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  • 1975-1979  (3,548)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1915-1919
  • 1900-1904
  • 1977  (3,548)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (2,521)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (630)
  • Chemical Engineering  (336)
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  • 1975-1979  (3,548)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1915-1919
  • 1900-1904
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Keywords
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative electron microscope observations of the collagen fibrils in rat-tail tendon (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1015-1031 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An electron microscope study of collagen fibrils from fixed tail tendons of rats has revealed that from some time shortly after birth until maturity, the fibril diameters have a bimodal distribution. The “two” types of fibril are indistinguishable in both transverse and longitudinal section. Unfixed specimens of eight-week-old-tail tendon showed a similar bimodal distribution of diameters though the positions of the peak values compared to fixed specimens of an eight-week-old-tail tendon were shifted upwards by about 30%. It has also been shown quantitatively that the polar collagen fibrils are directed randomly “up” and “down” with respect to their neighbors. Whilst it has been suggested by others that anastomosis is a feature of collagen structure, the results presented here do not support this hypothesis. Fibrillar units ∼ 140 Å in diameter have been observed and the possibilities that these are elastic fibers or the breakdown products of collagen fibrils have been considered.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160506
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The organization and repair of DNA in the mammalian chromosome. II. A gradient-shape-induced speed dependence affecting DNAs larger than T4 DNA (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1083-1092 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The addition of a lytic layer to a preformed linear sucrose gradient induces a temporary (up to half a day) initial gradient of considerable steepness which retards the sedimentation of large (〉T4) DNAs. Centrifugation at sufficiently slow angular velocities permits the temporary initial gradient to disappear and therefore the sedimentation distance increases, yielding a rotor speed dependent effect on sedimentation distance. Gradients which are free of this effect are described and shown to permit mouse leukemia cell DNA to sediment independently of rotor speed (5-30 krpm).
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160510
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Helix coil transitions of d (A)n·d(T)n, d(A-T)n·d(A-T)n, and d(A-A-T)n·d(A-T-T)n; evaluation of parameters governing DNA stability (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1115-1137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermally induced helix-coil transitions of three A-T DNAs, d(A)n·d(T)n, d(A-T)n·d(A-T)n, and d(A-A-T)n·d(A-T-T)n, were studied. Experimental transition curves of the DNAs were analyzed using the loop entropy model of DNA melting. The calculation of the melting curve of d(A-A-T)n·d(A-T-T)n is presented using the integral equation formalism of Goel and Montroll. The aim of this work was to evaluate thermodynamic parameters which govern DNA stability and to test the theoretical model employed in the analysis. Our results show (1) an excellent over-all agreement between theory and experiment, (2) a loop entropy exponent k = 1.55 ± 0.05 provided the best fit to all the polymer transition curves, (3) the evaluated stacking free energies reflect the relative stability of the DNAs, and (4) the stacking energies of the ApA·TpT dimer evaluated from d(A)n·d(T)n and d(A-A-T)n·d(A-T-T)n differ. The last result is consistent with different conformations for the dimer in these two polymers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160512
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1H nuclear magnetic resonance studies of N-acetyl-L-proline N-methylamide. Molecular conformations, hydrogen bondings, and thermodynamic quantities in various solvents (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1259-1270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Concentration and temperature dependences of the 1H nmr spectra of N-acetyl-L-proline N-methylamide were observed in various solvents [CCl4, CDCl3, (CD3)2CO, (CD3)2SO, H2O, and D2O]. The fraction of the cis isomer (with respect to the bond between the acetyl carbonyl carbon and prolyl nitrogen atoms) depends greatly on the solvent used; the fraction of the cis isomer is higher in polar solvents than in nonpolar solvents. It depends also on concentration and temperature in nonpolar solvents but not in polar solvents. In nonpolar solvents the trans isomer mostly exists in the γ-turn structure with an intramolecular hydrogen bond and the cis isomer tends to form molecular aggregates by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. In polar solvents both the cis and trans isomers exist in monomeric forms which interact with solvent molecules. The pH dependences of the N-methyl proton resonances indicate that the γ-turn structure of the trans isomer is present also in aqueous solution, though its population is difficult to determine. Apparent enthalpy and entropy changes for the conversion of the trans isomer to cis isomer are evaluated for various solvents. The results are discussed in terms of the intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bondings.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160608
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On nonequivalent intermolecualar stagger states in collagen fibrils (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1357-1361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160615
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-Ray analysis of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease analogs: A difference Fourier at 2.8 Å resolution of (O r n10)-ribonuclease S′ (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1371-1376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160618
