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  • 1975-1979  (341)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1978  (257)
  • 1975  (84)
  • Engineering  (341)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 597-612 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A general-purpose technique has been developed for solving non-linear partial differential equations. A set of approximating functions with undetermined parameters is used to evaluate the differential equation and boundary conditions at discrete points, forming a set of residuals to be minimized. The parameters which minimize the sum of squared residuals are determined by a non-linear least-squares minimization technique. Initial value problems are solved by integrating the equations with respect to time at the fitting points by a predictor-corrector algorithm. The resulting formulation is independent of the form of the problem and the approximating functions, so that a broad class of problems may be solved with a single computer program. The technique is applied to several boundary and initial value problems in one and two spatial dimensions. The tecnique is applied to several boundary and initial value problems in one and two spatial dimensions.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 102
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 625-634 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In a previous paper1 a method was described for computing the current distribution and inductance of systems of infinitely-long, perfectly-conducting, straight conductors. The method relied on the solution of a Fredholm Integal equation of the first kind, and in the present paper the method is extended to equations of the second kind in order to study the inductance and a.c. resistance factor of resistive for which approximate formulas and experimental results exist, with which the method is in good agreement over a range of grequencies of particular practical practical interest. Results have also been obtained for rectangular conductors connected in parallel.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 103
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 635-642 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A correlation is geven between two notations currently used in the formulation of geometrically non-linear analysis in a Lagrangian co-ordinate system. The first referred to as the B-notation results in the linear elastic, initial displacement and initial stress matrices, whilst the second, here called the N-notation features matrices that repeat in the total potential energy, equilibrium and incremental equilibrium equations. An explicit example of the correlation is presented for a pin-jointed bar element.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 104
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 643-663 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A long established approximation, normally invoked in the development of classical rolling theory, is that the work roll-strip interface assumes a circular profile. Although valid for a wide range of practical rolling conditions, the approximation is definitely suspect for instance in the last and penultimate stand of a thin sheet tandem mill, and algorithms based on classical theory may fail to converge. This paper computing solutions. In deriving the algorithm it is convenient to employ the formalism of functional One notable feature is that the gradients have to be carefully defined with respect to the correct ‘space’, in order that physically inadmissible discontinuties are not introduced during the hill-climbing. Computed roll gap solutions sometimes display elastic deformation regions embedded within the normal plastic deformation zone. It is thought that this is the first time this possibility has been allowed for in the formulation, or solutions obtained exhibiting this feature.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 105
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 665-676 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A Reissner type variational principle is utilized to formulate a mixed finite element model for a finite-strain analysis of Mooney-Rivlin rubber-like materials. An incremental and stationary Lagrangian formulation is adopted. The functional consists of incremental displacements and incremental hydrostatic and distortional stresses as variables. In the finite element formulation the displacements are interpolated in terms of nodal displacements while the two different strss components are approximated independently. The stress parameters for the distortional stresses are eliminated at the element level and the resulting matrix equations for each incremental solution involve the incremental nodal displacements and the average hydrostatic pressure in each element as unknowns. Four-node quadrilateral plane stain elements were used to analyze the inflation of an infinitely long thick-walled cylinder subjected to internal pressure. Both resulting displacements and stresses are found to converge to exact values as the magnitude of the loading increments is decreasing.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 106
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 677-694 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An adaptive procedure for selecting the step size when incremental or continuation methods are used to solve sets of non-linear equations is presented. The increment size is limited by requiring the corrective iteration procedure employed to reduce the drifting error to be within a contractive boundary at each level. The usefulness of the procedure is extended by the development of a set of conditions for detecting impending divergence of the corrective iteration process. These conditions, used in conjunction with the step size selection procedure permit the continuation of the solution through highly non-linear regions and also provide a simple means of isolating a limit point, if one exists. Two additional benefits of the procedure are an effective convergence criterion for terminating the iteration process and a simple means for switching between the Newton-Rephson and modified Newton-Raphson iteration procedures. The paper concludes with a number of example problems, three are hyperelastic bodies at finite strain and the final example is the large displacement analysis of an elastic beam. The results illustrate that the procedure is computationally inexpensive, using only information normally obtained in a non-linear analysis, flexible in the sense that a dense or sparse distribution of points along the total solution curve may be obtained, and effective, normally requiring less total computational effort than a constant step size procedure.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 107
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 695-702 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A study is presented of the symmetrical steady-state motion of a rigid shaft supported by two ‘short’ (Ocvirk) journal bearings. The equations of motion for a balanced or unbalanced shaft were solved using numerical ‘initial value problem’ techniques. Frequency analysis, which was used to determine the components of the steady-state motion, confirmed that, for most conditions, the motion was asymptotically periodic comprising a small number of components - principally at synchronous and half synchronous frequency. However, a region of the operating space was found, in which the motion was complex and did not settle to a limit cycle. An estimate of the extent of this region is given and the suspected cause investigated.
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  • 108
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 703-710 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An efficient strategy is outlined for out-of-core solution of the large systems of equations which specify nodal point time derivatives in finite element models of transient flow problems. The positive definiteness, symmetry, and band structure of the finite element mass matrices, as well as the nature of the equation assemblage process, is exploited by the method. Computational results are indicated for systems on the order of several thousand unknowns in size.
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  • 109
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 721-725 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 110
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 726-728 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 111
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 711-719 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite difference-Galerkinfinite element method is presented for the solution of the two-dimensional compressible laminar boundary-layer flow problem. The streamwise derivatives in the momentum and energy equations are approximated by finite differences. An iterative scheme, due to the non-linearity of the problem, in conjunction with the Galerkin finite element method is then proposed for the solution of the problem through the boundary-layer thickness. Numerical results are presented and these are compared with other numerical and analytical solutions in order to show the applicability and the effectiveness of the proposed formulation. In all the cases here examined, the results obtained attained the same accuracy of other numerical methods for a much smaller number of points in the boundary-layer.
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  • 112
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 728-730 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 113
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 731-732 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 114
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 733-735 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 115
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 732-732 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 116
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 765-777 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 117
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 751-764 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Based on direct-access programming, algorithms have been developed for the generation, and solution by Gaussian elimination of the structural stiffness matrix equation resulted from application of the finite element method in engineering analyses. A large disk storage is used to store the rows of the stiffness matrix as directly accessible records. The developed algorithm BAND2R requires only 2Nb in-core words in implementing the Gaussian elimination where Nb is the semi-band width of the stiffness matrix. Algorithms BANDSQ and BDSQMX are presented which require N2b in-core words but minimize the number of retrieving and restoring the direct-access records during the Gaussian elimination. BANDSQ has the direct-access feature in both the elimination and backward-substitution steps whereas BDSQMX has the direct-access feature only in the backward-substitution step of the Gaussian elimination. Illustrative applications of the developed algorithms are given and the computer core and time requirements for BAND2R, BANDSQ and BDSQMX are compared to those for the conventional Gaussian elimination of using sequential, in-core storages. Methods for reducing the semi-band width Nb of the structural stiffness matrix are also discussed.
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  • 118
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 779-785 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The difficulties associated with the solution of the skew plate buckling problem are described, and the work of other writers is summarized.By solving a numerical example, the relative advantages of two proposed refinements to the finite element displacement method are demonstrated: A technique of boundary condition relaxation appears justified and gives favourable results compared with conventional boundary condition specification. A mesh grading technique, which is simple to apply, results in a marked improvement in convergence to a solution.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 119
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 739-750 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A mixed finite element technique is used to study the influence of yielding on buckled plates. Orthogonal anisotropic hardening is determined solely by a yield condition, which is introduced into a mixed functional for the elastic plate by Lagrange Multipliers. The Euler equations of the constrained functional include Prager's normality rule.Numerical results are given for rectangular plates of different size calculated for various material properties.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 120
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 787-793 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes two finite elements of C1-class defined on a tetrahedron. In order to define these elements we give the corresponding function spaces in explicit form.
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  • 121
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 809-820 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents an accelerated version of an automatic root searching technique developed by the authors for application to residual function iterative methods in vibration analysis.The power and generality of the accelerated method is demonstrated by application to (i) an 8 rotor torsional vibration system, and (ii) a 15 rotor torsional vibration system specially synthesized so as to have an uneven root distribution including clusters of close frequencies.
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  • 122
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 795-808 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The method of modal analysis is a method widely used in structural analysis of linear systems. After a short introduction two step by step formulations for modal calculations are discussed. One of them is of more theoretical interest, the other is recommended for practical calculations for multi-degree-of-freedom systems because it is efficient in computing time. The first is formulated for the whole system the latter for each mode. Likewise a combination of the method of modal analysis and the LAPLACE transformation is established. The numerical calculation of the LAPLACE transformation is done by using the algorithm of the Fast FOURIER transformation. The advantages of the different formulations for numerical calculations are discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 123
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 837-851 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Varied problems in the fields of operation, scheduling, allocation and design in power systems analysis can be formulated as fixed cost trans-shipment problems. This paper indicates possible areas of application of such formulations, and by exploiting specific characteristics of certain power systems problems presents an efficient branch and bound method for solving them.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 124
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 873-880 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A general method is presented for the analysis of soil-structure interaction problems using the initial stress finite element approach. The soil and structure will be treated as separate bodies related only by nodal forces at the soil-structure interface. Provision is made for plastic failure of both soil and structure, shear failure at the interface, and breakaway of the structure from the soil.
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  • 125
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 881-884 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite element analyses sometimes involve elements that are simple rescalings of each other. A useful relation is derived between the stiffness matrices of elements which differ by the same scaling factor in all co-ordinate axes and an application is illustrated.
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  • 126
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 853-871 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A spectral method for modelling of tides is proposed and applied to the calculation of the M2 component of the tide in the English Channel. The classical non-linear hyperbolic problem of long wave propagation in shallow waters is transformed into a sequence of elliptic problems by looking at a multiperiodic solution the frequencies of which are previously known. The method is based upon a perturbation technique, but the principal difficulties arise from the non-analytical form of the quadratic friction term: the main conclusions of the corresponding study only are given here, because the purpose of this paper is to present a practical application of the method to the calculation of a tidal component by the finite element method. The variational formulation of the problem is presented, and the finite element package used is described. Some results are given for the M2 tide in the English Channel: cotidal maps and current fields.
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  • 127
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 885-890 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical scheme based on polynomial approximation is presented for the caluclation of upper and lower bounds for the flexibility coefficient of end-loaded orthotropic cantilever beams in a state of plane stress, through use of the principles of minimum potential energy and of minimum complementary energy. The degree-of-freedom of the two-dimensional polynomials employed along with the elastic constants and the depth-to-span ratio of the beam are external parameters of the problem.
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  • 128
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 891-892 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 129
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 893-896 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 130
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 131
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 898-898 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 132
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 821-836 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The standard implementation of the penalty function approach for the treatment of general constraint conditions in discrete systems of equations often leads to computational difficulties as the penalty weights are increased to meet constraint satisfaction tolerances. A family of iterative procedures that converges to the constrained solution for fixed weights is presented. For a discrete mechanical system, these procedures can be physically interpreted as an equilibrium iteration resulting from the appearance of corrective force patterns at the nodes of ‘constraint members’ of constant stiffness. Three forms of the iteration algorithm are studied in detail. Convergence conditions are established and the computational error propagation behaviour of the three forms is analysed. The conclusions are verified by numerical experiments on a model problem. Finally, practical guidelines concerning the implementation of the corrective process in large-scale finite element codes are offered.
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  • 133
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 899-916 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We consider the numerical solution of a model one-dimensional diffusion-convection equation by a variety of explicit finite difference methods including conventional central and upwind replacements of the convection terms. We discuss commonly observed phenomena such as instability, unwanted oscillations in the numerical solution, and numerical diffusion and we present an analysis of these effects by simple mathematical techniques.
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  • 134
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 917-930 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A sequential linear programming method is developed for contour design of elastic bodies to minimize contact stresses when two bodies are pressed together by extrenally applied loads. Constraints on the amount of acceptable contour modification are imposed, based on kinematic functions to be performed by the two mating bodies. The teachique is illustrated through solution of a simple example and a more practical bearing contact design problem.
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  • 135
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 931-940 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new method for numerically solving the convection equation is presented. The reduction of numerical errors is achieved by introducing an auxiliary variable and solving an auxiliary equation for the latter. The method is based on a Hermite interpolation of the convected quantity. Three explicit numerical versions of the method are investigated and compared with some of the most widely used schemes, and it is shown that the new method gives better physical results. Arguments are given that the usual mathematical series expansions do not work sufficiently well in that context. Instead of using linear stability analyses the quality of the method is investigated by numerical experiments.
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  • 136
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 949-961 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 137
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 963-975 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: For calculating stress concentration factors at plane notches and stress intensity factors at plane cracks a system of finite elements is proposed which uses specially developed triangular hybrid stress elements at the notches and cracks and combines them with triangular elements acording to the displacement method. In formulating the stresses at the notches the Fade-away Law formulated by Neuber has been taken into consideration; for the cracks, formulations are used which exactly contain the stress distribution of Irwin's equations. The quick convergence and high degree of accuracy of this approach are demonstrated by way of test examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 977-999 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Two-dimensional C° finite elements of arbitrary polynomial order are developed for a general functional which includes a least squares or potential energy functional as special cases. The elements are ‘hierarchal’ in the sense that the nodal variables for polynomial order p constitute a subset of the nodal variables for order p+1. It is shown that the elemental arrays for high polynomial order may be efficiently computed by using hierarchal elements together with precomputed arrays - i.e., arrays which are computed once, stored on permanent file, and then re-used in all subsequent applications of the program. A number of example problems are solved. Comparisons are made of the relative efficiency of finite element convergergence with mesh refinement (polynomial order held fixed) and with increasing polynomial order (mesh held fixed). The latter approach is found superior.
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  • 139
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1001-1024 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper describes a simplified finite element method for high temperature creep problems involving cyclic load and temperature. The principal assumptions, that the cycle time is small compared with characteristic material time scales, is appropriate for the moderate load levels which occur when structures are designed for life times measured in years and decades. Because of the simplicity of the method, thermal loading problems may be studied in some detail. A parametric study of a plane stress problem is presented. Characteristic deformation rates are related to reference stress and timperature quantities, thereby reducing the main features of the solution to a few important structural and material parameters.
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  • 140
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 941-947 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An automated digital computer procedure is presented for the accurate and efficient solution of the plastic buckling problem of structures. This is achieved by a Sturm sequence method employing a bisection strategy, which eliminates the need for having to solve the buckling eigenvalue problem at each incremental (decremental) loading stage that is associated with the usual solution techniques. The plastic bucking mode shape is determined by a simple inverse iteration process, once the buckling load has been established.Numerical results are presented for plate problems with various edge conditions. The resulting computer program written in FORTRAN for the JPL UNIVAC 1108 machine proves to be most economical in comparison with other existing methods of such analysis.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1025-1030 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper proposes a procedure for the extension of a widely used numerical method1-4 for the solution of systems of singular integral equations, from mixed boundary value problems with two or three parts to those having many parts. The procedure is applied to three previously solved mixed boundary value problems and the result are presented in graphical form. The effectiveness of the given procedure is observed through the results for some limiting and special cases found in the literature.
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  • 142
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1031-1036 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A generalization of the (r-1/2) strain or stress singularity capability of the quadratic isoparametric element is presented. It is shown that, by variable placement of the side-nobe between quarter- and mid-point, the point of singularity sensed by the element can be controlled. By using eight-noded quadrilateral isoparametric elements with appropriately placed side-nodes as transition elements between the quarter-point crack-tip trinagular and remaining non-singular elements, stress intensity factors may be computed with higher accuracy.
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  • 143
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1037-1041 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Fields exhibiting skew symmetry occur frequently in structural problems. There are many situations where non-skew-symmetric functions are conveniently used to analyse these skew fields. Specification of force and displacement conditions on the skew axis reduces the analysis to a half of the domain. The difficulty in using such conditions in an FEM analysis is their non-explicit nature. A method of overcoming this difficulty is developed using concept of generalized forces and displacements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1044-1048 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 145
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1042-1043 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 146
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1054-1054 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 147
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1049-1053 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The displacement equations of motion for elastodynamics in 3 space dimensions are approximated by difference equations using 2nd order centred finite differences in space and time. The stability criterion of the difference scheme without boundary conditions is taken to be that condition on the ratio of step sizes which prevents the growth of an arbitray disturbance, and it requures the ratio of time step size to the space grid size to be less than a certain function of the ratio of the shear wave speed to the compressional wave speed. For this ratio less than 0.5, the condition is more stringent than that obtained by a simple extension from the two-dimensional case.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1054-1054 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1056-1056 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978) 
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  • 151
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  • 152
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1059-1079 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The accuracy of certain thick plate elements when used in the context of thin plate problems can be improved by the use of reduced integration of the stiffness matrices. A series of numerical experiments on five different quadrilateral thick plate elements demonstrates the use of reduced integration and indicates the main reason for its success. This is the relaxation of a constraint on the shear strains. It is shown that the performance of a nine-noded Lagrangian element is near optimal.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1081-1107 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A number of numerical methods for parabolic paritial differential equations are discussed, they all reduce a single partial differential equation to a system of ordinary differential equations by discretization in the space variable(s). The discretizations can be finite element approximations (Galerkin and collocation) or finite difference approximations (methods of lines). The performances of the different methods are compared when used in conjunction with a variable time-step ordinary differential equation integrator. Tables of results are given and the suitability of the discretizations is discussecd.
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  • 154
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1109-1130 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new family of conforming triangular plate bending elements, based on the Displacement Method of formulation, is developed in detail in Reference 9. The elements can be of any order n-4, and do not present excess nodal continuties at the corner nodes. For a given element, the assumed vertical displacement w consists of a polynomial expansion supplemented by three rational function. Polynomial completeness is of order n for even n, and of order n-1 for odd values of n. This family is proposed as a desirable alternative to refined triangular elements which incorporate all three curvatures as corner node variables,8 or require constraint equations to enforce inter-element compatibility,10 The purpose of this paper is to describe the quintic member of the family. The traditional difficulties associated with the discontinuous curvatures of the rational functions are solved in a straightforward fashion. The element has the same good accuracy as the other, well-known, quintic triangle, 3,4,8 and some additional advantages accruning from the simplicity of its nodal variables. A similar performance can be anticipated with the other members of the family.
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  • 155
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1151-1160 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with the numerical solution of linear differential equations of fourth order by finite differences. It points out significant (but usually overlooked) errors which result from the conventional method of imposing the boundary conditions in such problems. Revised finite difference formulas are derived which apply near the boundaries and which eliminate the above errors. Three commonly encountered boundary conditions ar econsidered. These correspond, in the terminology of beam analysis, to a clamped end, to a simply supported end and to a free end. The improvement in accuracy that can be achieved with the revised formulas is illustrated by two representative examples. The revised formulas are shown to reduce the overall error of the numerical solution by a factor of about five in a typical case.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1161-1169 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An explicit formulation for the dynamic analysis of rivers is presented. The model is based on the finite element method but works like an explicit finite difference scheme. It includes the advantages of both methods: high flexibility and low computer costs.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1131-1150 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new procedure, called the Balanced Expansion Technique (BET), is employed to construct accurate finite difference advection schemes that, for the model equation considered, are neutrally stable. By applying BET systematically, the phase error can be made as small as one wishes. Test calculations with one-dimensional problems have confirmed the expected accuracy of these methods.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1171-1184 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The conventional dynamic variational approach and finite element base functions lead to non-diagonal consistent mass matrics which are inappropriate for use with an explicit time integration scheme. In this work, it is shown that if orthogonal base function are used with a mixed variational formulation, then consistant diagonal mass matrices and corresponding sets of spatially discretized field equations are obtained. Although the approach is quite general, the theory is purposely illustrated by a detailed development for one set of base functions. Central difference time integration is incorporated for applications to one-dimensional wave propagation and to Euler-Bernoulli beams. Numerical examples are provided for elastic and elastic-plastic materials.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1185-1190 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1191-1195 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The algorithm in a earlier paper by Comini et al1 for handling the phase change in transient non-linear heat conduction problems is simplified and improved. Two examples involving phase change are solved using quadratic isoparametric elements and it is demonstrated that very good accuracy may be achieved.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1198-1199 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1196-1197 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1203-1212 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1213-1239 
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    Notes: A direct variational method has been considered for solving mixed boundary value problems for linear elliptical equations. The main idea of the method consists in searching the unknown solution in a class of functions satisfying the differential equation and some of the boundary conditions. The functional to be minimized may be expressed in terms of the boundary values of the unknown solution, and thus the dimension of the variational problem is reduced. Reduction of the functional defined on the domain to a functional on its boundary corresponds to the common in the elsaticity theory of application of Clapeyron's theorem for the transformation of functionals of minimum elastic potential energy and complementary work. The reduced problem may be solved by the Ritz direct method. Some examples from the elasticity and seepage theories have been given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Among the problems that have been solved by the method we may mention the plane elastic problem for a crack in a strip, three-dimensional elastic problems for a plane rectangular crack in an infinite elastic medium and the problem of a rectangular die in sliding contact with an elastic half-space (numerical solutions exhibit correct asymptotic behaviour in the neighbourhood of corners of cracks or die), and the plane and axisymmetric seepage problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1241-1259 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The node Admittance matrices for Water Networks are normally sparse and symmetrical. Advantage may be taken of these properties to reduce the amount of computational time and memory required to solve them. Two node reordering algorithms and an economic system of storing input data are described. The node reordering algorithms minimize the number of fill-ins which would occur in the solution of the node admittance matrix. Only non-zero elements are stored and operated on. Subroutines for the node reordering algorithms and storge of input data, written in FORTRAN IV are included.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1279-1294 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new procedure is presented for the analysis of geometrically non-linear frame structures. It assumes small strains and uses ‘fictitious forces’ based on the rotation from the initial configuration. The procedure also uses total displacements rather than incremental displacements. The procedure is valid for rotation up to 180 degrees and converges in a relatively small number of iterations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1261-1277 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A computer program for Water Network analysis has been developed usingy sparse matrix techniques for solution. The method used is the successive linearization method where the set of equations [Q]=[Y][H] is solved. In the process, two subroutines for node reordering to preserve sparsity of the Jacobian matrix and a subroutine for solving the matrix by the Doolittle method are included. The method is user oriented and requires a minimum amount of input data and effort. Networks of up to 200 nodes and 300 pipes may be analysed on an IBM 1130 computer with 16K words of memory.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1333-1336 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Recently1-3 alternative methods of constructing triangular elements that reproduce strain singularities at crack-tips have been suggested. The differences and similarities between the approaches are considered in this note.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1329-1332 
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    Notes: Sucessive Overrlaxation and Conjugate Gradients are used to solve the linear algebraic system set up with finite elements for the discretization of a plane, linear, head conducting problem. It is numerically shown that even with the optimal overrelaxation factor SOR is hardly superior to CG which is decisively simpler to program.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1295-1310 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A superposition method, in which analytical and finite element solutions are combined through the variational principle, is presented for determining the three-dimensional stress intensity factors of the through-wall crack. Cumbersome volume integral due to the singular terms at the crack tip is carried on by applying the least squares methods to the results obtained by the Legendre-Gauss quadrature. Several numerical calculations are made based on the present method, showing that the three-dimensional effects cannot be neglected especially for the cases of larger Poisson's raito. The comparison of the present method with the other finite element methods proposed for determining the three-dimensional stress intensity factors indicates that the former has the obvious superiority to the latters in respect to the numbers of elements and nodal points necessary to obtain reasonable results.
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  • 172
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    Notes: The paper develops an efficient free-vibration analysis procedure of two-dimensional structures. This is achieved by employing a discretization technique based on a recently developed concept of finite dynamic elements, involving higher order dynamic correction terms in the associated stiffness and inertia matrices. A plane rectangular dynamic element is developed in detail. Numerical solution results of free-vibration analysis presented herein clearly indicate that these dynamic element combined with a suitable quadratic matrix eigenproblem solution technique effect a most economical and efficient solution for such an analysis when compared with the usual finite element method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1343-1344 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1344-1344 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1399-1405 
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    Notes: We study the stability of two standard finite differnce schemes for the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations. We write a scheme for small values of Reynolds number, where teh diffusion is predominant, and another one for large values of Reynolds number, where convection is predominant. The purpose of this results may be extended to unsteady problems leading to mixed hyperbolic-parabolic partia differenctial equations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1415-1427 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The advantages and disadvantages of a variety of axisymmetric elements are examined by comparing various elements from accuracy, computer time, and stress interpretation viewpoints. In addition, various techniques of stress averaging and/or smoothing are discussed from an acuracy and a computational effort standpoint. Numerical results are presented for three problems having classical solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1407-1413 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An algoritm is presented for point relaxation of an elliptic partial diferential equation at a grid station where its coefficient are discontinuous. Such equations can arise from the use of skewed co-ordinate system based on discotinuous reference functions (lengths) to map a complicated physical geometry onto a simple computational domain. Efficary of the scheme is illustrated by examples involving potential flow in a sharply bent channel and in a conical diffuser.
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  • 178
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1457-1459 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 179
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1429-1456 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Low cost and increasing capability favour the use of mini-computers as design tools. The 336 statement Fortran program which is listed and explained was developed to use such small computers efficiently. It calculates the buckling stresses, or the natural frequencies of vibration, of prismatic assemblies of longitudinally compressed isotropic plates. Various refinements have been used to keep the array requirements very small, including the ability to handle sub-structures very flexibly and to use radial and tangential axes to define polygonal sub-structures or structures.
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  • 180
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1559-1574 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The finite element method is applied to a typical problem in the optimal control theory. A finite element formulation is first set up, and then applied, as an example, to a problem of minimizing the transfer time of a low-thrust rocket vehicle between the orbits of Earth and Mars. A procedure which combines the gradient projection technique with the Newton-Raphson method is introduced to obtain numerically the solution of the minimum time transfer problem from the discretized functional. Numerical results show that the application of the finite element method to optimal control problems seems promising as well as encouraging.
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  • 181
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1543-1558 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The ‘Block Iterative Finite Element Preprocessed Scheme’ (BIFEPS) for finite element simulation combines two independent steps. In the ‘finite element preporcessing step’, spatial information about the finite element mesh is analysed and all integrals arising from the application of the Galerkin method are evaluated and stored on a permanent sequential storage unit (such as tape or disk). In the ‘block iterative step’, the preprocessed information is retrieved from permanent storage and the matrix equation is assembled and solved in an efficient manner according to a generalization of the block successive over-relaxation iterative method. Significant advantages over common finite element simulation techniques are achieved in terms of both computer core requirements and execution time. Numerical experiments show that the advantages of BIFEPS are greatest for large, non-linear simulation problems.
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  • 182
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1575-1586 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The stability of time integration for a semidiscretization of structures and continua where the mesh is partitioned into subdomains integrated simultaneously by explicit and implicit methods is considered. Stability in energy is proven for linear systems subject to the Courant condition in the explicit subdomain for a central difference explicit and trapezoidal implicit integrator. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the procedure.
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  • 183
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1587-1595 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The general nine point isoparametric transformation is analysed with respect to a triangle with two straight sides and one curved side. Point placements are determined on the curved side which ensure that the Jacobian of the transformation remains positive inside and on the boundary of the triangle. Special cases of the transformation are considered which lead to implied curves of the form of symmetric cubics, parabolas, and explicit cubics respectively, thus enabling isoparametric transformations to match a variety of boundary shapes.
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  • 184
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1617-1622 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 185
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1597-1615 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Computable a-posteriori error estimates for finite element solutions are derived in an asymptotic form for h → 0 where h measures the size of the elements. The approach has similarity to the residual method but differs from it in the use of norms of negative Sobolev spaces corresponding to the given bilinear (energy) form. For clarity the presentation is restricted to one-dimensional model problems. More specifically, the source, eigenvalue, and parabolic problems are considered involving a linear, self-adjoint operator of the second order. Generalizations to more general one-dimensional problems are straightforward, and the results also extend to higher space dimensions; but this involves some additional considerations. The estimates can be used for a practical a-posteriori assessment of the accuracy of a computed finite element solution, and they provide a basis for the design of adaptive finite element solvers.
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  • 186
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1717-1726 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The Zienkiewicz three- and four-time level schemes as proposed for vibration problems1 and adapted for the numerical integration of the diffusion equation after finite element discretization. Conditions are found for A0 stability and the methods are studied for their representation of the solution of y1=-λy. Methods used by various authors for linear and non-linear parabolic problems are compared. For the three time-level scheme a Liniger exponential fit of e-λ0Δt with a larger value of λ0Δt and the fully implicit scheme give the most promising results. The four time-level scheme is so much less amenable to control as to make it unsuitable for these problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1761-1763 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 188
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1743-1759 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A minimum-time, thermal-to-thermal sailplane trajectory optimization problem is formulated as a non-linear optimal control problem. Numerical solutions are obtained using a gradiaent projection algorithm which incorporates conjugate directions of search. Further insight into the nature of the solutions and the computational process is ontained through an analysis of the linearized sailplane dynamics and the necessary conditions for optimality. Numerical results are presented for two sailplane types and various values of thermal strength and distance between thermals. An additional problem is formulated and solved for the case of bounded control rate.
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  • 189
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1727-1742 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: For the 12-node quadrilateral isoparametric elements, it is shown that the inverse square root singularity of the strain field at the crack tip can be obtained by the simple technique of collapsing the quadrilateral elements into triangular elements around the crack tip and placing the two side nodes of each side of the triangles at 1/9 and 4/9 of the length of the side from the tip. This is analogous to placing the mid-side nodes at quarter points in the vicinity of the crack tip for the quadratic isoparametric elements. The advantages of this method are that the displacement compatibility is satisfied throughout the region and that there is no need of special crack tip elements. The stress intensity factors can be accurately obtained by using general purpose programs having isoparametric elements such as NASTRAN.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1772-1773 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 191
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1774-1776 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 193
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1779-1798 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 194
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1799-1807 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, the application of a particular class of computational methods, the alternating direction implicit methods applied to the solution of time dependent heat conduction problems in regions involving circular symmetry is presented.
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  • 195
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1809-1818 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The stream function-vorticity method for solving Navier-Stokes equations with finite elements is often disregarded in view of the necessity of an iterative proceudre for satisfying the boundary conditions. The present work shows briefly that such iterations are unnecessary. Sample solutions for flows in a square cavity and in a channel with a step show good agreement with existing solutions.
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  • 196
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 247-263 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem of optimal design of the shape of a free or internal boundary of a body is formulated by assuming the boundary shape is described by a set of prescribed shape functions and a set of shape parameters. The optimzation procedure is reduced to determination of these paramenters. For constant volume or material cost constraint, the optimality conditions are derived for the case of mean complicance design of elastic structures of a non-linear material. Some additional conditions for the global minimum of the mean compliance are proved. The most typical cases of boundary variations are discussed. The optimal shape problem is next formulated by means of the finite element method and the iterative solution algorithm is discussed by using the optimalitycriteria. Several simple numerical examples are included.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 283-295 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a finite element method for minimum weight design of structures with lower-bound constraints on the natural frequencies, and upper and lower bounds on the design variables.The design algorithm is essentially an iterative solution of the Kuhn-Tucker optimatility criterion. The three most important features of the algorithm are: (i) a-small number of design iterations are needed to reach optimal or near-optimal design, (ii) structural elements with a wide variety of size-stiffness may be used. The only significant restriction is the exclusion of curved beam and shell elements, (iii) the algorithm will for multiple as well as single frequency constraints.The design procedure is illustrated with three simple problems.
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  • 198
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem of the axial vibration of a cantilever beam is investigated both analytically and numerically. The mass distribution that minimizes the total mass for a given value of the frequency parameter β is determined using both the sequential ordinary gradient-restoration algorithm (SOGRA) and the modified quasilinearization algorithm (MQA). Concerning the minimum value of the mass, SOGRA leads to a solution precise to at least 4 significant digits and MQA leads to a solution precise to at least 6 significant digits.Comparison of the optimal beam (a variable-section beam) with a reference beam (a constant-section beam) shows that the weight reduction depends strongly on the frequency parameter β. This weight reduction is negligible for β → 0, is 11.3 per cent for β = 1, is 55.3 per cent for β = 1.4, and approaches 100 per cent for β → π/2.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 297-309 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper considers the problem of solving the optimality criteria equations for a truss structure. A unique Newton-Raphson method for optimizing redundant structures subject to multiple constrainsts on displacement and member sizes is presented. Both equality and inequality constraints are considered. The characteristics of this approach along with least squares and recursive techniques for the solution of the non-linear optimality criteria equations are examined numerically for several sample problems. This new formulation offers the advantages of a reduction in the number of dependent variables, ease of incorporation of various types of constraints, and very rapid convergence.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 200
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Structural optimization problems with constraints imposed on natural frequencies are studied, giving special attention to the inherent non-linearity of natural frequency constraints. Assuming that the system mass and stifiness matrices are expressed as linear functions of the design variables, it is shown that there are two sources of non-linearity for natural frequencies in such a design space. Furthermore, simple variable transformation does not alleviate these non-linearities as it does in the static response case. Recognizing the inherent non-linear characteristics of natural frequency constraints, a second order Taylor series approximation for each eigenvalue of the equations of motion is derived and applied successfully to improve stability and overall efficiency of the automated synthesis process.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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