes a highly regular geometry upon the propagating fractures, and because the formation of the large surface area of the spiral fractures provides an efficient mechanism for dissipating strain energy. Development of the approach of the production of discrete geometrical voids with large surface area at predicatable sites may well provide resistance to impact in inherently brittle materials.
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  • 56
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 310-318 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A small scale screw extruder designed for laboratory extrusion studies has been developed and its performance characteristics with powder-blended rigid PVC Compounds have been investigated.The use of the extruder in determining the susceptibility of rigid PVC compounds to various die-induced viscoelastic phenomena (fracture, sharkskin, and swell) is described.An investigation of the phenomenon of “nerve” in rigid PVC extrusions has been carried out. It is concluded that nerve is associated with instabilities in the fluxing process occurring in the transition section of the extruder screw design, the operating variables of the process, and the processing characteristics of the compound.
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  • 57
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 5-10 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 58
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 32-40 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 59
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 64-73 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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  • 60
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 81-81 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 61
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 110-115 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The elasticity of polymer melts is of major concern in the processing of plastics. It is usually reflected by dimensional changes. Since the swelling of polymer extrudates depends on the capillary dimensions and the volumetric flow rate, the blow-up must be examined over a range of conditions. Of course, the swelling is also dependent on polymer structure. Consequently, variations in materials and operating conditions necessiate changes in tooling. This paper describes the swelling behavior of several different polymer types and illustrates that viscosity measurements can not be used to predict elasticity.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 62
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 142-150 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An idealized polymer model is used to examine the magnitude of the catastrophic tensile breaking energy and stress in terms of primary and secondary bonding forces. Computed strengths for primary and secondary bonding are respectively 8000 and 500 times larger than observed values of a common thermoplastic. From other considerations, the glass transition temperature for both elastomeric and thermoplastic polymers is found to show a linear dependence on the cohesive energy per unit length of polymer chain.In special polymer model, the influence of polymer chains on unidirectional elongation is shown to be a function of chain size. Elongation data reported on a series of modified polycarbonates exhibit a correlation with chain size as described by the model. Published data on the polycarbonate series are used to evaluate the correlation between observed deformation breaking energies and cohesive energies calculated from glass transition temperatures.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 63
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 195-201 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study of the tensile strength of unidirectional short fiber reinforced plastics is reported. The data indicate agreement with existing theories as modified to suit plastics. The theory is extrapolated to provide a means for computing the strength of a random composite.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 64
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 210-215 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The physical properties, i. e., yield stress and stress-strain curve of the quenched (“smectic”) form of polypropylene have been shown to be time dependent at room temperature. The yield stress increases linearly with the logarithm of film age. No changes in the x-ray diffraction pattern, infra-red spectrum, electron diffraction pattern or morphology have been observed corresponding to this change in physical properties. A molecular mechanism is proposed which will explain this again process. Spherulites of the quenched form have been found to deform affinely when drawn. In contrast to this, slow cooled films show complete destruction of internal spherulite (lamellar) order, indicating a complex mechanism of deformation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 65
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 216-226 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Physical and mechanical properties of block copolymers are compared and correlated with the corresponding random copolymers. The important properties of melting point, transition temperatures, tensile strength, modulus, and elastic properties depend upon the structural arrangement of the molecular units comprising the polymer strecture. All available data suggest overwhelmingly that properties of block copolymers are superior to those of random copolymers. A block copolymer can have properties characteristic of each of the homopolymers from which it is derived as well as a set of properties due to the polymer strcture as a whole. Block copolymers have an advantage over random copolymers in that a crystalline polymer can be modified without significant reduction of its melting point, modulus, tensile strength, and elastic properties, and by suitable selection of a second component it affords a means of “building in” a particular property.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 66
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 281-289 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The constitution and properties of crazes in glassy polymers and their relation to crack propagation are reviewed. New evidence is discussed which shows the craze to be much softer than the parent polymer but capable of sustaining large stresses and strains up to the point of failure. Craze failure is much more dependent on polymer molecular weight than is craze formation, and this difference is reflected in changes in both fracture surface morphology and crack toughness with molecular weight. Finally craze mechanical properties are thought to be integrally related to the mechanical behavior of high impact plastics.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 67
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 113-254 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 49 Ill.
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  • 68
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 255-316 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 69
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 49-112 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 34 Ill.
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  • 70
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 317-401 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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  • 71
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 1-48 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 33 Ill.
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  • 72
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 11-18 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 73
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 74
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The paper discusses the deformational behaviour of thermoplastics, particularly in relation to their utilization through rational engineering design procedures. It describes the comprehensive systems of data that are replacing the old single datum quantities published hitherto and comments briefly on the corrdination of materials testing through the activities of B.S.I. Committee PLC/36.
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  • 75
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 126-129 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental investigation of the dynamic mechanical response of molten polymers was performed using the Maxwell Orthogonal Reheometer. One purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of molecular weight distribution on the temperature dependence of viscoelastic properties. Data were obtained over a range of temperatures for both monodisperse and polydisperse materials which indicate that viscoelasticity is highly temperature dependent only for monodisperse polymers. On a molecular basis the reduction in temperature sensitivity for polydisperse materials logically can be attributed to the influence of the low molecular weight species present in a distribution on the relaxation spectrum. Since the relaxation spectrum largely determines all viscoelastic functions, the observations made from th dynamic data shown in this paper can be generalized to all viscoelastic experiments.
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  • 76
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 151-160 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Time-temperature equivalence was used to predict the long term engineering behavior of highly crystalline ethylene-butene copolymers. The long term behavior (greater than 1000 hrs.) was accurately predicted from tests of short duration (30 hrs.). This time-temperature principle was applied to stress-relaxation and creep at stresses, strains and temperatures normally encountered in engineering practices. It was also used to solve a design problem involving the creep deformation of metal plastic laminates. Long term tests were performed to confirm the predicted results. This technique was not applicable to rubber modified polystyrene because of an unexpected transition at 88°F.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 77
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 202-209 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The morphology of the quenched form of polypropylene was investigated. Thin films of the quenched form consist of small ball-like structures which we suggest are defective hexagonal crystals. In thicker films they aggregate to form spherulites with no observable fine structure. Quenching of thin films of molten polypropylene to a temperature below 0°C results in the formation of numerous, isolated monoclinic spherulites with a better defined morphology than the smectic spherulites obtained by quenching above 0°C. This result suggests that the films (quenched below 0°C) were quenched to the glass and subsequently crystallized to the monoclinic form upon heating to room temperature.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 78
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 79
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 246-251 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mechanical properties of a composite of glassy and rubbery polymers, ABS, were studied. Orientation induces two effects: (1) the intensity of the loss dispersion attributed to the rubbery component initially increases, then is reduced, and (2) a new loss peak at a temperature approximately 40°C below the original loss peak for the rubbery component appears. Assuming that this new peak is due to the dilated rubber particles embedded in the glassy matrix under strain, it is judged from the theory of Newman and Strella that a built-in strain of 6% would be sufficient to cause this shift in Tg. Above the Tg of the rubbery component, the strain energy required to break increases with temperature. The reinforcement through incorporation of rubber particles is accomplished by enhancing the ability of the glassy matrix to draw on a local, microscopic scale. Such a local cold drawing may well be identified with crazing of glassy polymers.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 80
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 259-266 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The results of two methods for studying molecular processes accompanying the deformation of polyethylene are described. The examination of spherulite deformation by observing light scattering patters along with measurement of the birefringence, stress and strain during the rapid extension of polyethylene shows that this initial structural deformation is essentially instantaneous. Dynamic x-ray diffraction shows that this is followed by a slower relaxation involving change in the orientation of the crystals by two processes, the lower temperature one involving slipping of lamellae past each other and the higher temperature one involving viscoelastic flow of the crystals.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 81
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 272-280 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The steady state, non-isothermal behavior of rigid polyvinyl chloride melt, flowing in capillaries of circular cross-section, was investigated by solving, with the aid of a digital computer, the momentum and energy balance equations. It was assumed that the polymer melt can be described by the “Power Law” constitutive equation. The shear rate, temperature and pressure dependent properties of the fluid were obtained experimentally. The effects of the thermal degradation of PVC on its viscosity, were also introduced in the equations of momentum and energy.The velocity, temperature and pressure profiles, obtained for both adiabatic flow and flow through a tube of constant wall temperature, indicate that considerable heating of the melt, due to viscous dissipation, can be achieved at moderate flow rates. Thermal degradation occurs in the capillary under certain conditions of temperature history and residence time of the fluid. The results of this work are in fair agreement with experimental results in this area.
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  • 82
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 241-244 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A widely accepted method for determining the particle size of the dispersed phase in impact polystyrene is by the microscopic examination of microtomed sections or dilute solutions of the polymer. Although this technique is relatively quick, it has obvious shortcomings to its statistical relaibility. In an effort to obtain more meaningful data, a Coulter Counter was employed to measure the average particle size and particle size distribution of the dispersed phase in a number of impact polystyrene samples. The materials examined contained rubber particles ranging from one to twenty microns in diameter. It was found that the weight average distribution of these particles was most nearly described by a log-normal probability function. The relative accuracy and reproducibility of the measurements made with the Coulter Counter suggest that it is a valuable tool for obtaining quantitative particle size information on the rubber modified polystyrene system.
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  • 83
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 252-258 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer melts exhibit a decrease in apparent viscosity as a function of decreasing time scale of shearing. In order to obtain an understanding of the mechanisms giving rise to this non-Newtonian behavior studies have been made of the dynamic linear viscoelastic response, the limit of linear viscoelastic behavior and the stress relaxation in polymer melts after steady state shearing. The results of these experiments are analyzed with respect to shear induced changes in the relaxation spectrum and the effect of these changes on the apparent viscosity.
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  • 84
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 302-309 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of absorbed solvents and chemical agents on the stress-strain and dynamic mechanical properties of nylon 6 film have been examined. The agents investigated were: water, benzyl alcohol, phenol and iodine. These materials produce changes in the crystalline structure as well as plasticization when they are absorbed. Repeated introduction and removal of phenol indicated that the change of structure takes place completely during the first absorption; after that, the effects of absorption are reversible. The pure plasticizer effect can therefore be observed by comparison of a sample containing plasticizer and a sample from which the plasticizer has been subsequently removed. The general effect of absorbed plasticizer (except for iodine) seems to depend primarily on the amount of plasticizer absorbed, and very little on its exact chemical nature. However, different agents can produce different crystalline forms. A method of analyzing the stress-strain curve is hypothesized based on the concept of a two-phase solid state structure consisting of a crystalline lattice imbedded in an amorphous matrix.
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  • 85
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 547-555 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Changes in flow properties of polyethylene resins have often been observed during processing operations. Studies in this laboratory show that melt viscosity of polyethylene normally increases when the resin is heated in a compression mold at temperatures below 300°C. At the same time, the solution viscosity actually decreases in some cases. During extrusion, on the other hand, both melt viscosity and solution viscosity are shown to decrease. In addition, the logarithm of melt flow rate is seen to deviate markedly from the expected linear dependence on reciprocal of absolute temperature. The results suggest that both crosslinking and chain-scission reactions occur during processing, the former predominating at low or zero shear, the latter at high shear.
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  • 86
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 593-604 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic mechanical properties of a polyimide (poly-4,4′-oxydiphenylene pyromellitimide) were studied from about 4 to 800°K. at audio frequencies. A prominent relaxation associated with absorbed water content occurs near 230°K. Below 270°K., the modulus undergoes a corresponding increase in value with increasing water content. Above 550°K. the onset of a major relaxation process is observed in the modulus data, and a maximum in the internal friction is observed at about 675°K. Minor relaxation peaks are also noted throughout the temperature range. Relatively minor differences are noted in the mechanical relaxation spectra for the polyimide when treated (after drying) with dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, and dimethylsulfoxide, whereas the treatment with water after drying has a marked effect on the relaxation behavior. A reactor radiation dose of 3000 Mrad also causes only minor alterations in the dynamic mechanical spectra.
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  • 87
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 639-653 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal dehydrochlorination of semicrystalline, but rather low molecular weight, PVC fractions, prepared by ionic polymerization catalyzed by tert-butylmagnesium chloride was studied under an inert atmosphere and compared with that of commercial polymer. When the samples are in powder form, the crystallinity of some fractions, which are insoluble at room temperature in all the usual solvents for PVC, induces a tremendous thermal stability, which is observed so long as the temperature is under the melting point of the sample. In dilute solution, the dehydrochlorination of all the samples is much slower, but the differences between the samples are less important; besides, a catalytic effect of some metallic impurities is observed. This catalytic effect is chiefly relative to a process of intermolecular condensation which causes the formation of a labile tertiary chlorine structure and so initiates or accelerates the purely thermal chain dehydrochlorination. It is suggested that, besides the crystallization and the catalytic effects, the configuration of the structural units could be an important factor in the course of the dehydrochlorination process.
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  • 88
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 699-709 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Epoxy resins were prepared from di-α-naphthol(4,4′-dihydroxy-1,1′-dinaphthyl) and di-β-naphthol(2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1′-dinaphthyl). The resins consisted mainly of the reaction product of 1 mole of dinaphthol with 2 moles of epichlorhydrin. They contained chlorine, however, and were correspondingly deficient in diepoxide functionality. The resins from di-α-naphthol were crystalline, had m.p. 200°C., and were not miscible with conventional curing agents. Di-β-naphthol gave resins with softening points in the range 50-70°C., which cured with diethylenetriamine or the anhydrides of dibasic acids, giving hard but brittle products. The brittleness was not removed by curing with plasticizing curing agents, such as tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride. The cured di-β-naphthol-based resins had thermal stabilities similar to analogous epoxy resins based on bisphenol A.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 89
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 739-750 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The temperature changes which take place in a yarn during extension are considered. From thermodynamical considerations and the heat-transfer coefficient it is shown that extension of the yarns studied will take place isothermally at strain rates below 0.04 sec.-1 and adiabatically at rates above 4 sec.-1 It is not possible to make an accurate estimate of the magnitude of the temperature rise during adiabatic extension, because of the lack of information on internal energy changes during irreversible extension, but by assuming these to be zero it is estimated that the temperature is likely to rise by 20-30°C. at strains above 10%. Results from a study of the effect of strain rate on the stress-strain curves of five different yarns show in all these materials a range of strain rate in which the stress that produces a given strain increases less rapidly with strain rate than elsewhere. For viscose and poly(ethylene terephthalate) this effect occurs in the expected range of strain rate, and its magnitude is of the correct order for it to be attributed to the temperature rise resulting from the transition from isothermal to adiabatic extension. For the other materials the transition does not seem likely to provide a complete explanation of this effect. There is no evidence that the transition significantly affects the breaking properties.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The induction periods and maximum cure rates of an EPDM gum rubber were determined by using the Monsanto oscillating disk rheometer and correlated against the initial concentrations of curing ingredients. Sulfur curing systems accelerated by TMTM and TMTD were used. The maximum cure rates of the TMTM-accelerated and the TMTD-accelerated EPDM terpolymer compounds differed significantly only at low sulfur concentrations where the TMTM-accelerated compounds had slower maximum cure rates. Above approximately the 1% concentration level, TMTM and TMTD were found increasingly to retard the maximum cure rates of the EPDM terpolymer compounds as the initial concentrations of the thiuram accelerators were increased. The maximum cure rates of the TMTM-and TMTD-accelerated terpolymer compounds were found to be variable order in initial accelerator concentration, second-order in initial cure site concentration, approximately half-order in initial sulfur concentration above 0.3% sulfur, and of a positive variable order in initial zinc oxide concentration.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 91
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1231-1237 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An effective surface treatment for adhesive bonding of polyethylene has been developed. It involves exposing the polymer to an environment of elemental fluorine or fluorine diluted in argon. By this treatment, extensive fluorination of the surface region is effected. The fluorinated surface permits formation of strong adhesive joints by conventional adhesive bonding techniques even though the wettability of the new surface is similar to polytetrafluoroethylene. We believe that treatment of the polymer with elemental fluorine effectively eliminates the weak boundary layer associated with polyethylene by either crosslinking or by increasing the molecular weight in the surface region.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 92
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1279-1295 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several types of antioxidants are evaluated in high-density polyethylene for color and physical property stabilization during processing and thermal aging. A wide variety of evaluation tests are used and discussed. Heat- and light-induced oxidation mechanisms are reviewed. Antioxidants such as octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate and tetrakis[methylene 3-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxy phenyl) propionate] methane were found to provide very high retention of physical properties, excellent initial color and color retention. Combinations of antioxidant- and ultraviolet light absorbers were evaluated for stabilizing high density polyethylene exposed to artificial light and outdoor weathering. The combination of octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate and 2-(2′-5′-di-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-phenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole was found to be a very efficient stabilizer system. Polymer containing this stabilizer combination had excellent color stability and minimum crosslinking and embrittlement after Arizona weathering.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 93
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1751-1754 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of poly(norbornene), prepared through ring-opening polymerization, were studied. Tensile strength and extensibility increased, while Young's modulus decreased with increasing molecular weight and with increasing content of trans relative to cis unsaturation. The damping factor Delta; was dependent on molecular weight only for the lower molecular weight samples. The out-of-phase modulus E″ and the damping factor decreased as the trans/cis ratio increased.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 94
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2047-2058 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The properties of butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers were compared with those of polybutadiene-polyacrylonitrile blends. Also, the properties of copolymers having an acrylonitrile unit content of about 30% were compared with those of polymer blends having the same acrylonitrile unit content, i.e., NBR-NBR, polybutadiene-NBR, and polyacrylonitrile-NBR, having different acrylonitrile unit contents. These blends were prepared by roll blending and the vulcanizates were prepared by sulfur cure. The properties of the copolymers were markedly different from those of the blends, that is, in the blends the properties showed a linear relationship with their blending ratios, while in the copolymers the properties showed a curvilinear relationship. In the cases of the polymer blends having a constant acrylonitrile unit content, those blends which were prepared by blending two polymers having similar acrylonitrile unit contents showed better properties than the ones having very different acrylonitrile unit contents.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 95
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2097-2104 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) is gelled by radiation from a 60Co source. At concentrations of 0.25 to 1 wt-%, doses of 4.5 to 7.5 × 104 rad cause gelation. The storage modulus of the gel formed increases linearly with additional dose to a plateau value and then remains constant during further irradiation. The does needed to reach the plateau, Dp in rads, and the plateau modulus Gp in dynes per square centimeter, are related to the concentration c, in weight per cent: Dp = 1.05 × 106c and Gp = 1.75 × 104c2.5. The energy absorbed by the polymer per crosslink formed is about 80 ± 10 kcal/mol. The crosslink density produced by radiation is calculated from the measured modulus by using the theory of rubber elasticity. Both modulus and loss are measured in a special air-bearing, recording torsion pendulum with a coneplate geometry.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 96
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2105-2109 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Samples of nylon 6 have been prepared by the hexamethylene diamine-initiated polymerization of ∊-caprolactam at 220°C. Fractionation of these with m-cresol-diethyl ether at 26°C yielded 15 amino-terminated fractions of M̄n of 337-10,940 determined conductometrically. Below M̄n = 4,306 the Mark-Houwink parameters in m-cresol at 30°C are K = 3.0 × 10-3 dl/g and v = 0.53 ± 0.02. Thereafter v exhibits a pronounced increase. The value of K is similar to the values of Kθ derived from Stockmayer-Fixman plots of published data in good solvents. The findings thus corroborate a current hypothesis that fractionated, low molecular weight polymers in good solvents tend to behave viscometrically, as if they were under θ conditions (i.e., K = Kθ and v = 0.50).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 97
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 23-34 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several series of ABA-type “tapered” block polymers of styrene (monomer A) with isoprene or butadiene were prepared with the use of n-butyllithium or sec-butyllithium as initiators in benzene solution. The stress-strain curves of the raw polymers are reported, showing that many of them behave at ambient temperature like vulcanized elastomers. These polymers consist, however, of completely linear chains, with no chemical crosslinks between them; they are thermoplastic, can be easily molded, and are soluble in common solvents. Hence, they may be classed as pseudo-crosslinked elastomers. Better stress-strain properties are obtained from polymers made with sec-butyllithium than with n-butyllithium; in turn, polymers from butadiene have better properties than those from isoprene. Stress-strain curves most closely resembling those of crosslinked elastomers are obtained in general from polymers containing about 30-45% styrene. It was found that AB-type block polymers have very poor tensile strengths and low elongations. The microstructures of polybutadienes and polyisoprenes of various molecular weights, prepared in benzene solvent with alkyllithium initiators, were also determined and compared with literature data for like polymers prepared in cyclohexane solvent.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 98
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 137-141 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of acid acceptor level (sodium hydroxide) in the interfacial polycondensation of nylon 610 has been studied. It was found that increased acceptor levels shifted the curves of intrinsic viscosity versus sebacoyl chloride concentration to the right. It was also found that peak intrinsic viscosity values first decreased and then increased with increasing acid acceptor levels. The experimental results were shown to relate to balance of reactants and character of polycondensation zone.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 99
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 169-174 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper deals with polydispersity coefficient characterization in poly(propylene glycols) (PPG 425, 750, 1025, 1200, and 2025) and poly(ethylene glycols) (PEG 200, 600, and 1000). The methods used involved ratio of 50% solution to intrinsic viscosity and ratio of weight-average to number-average molecular weight, as determined by gel permeation chromatography, light-scattering photometry, and vapor pressure osmometry. The methods used assigned the same value to this coefficient. Polydispersity in polyglycols, which have low molecular weights (≤2200) and narrow distributions (≤1.1), may thus be determined from viscosity measurements.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 100
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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