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of Cyclo(D-leucyl-L-leucine) and Cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucine) (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1387-1395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cyclo(D-Leu-L-Leu) and cyclo(L-Leu-L-Leu) were synthesized, and their carbon-13 nmr spectra at 65 MHz were examined in dimethylsulfoxide and trifluoroacetic acid solutions. The chemical shift data are consistent with a boat or “twisted” boat conformation of the diketopiperazine ring in both solvents. There was no indication of protonation of the cyclic dipeptides by trifluoroacetic acid. Attempts at polymerizing the cyclic dipeptides were unsuccessful.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160702
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions of highly charged colloidal cylinders with applications to double-stranded DNA (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1435-1448 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper presents new applications of the McMillan-Mayer solution theory to dispersions of highly charged colloidal cylinders in monovalent salt solutions. The thermodynamic solution properties are given in terms of the virial expansions relating to a Donnan membrane equilibrium. General expressions are derived for the second Donnan pressure virial coefficient B2 and for the first two salt distribution coefficients A1 and A2. The effect of electric interactions is represented as an increased effective diameter dB or dA of the colloidal cylinder. This yields the simple excluded volume expressions B2 = πdBL2/4 and A1 = πdA2L/4 for hard cylinders of length L and diameter dB and dA, respectively. The coefficient A2 is derived from the dependence of B2 on the salt concentration.Computations are made for double-stranded DNA in sodium chloride solutions with the DNA model developed in the preceding paper: a uniformly charged cylinder, with size and charge consistent with transport experiments, and surrounded by a Gouy double layer. In 1-0.005M sodium chloride solutions dB is found to vary from 29 Å to about 220 Å, and dA from 30 Å to about 170 Å, with little sensitivity to the uncertainties in the kinetic diameter d ≈ 24 Å and the experimental ζ potentials of DNA. Corresponding results predicted by the classical Donnan theory are 6-167 times too high for B2.Values of A2 are relatively small, in line with the expected rapid convergence of the virial expansion for the salt distribution. This is consistent with a phase transition from random to parallel orientation of the cylinders predicted first by Onsager for hard cylinders on the basis of B2, but not yet observed for DNA in simple salt solutions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160705
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calorimetric investigation of some elastin-solvent systems (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1505-1512 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interaction of ox ligamentum nuchae elastin (native, purified, and soluble) with different solvents (water, ethylene glycol, methanol, and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol) was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry. The unfreezable solvent content and the corresponding solvent to elastin residue molar ratio were determined from the melting endotherms of the freezable solvent present in these systems. The molar ratio obtained in the case of water and ethylene glycol agrees with hypothesis of a direct solvation of the main chain peptide group and is interpreted according to a model previously proposed for polyamides. Quite different molar ratios are obtained in the case of the two monofunctional solvents and no model can be proposed at present to explain their interaction with the protein.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160710
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Helix-coil stability constants for the naturally occurring amino acids in water. XII. Asparagine parameters from random poly(hydroxybutylglutamine-co-L-asparagine) (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1567-1585 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and characterization of water-soluble random copolymers containing L-asparagine with N5-(4-hydroxybutyl)-L-glutamine, and the thermally induced helix-coil transitions of these copolymers in water, are described. The incorporation of L-asparagine was found to decrease the helix content of the polymers in water at all temperatures. The Zimm-Bragg parameters σ and s for the helix-coil transition in poly(L-asparagine) in water were deduced from an analysis of the copolymer melting curves in the manner described in earlier papers. The computed values of s indicate that asparagine destabilizes helical sequences at all temperatures in the range 0-60°C.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160715
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and conformational study of poly(0,0′-dicarbobenzoxy-L-β-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-α-alanine) (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1593-1607 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High-molecular-weight poly(0,0′-dicarbobenzoxy-L-β-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-α-alanine) was prepared by the N-carboxyanhydride method. From the results obtained by a study of the optical rotation, nuclear magnetic resonance, and solution infrared absorption, the conformation of poly(0,0′-dicarbobenzoxy-L-β-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-α-alanine) depended greatly on the solvent taking a right-handed helix with [θ]225 = -13,600 ∼ -18,900 in alkyl halides, a left-handed helix with [θ]228 = 22,100 ∼ 24,800 in cyclic ethers or trimethylphosphate, and a random coil structure in dichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, or hexafluoroacetone sesquihydrate. The polypeptide underwent a right-handed helix-coil transition in chloroform/dichloroacetic acid (or trifluoroacetic acid) mixed solvents and a left-handed helix-coil transition in dioxane/dichloroacetic acid (or trifluoroacetic acid) mixed solvents. The results were compared with those of poly(0-carbobenzoxy-L-tyrosine).
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160717
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unsaturated amino-acid residues as probes for the conformation of polypeptides in solution (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1677-1686 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Acetyl-(dehydro-Phe) and acetyl-bis(dehydro-Phe) groups have been attached to the ε-amino group of the lysine residues of the copolymer poly(Glu92Lys8) by reacting this last with acetyl-(dehydro-Phe)-azlactone and acetyl-bis(dehydro-Phe)-azlactone, respectively.In the latter case induced CD is observed between 250 and 330 nm, due to the relative dissymmetric disposition of the two dehydro-Phe groups under the chiral field of the polypeptide chain.pH dependence of the induced CD, observed for the copolymer and lacking in the lowmolecular-weight structural model, is related to the α-helical and random coiled conformation of the polypeptide chain.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160806
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The dichroic tensor of flexible helices (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 2143-2165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A statistical theory of the linear dichroism of DNA-like chains is presented for two models which are discrete versions of the wormlike coil. In the final form the linear dichroism of the entire chain is related directly to the dichroic properties of a chain segment (base pair). Though the derivations are somewhat complicated, the result [Eq. (28)] is simple and the required statistical parameters can be easily calculated for either model from measured values of the persistence length. In fact, for molecules as stiff as double-stranded DNA, the results can be reduced with good accuracy to the form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{{\Delta \varepsilon (chain)}}{{\Delta \varepsilon (segment)}} = \frac{{P_{\infty} }}{l}\frac{r^{2}}{{\langle r^2 \rangle_0 }} $$\end{document} showing that the “optical persistence” given on the left is directly proportional to the structural persistence, P∞/l. As in previous theories the results are restricted to chains in their Gaussian limit.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360161006
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histidine-containing cyclic dipeptides as catalysts in the hydrolysis of carbonic acid p-nitrophenyl esters (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 2203-2215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A histidine-containing cyclic dipeptide, cyclo(D-Leu-L-His), was almost 20 times as efficient a catalyst as imidazole in the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl laurate. The effect of dioxane on the hydrolysis showed that hydrophobic interaction between the cyclic dipeptide and the ester is very important. This reaction obeyed the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and the Michaelis constant Km was as low as 9.98 × 10-5M. Since the linear dipeptide having D-Leu-L-His sequence was nearly inactive in the hydrolysis, the functional groups of cyclo(D-Leu-L-His) in a specific arrangement held by the rigid backbone must have cooperated in the fast hydrolysis. Very weak catalysis by the diasteremeric cyclic dipeptide, cyclo(L-Leu-L-His), in the hydrolysis supported the above view.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360161009
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intermolecular indole-imidazolium complexes. II. Interaction of a block copolymer (L-tryptophan)n-(γ-ethyl-DL-glutamate)m with imidazolium hydrochloride and poly(L-histidine hydrochloride) (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 109-119 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The charge-transfer complexes of a poly(L-tryptophan) sequence with imidazolium hydrochloride and poly(L-histidine hydrochloride) have been investigated in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol by ultraviolet (uv), circular dichroism (CD), and fluorescence techniques. Both complexes exhibit absorption maxima centered at around 275 nm, whereas hypochromism with respect to the combined spectra of the constituents can be observed below 250 nm. All complexes show optical activity in the near uv and in the peptide absorption region, which is discussed in terms of the conformational properties of the donor. A marked decrease of the fluorescence intensity of the L-tryptophan sequence is observed upon addition of imidazolium hydrochloride and poly(L-histidine hydrochloride). From the fluorescence data the formation constant of the charge-transfer complex between the L-tryptophan sequence and imidazolium ions is also evaluated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160109
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solid-state infrared absorption spectra and chain arrangement in some synthetic homooligopeptides in the intermolecularly hydrogen-bonded pleated-sheet β-conformationThis work is part 34 of a series; for part 33 see Ref. 1. (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160116
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160201
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The interaction of carboxymethylamylose and diethylaminoethylamylose with iodine (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 983-1006 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Spectrophotometric titrations of slightly substituted carboxymethylamylose (CM-Amy) and diethylaminoethylamylose (DEAE-Amy) with iodine in the presence of iodide (I2/I-) were carried out as a function of iodide concentration, temperature, and polymeric charge. Binding isotherms for the polymer-I2/I- complex are reported in terms of an apparent binding constant (Ka) plotted versus degree of saturation of the complex (θ). The dependence of Ka upon polymeric charge is interpreted as evidence for the negatively charged character of the bound species. The cooperative nature of the binding process is evident in the positive slope of Ka vs (θ). Whereas the apparent binding constants and binding cooperativities for the derivatives are smaller than for the amylose-I2/I- complex, the binding enthalpies deduced from the temperature dependence of Ka at θ = 0.5 appear to be the same for amylose and CM-Amy. A viscometric titration of fully charged CM-Amy with I2/I-, conducted at dialysis equilibrium between the CM-Amy-I2/I- solution and the polymer-free solvent phase, disclosed a maximum in the plot of intrinsic viscosity ([η]) vs θ. The increase in [η] at small θ was interpreted as a reflection of polyelectrolyte expansion provoked by absorption of the negatively charged bound species; the subsequent decline in [η] is attributed to stabilization by I2/I- of compact helical sequences or to the formation at higher θ of intermolecular aggregates.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160504
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  • 119
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of ions on the enzymatic properties of beef-liver glutamate dehydrogenaseThis paper has been described in a preliminary report [G. Blauer & H. Sund (1975) Abstr. Commun. 10th Meet. Fed. Eur. Biochem. Soc., Société de Chimie Biologique, Paris, No. |706]. The preceding paper in this series, “Studies of |Glutamate Dehydrogenase,” is by R. Koberstein, L. Cobianchi & H. Sund (1976) FEBS Lett. 64, 176-180. (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1053-1061 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of various salts on the enzymatic activity of beef-liver glutamate dehydrogenase, on the binary enzyme-reduced coenzyme (NADH or NADPH) comples, as well as on the ternary complex with glutamate was investigated in aqueous solution (0.067M phosphate buffer, pH 7.6). Binding studies in the analytical ultracentrifuge and circular dichroism measurements indicated dissociation of the coenzyme from the enzyme-coenzyme complex by the action of various salts. The efficiency of this change was largely dependent on the type of anion present and generally followed the series: acetate 〈 Br- 〈 I- 〈 SCN-. Acetate ions and guanidinium thiocyanate showed exceptional behaviour in some cases, while K+ and Na+ gave similar results. The reversibility of the ion effects on the enzymatic activity was demonstrated by dilution tests. Upon addition of salts, the inhibitory effect of GTP was slightly changed in most cases, while the activating effects of ADP and L-leucine were practically abolished and with ADP, the halides caused an additional inhibition. Assuming an equilibrium involving dissociation of the enzyme-coenzyme complex by the action of salts, an exponent of 1.3 for NaBr and of 2.0 for KSCN was calculated for the respective concentrations. The apparent equilibrium constants were evaluated to be about 20 times greater for KSCN than for NaBr.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160508
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  • 120
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of four sequential glycyl/glutamate polypeptides (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1139-1151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(Glu(OBzl)-Gly)n, poly(Glu-Gly)n, poly(Gly)-(Glu(OBzl)-Gly), and poly(Gly-Glu-Gly) were synthesized from the pentachlorophenyl esters of the sequential monomer. Both of the polymers containing free glumatic-acid residues are soluble in water, as is the lower molecular weight fraction of the polytripeptides with the benzyl ester in place. Circular dichroism studies and infrared dichroism studies suggest that the 21 helix is favored for the polydipeptide with removal of the benzyl ester reducing the conformational integrity. The polytripeptide showed evidence of 31 helix in addition to the 21 form, depending on solvent. A rationale for the conformations observed is developed based on the bulkiness of the side-chain residues and conformational stabilization, in certain cases, by hydrophobic interactions between the benzyl ester groups.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160513
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  • 121
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    Elastin as a rubber (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1201-1222 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermoelastic behavior of water solvated elastin has been investigated in simple tension, in the temperature range 0-70°C. Specimens purified from both the ox ligamentum nuchae and pig thoracic aorta have been studied. Force data obtained by cycling the temperature for various constant specimen lengths display a separated variable dependence of the form f = A(T)B(α), where T is absolute temperature and α the extension ratio. For ligament elastin B(α) is a linear function whereas for aortic elastin it is a nonlinear function. The applicability of the rubber elasticity theory to elastin has been tested by setting A(T) equal to the temperature-dependent front factor for simple tension of a homogeneous rubber whilst B(α) is left undefined. In this way it has been possible to take into account the fibrous nonhomogeneity of the polymer, and also to avoid any inconsistency within the theory of attributing a dependence of the variable fe/f upon extension ratio. The behavior of both ligament and aortic elastin agrees well with the conclusion that the dominant deformation mechanism is entropy elastic, fe/f ≪ 1. The linearity of the load isotherm for ligament elastin permits a particularly simple experimental procedure using a single force-temperature plot for one value of interclamp length. Using this procedure high precision has been obtainble, and the data shows a close adherence to the theory with fe/f = 0.1. The relationship between this result and current controversy over the molecular conformation of elastin is discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160604
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    Analysis of periodic patterns in amino acid sequences: Collagen (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1271-1297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Methods are given for analyzing regularly spaced patterns of amino acids in proteins and applied to the α1 chain of collagen. Fourier methods use the transform of the sequence either embedded in a very long array or folded onto a fundamental base period. Filtering through a moveable “window” of definite width is used to display almost regular features at any chosen frequency. A pattern detection method is described for patterns of general shape. Collagen has statistically significant periodicities at fractions of the stagger distance D = 670 Å. Hydrophobic groups show strong orders of 5, 6, 11; proline 5; charged groups 6, 18, 21. Charged residues mostly occur as neutral pairs. Their distribution has strong 6th and 21st orders which also appear in the changes which are paired at multiples of D. Charge pairs separated by (D + 3) residues show a strong 5D/89 pattern and may form a system of salt bridges across the fibril. There is no sign of any regular pattern of amino acids over the triple helix with a period close to its natural pitch of 30 residues. Supercoiled models with six relative turns of the contact edge between paired triple-helical strands are examined.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160609
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    Conformational changes induced in ionized poly(L-arginine) and poly(L-histidine) by sodium dodecyl sulfate (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1319-1329 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Circular dichroism spectra have been obtained for cationic poly(L-arginine) and poly(L-histidine) in aqueous solutions containing varying amounts of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The detergent induces a disorder-order transition in both polypeptides. In each case the transition is cooperative and occurs when the ratio of detergent to amino acid residue is near unity. The ordered structure formed by poly(L-arginine) is readily identifiable as an α helix. Poly(L-histidine) appears to form a β structure in which the 211-nm electronic absorption band of the imidazole group exhibits significant rotatory strength.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160612
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  • 124
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    Circular dichroism evidence for G·U and G·T base pairing in poly[r(G-U)] and poly[d(G-T)] (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1331-1342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have measured the circular dichroism (CD) and absorption properties of poly[r(G-U)] and poly [d(G-T)] over a wide range of Na+ concentrations and temperatures. We find evidence for self-complexed forms of these polymers at lower temperatures and/or higher Na+ concentrations than generally needed for double-strand formation in other DNA and RNA polymers. These self-complexes could be composed of double-stranded regions with weak G·U or G·T base pairs.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160613
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  • 125
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    Electric birefringence studies of cartilage proteoglycan aggregation (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1367-1369 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160617
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  • 126
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    Influence of local interactions on protein structure. I. