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  • 1995-1999
  • 1970-1974  (5,973)
  • 1971  (5,973)
  • Chemistry  (5,473)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (2,119)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (300)
  • Nuclear reactions
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Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1970-1974  (5,973)
Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 335-335 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 335-336 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 336-336 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 105
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 106
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 45-45 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 107
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 44-44 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 108
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 45-45 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 109
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 111
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 144-150 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of Oxygen on the Discharge during Spectral Analysis of Metals in Inert Gases. This article features new considerations and tests for explaining the various types of discharge as well as the influence of oxygen. It describes a phenomenon hitherto not described in this context, i. e. the elimination of the oxygen effect by gettering. Some practical hints should particularly help checking the influence of oxygen.
    Notes: Es werden neue Überlegungen und Versuche zur Erklärung der verschiedenen Entladungsformen und der Einfluß des Sauerstoffes wiedergegeben. Eine bisher in diesem Zusammenhang noch nicht genannte Erscheinung, nämlich das Abbinden von Sauerstoff durch Gettern, wird beschrieben. Praktische Hinweise, die sich insbesondere auf das Verhindern des Sauerstoffeinflusses beziehen, werden gegeben. Damit wird es möglich sein, die Analyse weiterer Metalle in Argonatmosphäre und überkritisch gedämpfter Mittelspannungsanregung mit ausreichender Genauigkeit durchzuführen, was bei Aluminium, welches bisher praktisch ausschließlich in Luft gemessen wurde, bereits gelungen ist.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 112
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 113
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 168-168 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 114
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 115
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 116
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 223-224 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 117
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 118
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 224-224 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 119
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 120
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 121
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 232-242 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The formation of austenite on the grain boundary in armcoiron. The austenite formed at the grain boundary of armcoiron showed hardening structure after annealing and quenching. The interpretation of the formation of austenite is possible by evaluation of the hardening structure. The areas of fracture resulting from the size and the distribution of the hardening structure is discussed. It is pointed out, that the area of fracture is a function of the size as well as of the distribution of the hardening structure.
    Notes: Der sich bei (Armco-)Eisen während der Glühung im α- + γ- Mischkristallgebiet an der Korngrenze gebildete Austenit zeigte nach dem Abschrecken Härtegefüge und entsprechende Härtewerte Ein Anlassen auf 500 °C führte zu einer Einformung des Zementits. Die Deutung der Austenitbildung ist nur indirekt über Rückschlüsse aus dem Härtegefüge, das bei Raumtemperatur untersucht werden kann, möglich. Die Wärmebehandlung beeinflußt auch Größe und Verteilung der Härtegebiete. Das Verformungsverhalten unterschiedlich wärmebehandelter Proben wird anhand von Aufnahmen, die mit einem Raster-Elektronenmikroskop gemacht wurden, besprochen.
    Additional Material: 31 Ill.
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  • 122
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 225-232 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Development Trends in High Tensile Weldable Boiler and Pressure Vessel Steels. Increase of dimensions, pressure and temperature of boilers and pressure vessels necessitate the development of high tensile steels. To improve the tensile properties of steels water quenching and tempering (Q. T.) is applied more and more beside the addition of alloying elements.Results of tests on Q. T. micro- and low alloyed pressure vessel steels have been described. In addition to tensile and brittle fracture properties the behaviour of Q. T. Steels in creep tests, fatigue tests and intercrystalline corrosion tests has been reported on.Water quenching and tempering of boiler and pressure vessel steels offers technologically and economically favourable means of development.
    Notes: Die zunehmenden Abmessungen, Drücke und Temperaturen von Dampfkesseln und Druckgefäßen führen notwendigerweise zur Entwicklung höherfester Stähle. Zur Steigerung der Festigkeitseigenschaften wird immer mehr die Wasservergütung herangezogen. Es werden Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen an wasservergüteten mikrolegierten und niedriglegierten Druckbehälterstählen beschrieben. Außer den Festigkeitseigenschaften und der Sprödbruchsicherheit wird das Verhalten wasservergüteter Stähle bei Dauerstandsbeanspruchung, Dauerfestigkeitsbeanspruchung sowie hinsichtlich interkristalliner Spannungsrißkorrosion behandelt.Abschließend ist festgestellt worden, daß die Wasservergütung von Kessel- und Druckbehälterstählen eine technisch und wirtschaftlich günstige Entwicklungsmöglichkeit bietet.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 123
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 252-253 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Testing of soft-soldering properties of semi-manufactured metals. Suitable for carrying-out solderability tests of semimanufactured metals, especially of strips or sheets made of copper alloys, a simple apparatus has been developed, which permits the determination of the “critical immersion rate”, i.e. the immersion rate of a specimen with defined dimensions, at which a complete wetting with molten tin still occurs. The results obtained with this apparatus are reproducible and suitable for the assessment of the soft-soldering properties of materials to be soldered.
    Notes: Ein einfaches Gerät für die Prüfung der Lötbarkeit von Halbzeugen, insbesondere Bändern oder Blechen aus Kupferlegierungen, wird beschrieben, das die Bestimmung der “Grenztauchgeschwindigkeit”, d. h. der Tauchgeschwindigkeit einer Probe mit definierten Abmessungen, bei welcher noch eine vollständige Benetzung der metallischen Oberfläche mit Lötzinn erfolgt, ermöglicht. Die mit diesem Gerät erzielbaren Ergebnisse sind reproduzierbar und als Maß für die Verzinnbarkeit zu lötender Werkstoffe geeignet.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 124
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 324-333 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 125
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 334-334 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 126
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 334-334 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 127
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 128
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 334-335 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 129
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 130
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 337-345 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Prospects for the Development of Useful High Temperature Resistant Fibre-Strengthened Materials. New and better materials are still in demand in the field of high temperature technology. High creep rupture strengths and resistance to thermal shock are required when these materials are to be used at temperatures above 1000°C in the presence of combustion gases and flowing and/or static air with high oxygen content. Production methods are reviewed and a critical discussion is given on present research results as well as possible matrix combinations for fibre materials. The chemical compatibility between the composite components is thoroughly discussed. It is stressed that the problems of chemical compatibility and oxidation resistance need special consideration in the development stages of these materials.
    Notes: In verschiedenen Bereichen der Hochtemperaturtechnik werden neuartige Materialien benötigt, die sowohl hohe Zeitstandfestigkeiten und günstige Thermoschockeigenschaften aufweisen als auch in sauerstoffhaltigen Verbrennungsgasen oder ruhender und strömender Luft oberhalb 1000°C eingesetzt werden können. Unter Berücksichtigung der von der Technik gestellten Anforderungen werden die Aussichten abgeschätzt und überprüft, die auf diesem Gebiet für die Entwicklung leistungsfähiger Faserverbundwerkstoffe aus vorhandenen und zu entwickelnden Materialkomponenten bestehen. Es wird ein Überblick über vorliegende Verfahren zur Herstellung derartiger Verbundwerkstoffe gegeben und bekanntgewordene Versuchsergebnisse an potentiellen Faser Matrix-Kombinationen kritisch diskutiert. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Fragen der chemischen Verträglichkeit der Verbundwerkstoff-Komponenten eingehender besprochen. Diesem Problem und dem der Oxydationsbeständigkeit der Materialkombinationen muß bei der Entwicklung neuartiger Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt werden.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 131
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 356-361 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Temperature and Time Dependent Fusion Welding with Beams of High Intensity By a special set-up very high local and time-dependent temperature gradients were measured in the weld zone of beam affected areas. Under certain weld conditions a leading preheat wave does not exist. As to the resulting microstructure in the beam, the characteristic steep temperature curves do not allow any prediction. Zones of enlarged hardness were reduced by different heat-treatments.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe einer neuartigen Meßmethode ließen sich hohe örtliche und zeitliche Temperaturgradienten mit großer Genauigkeit bestimmen. Die Untersuchungen ergaben u. a., daß bei bestimmten Schweißbedingungen ein Wärmevorlauf nicht stattfindet. Auf Grund der sehr steilen Temperaturverläufe lassen sich Vorhersagen zur. Gefügeausbildung nicht treffen. Härtespitzen im Schweißnahtbereich sind durch verschiedenartige Wärmebehandlungen abzubauen.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 132
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 345-355 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sintering processes in carbide-cobalt-alloys containing 0,2 to 15% Co. The sintering processes in alloys consisting of 0,2, 0,5, 3, 6 and 15% cobalt, the remainder being either WC, TiC, WC/TiC or WC/TiC/TaC, were observed after annealing at 400°C to 1500°C by measuring the bending strength at rupture, the magnetic saturation, the specific electrical resistance and the coercive force at room temperature. As early as the grinding stage the WC-Co-compounds can be clearly distinguished from all other blendings. Thin, not necessarily coherent layers of Co form on the tungsten carbides, a fact which is indicated by the higher coercive force and bending strength at rupture of the WC-Co-green compacts.The actual sintering processes can be divided in to four temperature ranges:(I)T ≤ 400°C(II)400°C 〈 T ≤ 800°C(III)800°C 〈 T 〈 liquid Phase(IV)T ≥ liquid PhaseThe sintering process within these ranges are disscussed in detail and should greatly contribute to an understanding of the structural composition of carbide metals.
    Notes: Die Sintervorgänge in Legierungen mit 0,2, 0,5, 3, 6 und 15% Kobalt, Rest jeweils WC, TiC, WC/TiC oder WC/TiC/TaC wurden nach Glühungen bei 400°C bis 1500°C durch Messung von Biegebruchfestigkeit, Sättigungsmagnetisierung, spezifischem elektrischem Widerstand und Koerzitivkraft verfolgt. Die Ermittlung der Meßwerte erfolgte bei Raumtemperatur. Bereits beim Mahlen unterscheiden sich die WC-Co-Mischungen von allen übrigen Ansätzen. Auf den Wolframkarbiden bilden sich dünne, nicht unbedingt zusammenhängende Co-Schichten aus, worauf die höheren Koerzitivkraft- und Biegebruchfestigkeitswerte der WC-Co-Grünlinge hinweisen.Die Sintervorgänge selbst lassen sich in vier Temperaturbereiche einteilen:(I)T ≤ 400°C(II)400°C 〈 T ≤ 800°C(III)800°C 〈 T 〈 flüssige Phase(IV)T ≥ flüssige PhaseDie in diesen Intervallen ablaufenden Sinterprozesse werden ausführlich besprochen und dürften wesentlich zum Verständnis des Gefügeaufbaues der Hartmetalle beitragen.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 133
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 361-366 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Cutting and Welding Using a CO2-Laser. Among the various types of lasers the CO2 laser is particulary suitable for materials working. It has a very high efficienty (15-20 %) and a high output power (up to several kW). When the laser light is focused by means of a lens or a mirror, a power density of more than 109 W/cm2 is attained in continuous operation. The laser need not be applied in vacuum.The CO2 laser is a suitable cutting tool for numerous materials, e. g. for metals such as titanium or steel, for combustible materials such as paper, textiles, wood, and plastics, and also for hard and brittle materials such as aluminium oxide and silicon carbide. If the metals are cut in an oxidizing atmosphere, the cutting speed may be increased. The cutting width however is determined by the size of the laser spot.In addition, experiments are reported in which the CO2 laser was used for welding steel, titanium, plastics, quartz, and glass. The advantages of the laser for this application are discussed.Another important field of application is the growth of single crystals.In several fields the laser is in competition with the electron gun. Therefore, the laser technique is compared with the electron beam technique.
    Notes: Unter allen Lasertypen ist der CO2-Laser für die kontinuierliche Materialbearbeitung besonders geeignet. Er hat einen sehr hohen Wirkungsgrad (15-20 %) und eine große Ausgangsleistung (bis zu einigen kW). Bei Bündelung mittels Linse oder Spiegel erreicht man im Dauerbetrieb eine Leistungsdichte von mehr als 109 W/cm2. Die Anwendung des Lasers braucht nicht im Vakuum zu erfolgen.Zahlreiche Werkstoffe lassen sich vorteilhaft mit dem CO2-Laser schneiden, z. B. Metalle wie Titan oder Stahl, brennbare Materialien wie Papier, Textilien, Holz und Kunststoff sowie auch harte und spröde Materialien wie Aluminiumoxid und Siliciumcarbid. Wenn man die Metalle in oxydierender Atmosphäre schneidet, dann erhöht sich die Schnittgeschwindigkeit. Die Schnittbreite ist in jedem Fall durch die Größe des Laserflecks bestimmt.Ferner wird über Experimente berichtet, bei denen der CO2-Laser zum Schweißen von Stahl, Titan, Kunststoff, Quarz und Glas eingesetzt wurde. Die Vorteile des Lasers für diese Anwendung werden diskutiert.Ein weiteres wichtiges Anwendungsgebiet ist das Herstellen von Einkristallen.In einigen Bereichen konkurriert der Laser mit der Elektronenstrahlkanone. Die Elektronenstrahltechnik und die Lasertechnik werden deshalb verglichen.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 134
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 393-398 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Glass as a material. The main difference between glassy and crystalline phases results from the fact that glasses exhibit short range order whereas crystals show long range order. Nearly each element from the periodic chart may be incorporated into an oxide glass. According to the type of incorporation one may distinguish between network forming and network modifying elements. The properties of a glass depend on its chemical composition and the related structure. Some of the properties, e. g. strength, corrosion resistance and thermal shock resistance, are discussed in detail. Finally, it is shown that glass plays an important part as an indispensable material in modern science and technology.
    Notes: Gläser unterscheiden sich von kristallinen Stoffen im wesentlichen dadurch, daß sie in ihrem atomaren Aufbau eine Nah-, aber keine Fernordnung besitzen. Fast jedes Element im Periodischen System läßt sich in ein oxidisches Glas einbauen. Je nach der Art wie eine Atomart im Netzwerk des Glases eingebaut ist, spricht man von netzwerkbildenden und netzwerkwandelnden Elementen. Von der chemischen Zusammensetzung und der damit zusammenhängenden Struktur eines Glases hängen seine Eigenschaften ab. Einige von diesen Eigenschaften wie die Festigkeit. Korrosionsbeständigkeit und Temperaturwechselbeständigkeit werden genauer besprochen. Abschließend wird gezeigt, daß Gläser auf vielen Gebieten der modernen Wissenschaft und Technologie als unentbehrlicher Werkstoff eine bedeutende Rolle spielen.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 135
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2 (1971), S. 448-448 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 136
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mathematical model has been developed to predict radial temperature gradients in polymers during dielectric heating. The time-temperature model includes parameters for rate of dielectric heating, thermal conductivity, density, heat capacity, surface coefficient of heat transfer, and sample radius. The application of this model was checked experimentally on a 2-in. cylinder of cured polyisoprene.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 137
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 129-138 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A crosslinked epoxy resin consisting of a 60/40 weight ratio of Epon 815 and Versamid 140 and composites of this material with glass beads, unidirectional glass fibers and air (foams) were tested in tension, compression and flexure to determine the effect of time and temperature on the elastic properties, yield properties and modes of failure. Unidirectional continuous fiber-filled samples were tested at different fiber orientation angles with respect to the stress axis. Strain rates ranged from 10-4 to 10 in./in.-min and the temperature from -1 to 107°C.Isotherms of tangent modulus versus strain rate were shifted to form master modulus curves. The moduli of the filled composites and the foams were predictable over the entire strain rate range. It was concluded that the time-temperature shift factors for tangent moduli and the time-temperature shift factors for stress relaxation were identical and were independent of the type and concentration of filler as well as the mode of loading.The material was found to change from a brittle-to-ductile-to-rubbery failure mode with the transition temperatures being a function of strain rate, filler content, filler type and fiber orientation angle, indicating that the transition is perhaps dependent on the state of stress.In the ductile region, an approximately linear relationship between yield stress and log strain is evident in all cases. The isotherms of yield stress versus log strain rate were shifted to form a practically linear master plot that can be used to predict the yield stress of the composites at any temperature and strain rate in the ductile region. The time-temperature shift factors for yielding were found to be independent of the type, concentration and orientation of filler and the mode of loading. Thus, the composite shift factors seem to be a property of the matrix and not dependent on the state of stress. The compressive-to-tensile yield stress ratio was practically invariant with strain rate for the unfilled matrix, while fillers and voids raised this ratio and caused it to increase with a decrease in strain rate. The yield strain of the composites is less than the unfilled matrix and is a function of fiber orientation and strain rate.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 138
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 247-257 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical model for melting in plasticating extruders is described. Compared to previous models, this model introduces more accurate and less restrictive assumptions, adds a mass balance on the entire channel, and replaces certain approximate solutions by exact solutions. Flow of the solid bed is represented by a solid bed acceleration parameter, SBAP, which permits solid bed acceleration in a screw compression section. New experimental melting data for a variety of screw designs, polymers, and extruder sizes are presented and compared to the theoretical predictions. With the optimum SBAP, reasonably accurate model prediction of the melting profiles is observed for a wide variety of cases.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 139
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 295-304 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A torsional pendulum which operates throughout the temperature range  -  180° ⇄ +650°C, and permits the examination of specimens which conform to ASTM standard D2236 is reported. The same apparatus is used for torsional braid analyses for which a composite specimen is prepared by impregnating a multifilament glass braid with a solution of polymer and thermally removing the solvent. A linear-with-angle no-drag optical transducer which employs the linear transmission region of a pair of polarizers is described. The apparatus has been used for examining thermo-hysteresis effects in polymers. Hysteresis can arise in polymers from physical time-dependent phenomena such as crystallization ⇄ fusion, dry atmosphere ⇄ water vapor, annealing ⇄ cracking, and from chemical reactions. Thermally-induced chemical reactions can be regulated so as to freeze out preferentially longer range relaxations, thereby extending the glassy state behavior to higher temperatures. A comparison of the thermomechanical behavior of a commercially available polyimide film and of a polyimideforming varnish is reported using torsional pendulum and torsional braid analyses.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 140
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 211-219 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Glass-reinforced thermoplastics are being considered in many structural applications and fabricators require design information on these materials. Basic creep data are, in many cases, the most useful for design purposes. The work reported here concerns the development of methods of increasing our efficiency in generating creep data. The methods developed are applicable to polypropylene and coupled, glass-reinforced polypropylene. A stress-time superposition procedure has been found valid for extending creep data generated on coupled glass-reinforced polypropylene at several glass levels and at temperatures of 23 and 80°C.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 141
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 353-360 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental studies were performed with low density polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymers and on polyvinyl chloride to elucidate the nature of the plasticating process in a reciprocating-screw injection molding machine. Melting data, obtained by use of the “cooling experiment,” and plastic temperature data reveal that the screw recharge process is a transient plasticating extrusion process which gradually approaches the equilibrium extrusion behavior as the screw rotates. If the screw rotation time is a high percentage of the total cycle time, the plasticating behavior is very similar to steady-state extrusion behavior, but if the screw rotation time is a small percentage of the total cycle time, the plasticating behavior is significantly different. Furthermore, better plasticating is obtained by use of a low RPM and high percentage rotation time than by a high RPM and low percentage rotation time.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 142
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 381-384 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The peculiar behavior of thermoplastic elastomers in molding suggested that the processing steps (mainly shearing) to which the material had been submitted had a great influence on the morphology. Experiments were carried out on two polysstyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene elastomers. The effects of melt-shearing and cooling were examined both by mechanical testing and low angle X-ray scattering. Melt-shearing creates a marked morphological anisotropy but a form of annealing can occur at sufficiently high temperatures.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 143
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 144
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 361-368 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical model for the transient melting behavior in a reciprocating-screw injection molding machine is proposed. The model is based on a steady state extrusion model, Neumann's melting problem, and a heuristic postulate for the transient behavior. The model predictions are compared to experimental melting data for low density polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymers and polyvinyl chloride for a variety of operating conditions and two screw designs. A useful degree of correlation is demonstrated for all experimental cases.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 145
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 385-394 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study is carried out to elucidate the melt fracture mechanism. For the study, the electrical outputs of the melt pressure transducers, mounted on the wall of a circular tube, are recorded on a Sanborn recording system. It has been observed from this study that the wall pressures start to fluctuate prior to the inception of visible melt fracture. The frequency and amplitude of the excursion signals are increased as the shear rate is increased up to and beyond the critical value. This behavior has been observed for three polymer samples tested: polystyrene, high density polyethylene, and low density polyethylene. The fluctuations of wall pressures are interpreted as due to an irregular flow of polymer melts at the tube wall. It is further investigated to find the effects of the die entry angle of a capillary, and capillary length-to-diameter ratio on the critical shear rate. A correlation between exit pressure and shear stress has been found for polystyrene and low density polyethylene. It is found that at and above the critical stress, the exist pressure increases abruptly. This is interpreted to be a sudden change in the elastic properties of the materials above melt fracture since Han et al have shown that the exist pressure is a measure of the elastic properties.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 146
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The current art for image-wise photopolymerization is reviewed and the prospective future developments are briefly assessed. Photomechanics, photoengraving, gravure, lithography, chromophores, dye sensitization, cyanine photopolymerization, bathochromy, and phototanning are covered. Primary photoprocesses, their sensitization by cyanines, Oster photopolymerization, photovinyls, diazo and diazido-sensitized systems, and secondary photoprocesses are discussed. A bibliography is provided.
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  • 147
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 93-98 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Various solid conveying, melting, and metering theories developed for plasticating screw extrusions are reviewed. Some recommendations for improving the present melting theories are presented. It is pointed out that the overall performance of a screw extruder can be predicted only by combining the solid-conveying, melting and metering theories into a complete mathematical package because the three functions of a screw extruder depend on each other and cannot be separated. A suggestion is made on how to combine these three theories.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 148
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A correlation is developed between the melt elasticity and temperature, the melt elasticity being defined by the normal stress difference. The correlation follows the form of the Arrhenius equation, for the temperature range tested, for high density polyethylene and polypropylene melts. Measurements were taken using the capillary rheometer which is described in detail in the author's earlier publications. The author further presents a correlation between the pressure drop at the entrance of a capillary and the residual pressure at the exit of the capillary (exit pressure). The correlations presented in the paper support the author's earlier contention that the exit pressure is indeed a manifestation of elastic behavior.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 149
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 233-239 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cobalt promoters presently used in the polyester processing industry suffer from many shortcomings ranging from shelf instability to strong discoloration of the resins and relatively poor activity. This paper describes the various performance improvements obtainable with coordination complexes of cobalt which can be used as polymerization accelerators in presence of organic peroxide initiators. These complexes appear to present significant advantages over the conventional cobalt carboxylates. Catalytic activity up to ten times that of cobalt soap was recorded with some complexes in various resin systems, without deleterious effects on physical properties. As gel-cure modifiers, the compounds evaluated seem to increase the long term shelf stability of pre-promoted resins while reducing the discoloration and air inhibition during the curing process of polyester thin films.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 150
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 28-34 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The forces required to compress billets of crystalline polymers below their melting points were determined and related to the initial billet dimensions and amount of deformation. The studies involved the use of three high-density polyethylenes and an acetal copolymer. The results were found to obey an equation derived from plasticity theory using, at each temperature and for each material, a single parameter very nearly equal to the yield strength determined in ordinary tensile tests, and having the same temperature dependence. An empirical equation that describes the pressure required to form cups by backward extrusion of metal billets is also successful for the same process with polymers, using the yield parameter from the compression experiments. Cold working causes a high degree of orientation, increased clarity, and greatly increased tensile strength.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 151
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 274-283 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of polymer molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and orientation on the rate of relaxation-controlled sorption of n-pentane by glassy polystyrene were studied. The sorption follows Case II kinetics but for films which sorb slowly the sorption rate increases at relatively long times until sorption is sharply terminated. This rate increase may be explained by the development of dispersed microvoids within the unrelaxed film core. Overshoot of the equilibrium n-pentane content occurs in sorption experiments in which accelerated sorption is pronounced.The sorption rate is independent of polymer molecular weight and molecular weight distribution per se over a broad wrange of these parameters. Essentially identical vapor sorption kinetics were observed for well annealed polystyrene films of different molecular weights and distributions. Conversely, for vapor sorption by uniaxially oriented films and for liquid sorption by partially annealed films, high molecular weight film (1,880,000) exhibits greater sorption rates than low molecular weight film (ca. 200,000). These differences in rate are not due to molecular weight differences per se, but are a consequence of the dissimilar response of free volume and strain development for films of different molecular weight prepared with a given time-temperature-strain history.Crazing of carefully annealed polystyrene films occurs during desorption of n-pentane from partially saturated films. The depth of craze penetration reflects the point of advance of the discontinuous Case II sorption boundary.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 152
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 320-323 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It has been well established in the literature that the internal pressure, Pi = (∂E/∂V)T, of a polymer in the glassy state is about half the value expected from the behavior of the polymer just above the glass temperature, Tg. Consideration of this behavior in terms of a recent analysis of factors affecting internal pressures leads to the conclusion that the expression for the total energy of a glass must include a volume-dependent stored energy term, a term not present above Tg. This stored energy could be associated with actual bond and segment deformations in the glassy state. Brittleness and solvent cracking behavior of glasses will be strongly dependent on this stored elastic energy which can be modified by altering the molding conditions under which the glass is formed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 153
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of fiber volume content, fiber-matrix bonding, heat treatment, and age hardening on the transverse mechanical properties of undirectional aluminum matrix fibrous composites have been investigated. Test results have indicated that the increase of the matrix strength is directly responsible for the increase of the transverse strength of a composite fabricated under heat-treated conditions, as compared with the corresponding strength for the annealed condition. The composite transverse tensile strength and elastic modulus have been calculated by using the finite-element method and the von Mises-Hencky criterion. Both the square and hexagonal arrays have been considered for the fiber configuration in the matrix. The analytical results are compared with the experimental data obtained at room temperature and low strain rate.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 154
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 377-380 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal stability of polyethylene containing conventional antioxidants is adversely affected by contact with copper, by certain pigments, and by the addition of a few percent of polypropylene as a processing aid. Polyethylene inhibited with 0.1% of phenolic antioxidants has approximately the same oxidative stability when in contact with a copper surface as the unprotected polymer. A mechanism is suggested to account for the loss of stability in the presence of copper. Pigments vary in the extent to which they adversely affect the oxidative stability of polyethylene. Since several factors may combine to decrease the stability of protected polyethylene compositions, as determined by accelerated tests, it is essential that their contribution under service conditions be determined. The predicted life at temperatures encountered in service is determined by extrapolating accelerated test data to that constant temperature which is calculated to cause the same degree of degradation as would occur during the daily and seasonal temperature cycles encountered in use.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 155
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 401-404 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Heat transfer to polymer solutions or melts flowing in parallel plate systems is an important aspect of polymer processing as for example in extrusion through a wide slit.The present work solves the equation of energy for pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluids flowing between parallel plates. An exact velocity profile rather than an approximation is used. Equations are derived both for temperature profiles and mean temperatures. The results are shown to correctly represent the physical situation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 156
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 421-425 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymethylmethacrylate has been sensitized to 4880 A light and used as a holographic recording medium. The polymer is sensitized with a material which may itsel be degraded by exposure to ultraviolet light. The new process is, therefore, both self-developing and fixable without chemical processing. Holographic diffraction gratings written into this material have diffracting efficiencies as high as 70 percent. Various parameters such as angular selectivity, film thickness, variation of diffracting efficiency with writing angle etc., have been studied. The spontaneously produced diffracted intensity is so high that efficient interference between first and zero ordes is observed during the writing process.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 157
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 463-473 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of hydrostatic pressure, up to 112,000 lb/in.2, on the tensile properties of four polymers is reported. The pressure soaking of polystyrene in castor oil had no significant effect on the material's residual properties when tested under ambient conditions. When tested under pressure polystyrene necked, like a metal, and exhibited a brittle ductile transition at 40,000 lb/in2. Between 40,000 to 112,000 lb/in.2 the tensile strength increased by about 30%. Young's modulus and yield strength were only slightly affected by pressure. Similar results were obtained for specimens sheathed to prevent possible plasticization of the polystyrene. Polymethylmethacrylate tested at 112,000 lb/in.2 failed just short of its instability point and with only a slight increase in Young's modulus. These amorphous polymers thus behaved under pressure in a generally similar manner to metals.Pressure had a marked effect on the stress-strain curves of two crystalline polymers polyethylene and nylon. Young's modulus and tensile strength were considerably increased and elongation decreased. Pressure inhibited ‘drawing’ of the materials. Deformation was restricted to a small necked region.
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  • 158
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 265-273 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of uncatalyzed autoxidations for polyolefin films, such as atactic and isotactic polypropylene and poly-(butene-1) are reviewed in light of recent work. Reaction temperatures generally varied from 100 to 150°C and oxygen concentrations from 5 to 100% by volume. A general reaction scheme is suggested and kinetic expressions subsequently derived therefrom have been satisfactorily applied to account for experimental results. Linear relationships between a maximum rate and concentration of oxygen for both low and high concentrations were obtained.In the case of the catalyzed autoxidations [Co(III) acetylacetonate] the general reaction scheme was modified to take into account the presence of the catalyst. From this modified scheme, various kinetic expressions relating maximum rate and concentrations of oxygen, polymer and the catalyst were derived. First-order reaction with respect to the concentration of the catalyst was found at low concentrations of the catalyst, and near zero-order at relatively high catalyst concentrations. A correlation between catalytic activities of metal acetylacetonates [Co(III), Mn(III), Cr(III), Fe(III) and Cu(II)] and the oxidation-reduction potentials has been established.Experimental dependencies of maximum carbonyl formation rates as a function of polymer concentration were found to agree well with the theoretical both for catalyzed and uncatalyzed oxidations.
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  • 159
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 305-311 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Melt viscosity and melt elasticity data were obtained over a broad range of temperatures and shear rates on a series of four polypropylenes of different molecular weight but approximately the same molecular weight distribution. The superposition technique was used with both temperature and molecular weight to shift flow curves for all four materials at three temperatures each along the shear rate axis to generate a master flow curve at a given temperature and molecular weight. For polypropylenes of this type, and molecular weight distribution shift, factors which can be used to extend the useful range of experimentally obtained flow data were determined. The dependency of apparent viscosity on weight average molecular weight at shear stresses as high as 106 dynes/cm2 is shown. The dependency of melt elasticity on molecular weight and temperature is discussed.
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  • 160
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 433-445 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Extensional flows have been the object of study in several laboratories in recent years. Polymeric systems have been studied in most cases because of their interesting behaviour and also because of the importance of their rheological properties to the plastics engineer. Controlled, steady elongation is more difficult to achieve in the laboratory than the more traditional viscometric flows. Moreover, it is not in general possible to predict the response of a viscoelastic material to steady extension based on knowledge of its viscometric functions.This review begins by presenting some useful expressions describing the kinematics of extensional flows. Then some results of interest from rational mechanics are presented and the behaviour predicted by a number of constitutive equations for viscoelastic fluids are discussed. After presenting the pertinent relations of linear viscoelasticity for extensional flows, experimental methods and results for steady simple extension are reviewed and some possible implications for the processing of molten polymers are discussed.
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  • 161
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 452-462 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Controlled changes in crystallization conditions and shear history prior to and following both extrusion and compression molding were shown to drastically alter the mechanical properties of the polymer studied. This material, Poly[3,3-(bischloromethyl) oxacyclobutane], is an essentially linear polymer with a number average molecular weight of 300,000. The effect of heat transfer, as limited by experimental conditions, had a primary influence upon the crystallization phenomenon and therefore also upon the morphology and the resultant mechanical properties.By proper selection of processing conditions it was possible to alter the mechanical properties of this polymer from brittle behavior to the ability to form a neck and draw to high degrees of elongation. Using conditions that imparted the ability to neck and draw, it was shown that this process is sensitive to both strain rate during testing and extrusion rate during processing. The underlying cause of the effects upon mechanical properties appear to be the dramatic changes occurring in morphology as a result of the selected processing conditions.A chemical etching agent was used on these samples prior to replication, and observation in the electron microscope. Using this technique the internal morphology was studied and compared to the surface morphology. There was not a gradient of morphology in these samples. Furthermore, the use of this etching agent that attacked non-crystalline regions preferentially, suggested that the lamellar fine structure of spherulites is composed of smaller units.
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  • 162
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 67-82 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of grafting styrene and acrylonitrile onto polyethylene and Teflon FEP films on their gas permeation and separation properties were investigated. The time-lag method was used to determine the permeability, diffusion, and solubility coefficients of nitrogen and methane gases in the grafted films. The separation factors of nitrogen - methane gas mixtures were measured by gas chromatography. Structural and morphologic changes in the modified films were examined by density, differential scanning calorimetry, and infrared measurements. Attempts were made to relate these changes to the gas permeation and separation characteristics of the films. Modification by graft copolymerization resulted in slightly improved separation factors; however, the permeability and diffusion coefficients decreased. The experimental permeability and diffusion coefficients for gas mixtures were in good agreement with those of the pure components and could be predicted by single gas permeability and diffusion coefficients.
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  • 163
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 47-66 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism of formation of surface roughness and extrusion swelling of the extrudate and the steady-shear viscous flow behavior in the region of high shear rate for branched polymers were investigated using two low-density polyethylenes and their sheared samples. These two polyethylenes varied in their degree of branching, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution but were similar in their melt flow index. The effect of molecular parameters, especially long-chain branching, on viscoelastic properties in the molten state was also considered. Samples of various degree of shearing level were prepared by passing them repeatedly through an extruder. Results of intrinsic viscometry, gel permeation chromatography, and infrared spectroscopy of the original and the sheared samples indicate that no appreciable variation between them takes place in the molecular parameters during the process of extrusion shearing. Both surface roughness and extrusion swelling of the extrudate diminish with increase in the extent of shear. The extrusion shearing affects the surface roughness and extrusion swelling of the extrudate as well as the capillary entrance effect more markedly for the highly branched polymers with considerably higher molecular weight than for the less branched species with bell-type molecular weight distribution. These results demonstrate that heterogeneity becomes more conspicuous with the degree of long-chain branching level, and therefore the role of long-chain branching in the development of the heterogeneity is particularly important. It is suggested that the secondary heterogeneous structure arises through phase separation or from the heterogeneous formation of strongly entangled network at the branching point of the long-chain branching in the manufacturing process of the low-density polyethylene and that its presence causes the distinctive viscoelastic properties of long-chain branched polymer melts.
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  • 164
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 129-143 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polypropylene-nylon 6 10 composites were prepared by the in situ polymerization of the nylon monomers on polypropylene films. The adhesion between the nylon and the polypropylene was markedly improved by a brief corona discharge treatment of the films in nitrogen prior to coating. This improvement was demonstrated by an increase in the peel strength of the nylon coating and a decrease in brittleness of photo-oxidized compesites when corona treatment was used. Adhesive bonding between the nylon and substrate was sufficiently strong to cause cohesive failure in the corona-treated polypropylene. Only interfacial failure was observed at untreated surfaces. These effects were demonstrated by electron microscopy of the surfaces produced in peel tests. The effects of corona treatment on adhesive bonding characteristics of surfaces are discussed in terms of the chemical and physical changes observed in treated surfaces.
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  • 165
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 169-182 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experiments were conducted on samples of crosslinked rubbers filled with poly(tetrafluoroethylene) powder or small glass beads. Volume changes on elongation were measured in a dilatometer. Slow deformation cycles showed considerable hysteresis, the volume on elongation being smaller than on contraction. There is much less hysteresis if the sample is degassed before the experiment. These observations suggest that, to a large extent, the volume of the cavities is determined by the availability of gases dissolved in the elastomer matrix. When the samples were saturated with carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and helium, it was indeed found that the degree of cavitation increased in order with the solubility of these gases.The initial rate of cavitation is high. After about 1 min, dilatation is proportional to the logarithm of time. This rate is inversely related to the solubility of the gas present.When a sample is subjected to a constant tensile stress under vacuum and the external pressure is suddenly brought to atmospheric, the elongation at first decreases due to compression of the cavities and then increases slowly as gas diffuses into them. Even unfilled compounds mixed mechanically contain submicroscopic holes. These enlarge on deformation thus causing dilatation. Only for samples prepared by evaporation from solution is there no pressure dependence of the apparent modulus.It is demonstrated that the relation between the volume of vacuum cavities and the external pressure resembles that of volume and inflation pressure of a spherical hole in an infinite elastic medium.
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  • 166
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 251-252 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 167
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 715-729 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal decomposition behavior of rayon yarn which had been treated with various chlorosilanes and boron-phosphorus compounds was determined at temperatures up to 800°C. It was found that 70% of the available hydroxyl groups in rayon would react with dichlorodiphenylsilane and that the treated yarn had an initial decomposition temperature 125°C higher than that of untreated rayon. The weight loss of the treated yarn at 800°C was dependent on the nature of the chlorosilane and the type of posttreatment used. Alkylchlorosilanes produced higher weight losses than did the arylchlorosilane-treated rayons. Treatment of rayon yarn with bis(chlorodiphenyl-phosphine)decaborane (BCDPD) or dimeric chlorophospha(III)-o-carborane (DCPC) resulted in an increase in the char yield of the pyrolyzed yarns. In the case of untreated rayon, weight retention at 800°C was 20%, whereas the treated yarns yielded boronated residues of 42-53%. Carbon yields as high as 28% were obtained with the BCDPD treatment. This treatment also resulted in substantial improvement in the oxidative stability of rayon at temperatures up to 250°C.
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  • 168
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 747-758 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of N-methyl dithiocarbamate substitution on the radiation stability of poly-(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films was studied. PVC containing between 2 and 11 mole-% N-methyl dithiocarbamate (PMD) was irradiated with γ-rays from a 60Co source at 40°C and the evolved gaseous products were measured and analyzed with a mass spectrometer. The apparent G values for gas evolution for PMD decreased remarkably. For example, a G value of 0.28 was obtained for a PMD which contains 11 mole-% dithiocarbamate group compared with a G value of 10.8 for unmodified poly(vinyl chloride). Furthermore, the mass spectrum of the evolved gas from the same PMD sample (PMD-44) with 10 Mrad irradiation showed no hydrogen chloride to be present. The external protection was studied using polymer-blended films of PVC and PMD-44. The stabilization coefficients for internal protection and external protection in polymer blends were calculated. The ESR spectrum of the irradiated PMD-44 showed a strong anisotropy with high g values which differed significantly from the spectrum of the irradiated PVC. A suggested mechanism for radiation protection of PVC against γ-rays irradiation by the N-methyl dithiocarbamate group is discussed.
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  • 169
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 811-828 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An attempt has been made to rationalize the variables in the preparation procedure of Loeb-Sourirajan-type reverse-osmosis membranes. The quaternary phase diagram of the system cellulose acetate-acetone-formamide-water was determined and has proved a useful tool in the discussion of membrane structures and properties. A mechanism based on differences in the precipitation rate of the polymer during the membrane formation process has been suggested to explain the observed asymmetry in the membrane structure. The porosity of the membrane has been ascribed to the relative rates of water entering and solvent leaving the cast film. The effects of the casting solution composition, the evaporation time, the wash bath temperature, and the annealing procedure have been studied. X-Ray diffraction and electron microscopy were used to supplement flux and retention data of membranes made from a cellulose acetate-formamide-acetone casting solution.
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  • 170
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 889-912 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Large sublimed leaflets of titanium trichloride have been observed over a wide range of magnification both by optical and electron microscopy under conditions such that ethylene polymerization was slow enough so that its progress could be observed in detail. After treatment with triethylaluminum, a network of cracks develops on which polymer grows upon introducing ethylene. Polymer also appears on steps, crushed areas, and cleaved edges but not on as-grown edges. The polymer appearing on lateral surfaces was nodular in character while that growing on basal surfaces was fibrous. The physical properties of these two forms may be different, and methods for favoring one or the other are suggested.
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  • 171
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 675-691 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of continuous emulsion polymerization of styrene were studied theoretically on the basis of the authors' batch reaction model, and a new reaction model was proposed for continuous operation. The validity of the model was tested by experiments conducted with stirred tank reactors in series. The characteristics of the first reactor used to generate polymer particles were studied in particular detail. It was found that there was an optimum residence time for the first reactor, the value of which was quantitatively predictable from the operating variables. The most suitable combinations of several types of reactors for continuous emulsion polymerization are also discussed.
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  • 172
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1053-1067 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The stability of red iron oxide, titanium dioxide, and carbon black dispersed in cyclohexanone and isopropyl alcohol solutions of fatty polyamides was studied by measuring adsorption, viscosity, zeta potential, and sedimentation volumes. It was found that the stability of dispersion is markedly affected by the adsorption of polyamides. The greater the amount of adsorption, the greater the stability. On the other hand, a negative adsorption impaired the stability. A stabilization mechanism of polyamide adsorption was discussed in terms of entropic repulsion, electrostatic repulsion, and van der Waal's attraction.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 173
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1195-1204 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In order to synthesize poly(methacrylic acid) and poly(alkyl methacrylates) over a wide range of polymer tacticity, the anionic polymerization of the following alkyl methacrylates (ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-amyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, n-lauryl, and n-octadecyl) in toluene using phenylmagnesium bromide initiation was studied. It was found that the amount of isotactic polymer structure generally decreased as the size of the ester group increased. In all cases, the polymers had greater than 50% isotactic triad structure. Whether the polymerization was carried out at 0° or -78°C had little or no effect on the tacticity of the polymer produced. It was found that the poly(alkyl methacrylates) produced could be hydrolyzed in concentrated sulfuric acid to poly(methacrylic acid). The poly(methacrylic acid) produced in the hydrolysis could be esterified with diazomethane to give poly(methyl methacrylate) or with diazoethane to give poly(ethyl methacrylate) with the same tacticity as the poly(alkyl methacrylate) from which the poly(methacrylic acid) was derived. It is possible, therefore, to produce poly(alkyl methacrylates) of a desired tacticity by polymerizing the appropriate monomer, hydrolyzing, and reesterifying the resultant poly(methacrylic acid) with a diazoalkane to give the desired poly(alkyl methacrylate).
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  • 174
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1237-1245 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Infrared absorbance measurements as a function of temperature down to 13°K have been made on poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polystyrene. Transition temperatures are assigned to the temperatures where there are abrupt changes in the absorbance or integrated band intensities. Bands of known structural origin arising from either crystal-line or amorphous phases are studied to probe the structure basis and environment effect for each transition. Transitions are found around 50, 120, 180, and 220°K for PET and around 50° and 235°K for polystyrene.
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  • 175
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1307-1316 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Low-pressure plasma technique was used in the deposition of thin polymeric coatings upon a filter paper. Sixteen different monomers, including aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, nitriles, chlorine-containing compounds, and a silane, were used in the coatings. Most of the coatings functioned as water vapor barriers in different degrees, and the coated samples possessed wet tensile strengths anywhere from 3 to 34 times that of the untreated samples. Attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy was used to study the chemical structure of the coatings.
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  • 176
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1181-1194 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The molecular weight distribution of a series of polyisobutylenes was determined using osmotic pressure measurements, gel permeation chromatography, and intrinsic viscosity. All of the polymers except for one, a blend of the highest and lowest molecular weight constituents, had similar moderate molecular weight distributions. The “extended chain length” method of calibrating the gel permeation chromatograph for polyisobutylenes was found to be effective. Steady state and transient shear stresses and normal stresses were measured on 5% decalin solutions of these polymers. The zero shear viscosity increased with the 3.3 power of molecular weight, and the zero shear normal stress coefficient (σ11 - σ22)/Γ2 varied with the 7.5 power. Relative elastic memory as measured by (σ11 - σ22)/σ12 or stress relaxation increased with increasing molecular weight (and at constant number- or weight-average molecular weight) with breadth of distribution. Stress overshoot also correlated with this tendency.
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  • 177
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1231-1235 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In order to determine the effect of the molecular structure of short side branches in lowdensity polyethylene upon the physical properties of the resin, a study was carried out in which small amounts of various comonomers were added to an otherwise relatively unbranched polymer. It was found that linear short side branches have about the same effect in decreasing stiffness and increasing toughness as the natural short-chain branches of polyethylene have. However, branches containing a tert-butyl group increased resin toughness more than linear branches while decreasing stiffness by about the same amount. Thus, by adding a small amount of branched, short side branches, it is possible to obtain an optimum balance of physical properties not obtainable from low-density ethylene homopolymer.
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  • 178
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1277-1281 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Branched polyethylene has quite different rheological and physical properties from its linear homologue. Despite their many different properties, the densities of linear and branched polyethylene melts at atmospheric pressure have been reported to be identical at all temperatures. However, it was not known whether their melt densities at a given temperature would also be identical at all pressures. In this investigation, the compressibilities of one linear and two branched polyethylene melts at 160°C, 190°C, and 220°C were studied, and it was found that they had an identical compressibility over the present experimental pressure range of ca. 0-455 psi (0-31 atm). Both the specific volume and the density at each temperature could be very accurately expressed as linear functions of pressure for this pressure range. Time-dependent compressive property was not observed within the present low pressure range.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1283-1285 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1293-1293 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 181
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1297-1306 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Structure-physical property relationships in high-vinyl butadiene-styrene copolymers have been determined for samples cured with dicumyl peroxide under the same conditions. Three different structures, butadiene-styrene-butadiene (B-S-B) triblocks, butadiene-styrene (B-S) diblocks, and random butadiene-styrene copolymers, have been examined. Flexural modulus increases with increasing styrene content owing to the inherent stiffness of a polystyrene backbone. Swelling increases whereas hardness and heat distortion temperature decrease with increasing styrene content. This behavior is explained by the decrease in crosslink density with increasing styrene content in all structures. Heat distortion temperatures of the B-S-B and B-S networks are superior to the heat distortion properties of the random structures. The B-S-B structure is the most solvent resistant, followed by the random copolymers, with the B-S structures swelling to the greatest extent. Swelling differences between the B-S-B and random networks decrease with increasing styrene content, while swelling differences between the B-S-B and B-S networks increase with increasing styrene content. These results are explained by the nature of the crosslinking reaction and the number of loose ends present in each network.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 182
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1341-1355 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Diphenylguanidine acceleration of sulfuration of natural rubber both in the presence and absence of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) has been studied. DPG enhances the rate of decomposition of DCP, and the crosslinking maxima due to DCP are lowered by DPG to some extent, which increases with the concentration up to a limiting value. The rate of sulfur decrease is very high and is dependent on DPG concentration but practically independent of the presence of ZnO and stearic acid. It is observed that with constant level of DCP and sulfur, crosslinking increases with the increase of DPG concentration and finally becomes additive when the molar proportion of DPG: S8 approximately equals 1:1. In presence of ZnO and stearic acid, with each increment of DCP concentration crosslinking is retarded for both systems. Mechanisms have been suggested in terms of polar and radical process.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 183
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1437-1451 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Low molecular weight components of both an acid-polymerized and a γ-alumina polymerized furfuryl alcohol polymer were separated by gas chromatography utilizing a Porapak type P-S column packing. The identities of the separated polymer components were established by infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Volatile constituents found to be common to both furfuryl alcohol resin types were: furfuryl alcohol, water, difurylmethane, difurfuryl ether, and 2,5-difurfurylfuran. Also, 5-furfurylfurfuryl alcohol was found to be present only in the acid-polymerized resin, and 4-furfuryl-2-pentenoic acid γ-lactone was a constituent only of the γ-alumina-polymerized resin. Contrary to expectation, no esters of levulinic acid were found among the low molecular weight components of the γ-alumina-polymerized furfuryl alcohol polymer.
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  • 184
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1479-1492 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A rapid iteration method has been developed to correct the molecular weight averages calculated from raw GPC data for dispersion. Though simple in its performance, it covers the general case that the instrumental spreading characteristics (Tung's resolution factor h) depend on the elution volume. Moreover, it is irrelevant whether the calibration curve, being the logarithmic plot of the molecular weight versus the elution volume, is linear or not. The method has been applied to a number of well-characterized polystyrene mixtures and yields molecular weight averages which agree with those predicted theoretically. The effect of asymmetry exerted by the dispersion on both molecular weight averages M̄n and M̄w is also discussed.
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  • 185
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1521-1525 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Differences in refractive index between deuterated and normal solvents have been determined using a conventional gel permeation chromatograph equipped with a differential refractometer detector. Three molecular systems have been studied, namely, water-deuterium oxide, acetone-acetone (d6), and tetrahydrofuran-tetrahydrofuran (d8). A plot of the signal intensity versus the concentration of the deuterated solvent in the normal solvent gave a linear relationship for all three systems studied. The effect of deuteration is found to result in a lowering of the refractive index which is at least three orders of magnitude larger than the sensitivity of the differential refractometer. Consequently, for permeation chromatographic studies, the addition of 1% or less of the deuterated solvent in the injection sample would be more than sufficient to produce a peak characteristic of the mobile phase.
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  • 186
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1539-1544 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 187
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1425-1435 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cotton fibers were treated with an aqueous solution of ceric ammonium nitrate and examined with the electron microscope. The greatest deposition of cerium occurred in the primary wall due largely to the reaction with noncellulosic constituents in this area of the fiber. The use of ceric ions for an electron-microscopic stain was found ineffective for producing the desired contrast in the cotton fiber.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 188
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1757-1768 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Model equations were used to determine approximately the optimum conditionneeded to obtain the lowest molecular weight, P̄v, with a fixed molar amount of modifier by the addition in three portions of modifiers with different regulating indexes. Simulated calculations were also conducted to determine the effect two- and three-portion additions of a modifier had on the P̄v/P̄n ratio. The simulated calculations served as guides for two-, three-, and manyfold incremental modifier addition experiments. The calculations and experiments establish the need for matching the portioning of the modifier to the regulating index in order to obtain efficient use of the modifier.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 189
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1803-1807 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 190
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1819-1835 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The change of the mixing state of polybutadiene rubber-polyolefin resin blend resulting from remilling and heat treatment was studied. Polyolfin resins studied here were high-pressure polyethylene, low-pressure polyethylene, and polypropylene. As in case of polybutadiene rubber-general purpose polystyrene resin blend, we made use of the results obtained through hardness and compression modulus measurement and microscopic observation. Even in case of polybutadiene rubber-polyolefin resin blend, the change of mixing state and the softening phenomenon by remilling were observed. The hardening phenomenon by heat treatment of the sample softened by remilling was also observed at high polyolefin resin content. But at low polyolefin resin content, the hardness which had increased once often decreased as the heat treating time increased, and in some cases the nonremilled sample was observed to soften with heat treatment. These phenomena attendant on heat treatment show that the intrinsic nature of a heterogeneous blend system also appears in a microheterogeneous polymer blend system.
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  • 191
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1855-1868 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A comparison is made of the composition and properties of the different rubber vulcanizate networks obtained by varying the ratio of sulfur to sulfenamide accelerator and by the thermal aging of vulcanizates containing predominantly polysulfide crosslinks. It is concluded that the changes in network structure which can take place, for example, during the service life of natural rubber tires are not the direct cause of failures of the type associated with rubber fatigue at high temperatures. However, a reduction in the total number of crosslinks can accelerate failure by increasing the amount of heat generated during flexing. More stable networks giving improved resistance to fatigue at high operating temperatures are obtained by the use of higher ratios of accelerator to sulfur than are conventionally employed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 192
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1903-1909 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A continuum modification of the bead-spring (elastic dumbbell) theory of dilute solutions of linear macromolecules, recently introduced by Gordon and Schowalter, is used to obtain explicit constitutive equations for the stress and polarizability tensors. The stress constitutive equation, closely related to a semiempirical result obtained earlier by Spriggs, is superior in predictive capability to the constitutive equation obtained from the elastic dumbbell theory. Results are presented for steady shearing flow, large-amplitude oscillatory shearing, and stress relaxation following cessation of steady shearing and are compared with the results of the elastic and rigid dumbbell theories. In general, predictions are similar to those of the rigid dumbbell and thus are in qualitative agreement with experiment.
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  • 193
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1941-1948 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The failure criterion developed by Harwood et al. between energy input to break and hysteresis at break for amorphous rubbers has been related to the fatigue and cut growth properties of the rubber which are based on the tearing energy theory. It is found that the constant K in the hysteresis failure criterion is a function of the cut growth constant G and the inherent flaw size C0. The effect of adding fine particulate fillers to amorphous rubbers on the hysteresis and fatigue properties is considered and shown to be in agreement with the theory.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 194
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 2211-2217 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The preparation of polyester resins using Bisacid A2 as the modifying acid in systems containing maleic unsaturation is briefly described. The detailed compositions of the various resins, the yields, final acid values, and capillary melting ranges are tabulated. The preparation of resin solutions in reactive monomers (principally styrene) and the viscosities of the resulting liquid resins at various monomer contents are given. The casting of unfilled standard sheet for subsequent testing is described. The range of Barcol hardnesses of the cast cured sheets is reported.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 195
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 2103-2114 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Terpolymers of ethylene and propylene with 4-phenyl-, 4-o-tolyl, 4-p-tolyl, and 4-(1-naphthyl)-1-butenes were vulcanized with bisbenzylic halides in the presence of highly acidic clays. The halides include bischloromethyldurene, p-bischloromethylbenzene, and p-bisbromomethylbenzene. Since the polymers contain no olefinic unsaturation, the crosslinking is achieved by electrophilic attack of the halide on the pendant aromatic rings. The order of activity is naphthyl 〉 tolyl 〉 phenyl. The new curing system also reacts with olefinic unsaturation. Thus, an EPDM elastomer and SBR rubber, the latter containing both aromatic rings and double bonds, were also readily crosslinked.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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  • 196
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 2123-2140 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The ultraviolet stability of polyimides and polyamide-imides was determined in both a wet and dry environment. Films have been exposed to these environments for 3000 and 6000 hr, respectively. The polymers are not stable to UV radiation (2900-4000 Å); serious deterioration of the mechanical properties occurs under both wet and dry conditions with the former giving rise to greater damage. The polyamide-imide polymer is more unstable to UV radiation than the two polyimides evaluated; however, it is more resistant to hydrolysis as indicated from rate data obtained from a kinetic analysis of the mechanical property degradation curves. The electrical properties of the polymers are relatively unaffected in the dry environment but begin to deteriorate as the polymer becomes brittle. In the wet environment these properties begin to deteriorate more rapidly. Dissipation factor and dielectric strength are the properties most affected.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 197
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 2199-2210 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The pressure-driven transport of liquids employed in reverse osmosis has been shown to occur by a solution-diffusion mechanism in highly swollen polymer membranes. A theory based on this mechanism was successfully used earlier to correlate permeation fluxes for such membranes. Positive confirmation of this theory is provided here by direct measurement of the proposed concentration gradient. A study of the temperature dependence of the liquid diffusion coefficient in the polymer membrane has provided additional evidence of a hydrodynamic regime of diffusion in highly swollen membranes. It is also shown that the proposed ceiling flux in reverse osmosis is equal to the pervaporation flux.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 198
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 2219-2236 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Diene polymers (i.e., polyisoprene, polybutadiene, and butadiene - styrene copolymers) were hydroxylated in tetrahydrofuran by hydroboration with diborane and subsequent alkaline oxidative hydrolysis. The strong, broad infrared absorption of the product at 3340 cm-1 shows the introduction of hydroxyl group. The properties of hydroxylated diene polymers depend upon the extent of hydroxylation. The less hydroxylated polymers are rubbery. As the extent of hydroxylation increases, the product becomes a white thermoplastic which is soluble in alcohol. The hydroboration of diene polymers with diborane is very rapid. However, if the reaction is continued further, the extent of hydroxylation decreases because of side reactions. The results of acetylation and formylation of the hydroxylated products and the grafting of vinyl monomers onto hydroborated diene polymers are also presented.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 199
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 2539-2545 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The presence of small amounts of divinylacetylene in the monomer during the emulsion polymerization of chloroprene results in substantial increase of the molecular weight, gel formation, and in corresponding changes of physical and mechanical properties of vulcanizates. These changes appear at concentrations of divinylacetylene as low as 0.05% in chloroprene. The polymerization kinetics of chloroprene are influenced to a relatively small extent.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 200
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 2547-2553 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of small amounts of 1-chloro-1,3-butadiene on the kinetics of the emulsion polymerization of 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene and on properties of the resulting polychloroprene has been studied. Some changes in the properties of the chloroprene polymers were observed at 1-chloro-1,3-butadiene concentrations in monomer as relatively high as about 5%. Polymer prepared in the presence of 5% 1-chloro-1,3-butadiene had decreased tensile strength, and also its crystallization tendency was somewhat lowered. At 1-chloro-1,3-butadiene concentrations near 1% or higher, the polychloroprene obtained had worsened thermo-oxidation stability which resulted in crosslinking during aging. The kinetics of emulsion polymerization of chloroprene are not influenced by 1-chloro-1,3-butadiene up to 5%.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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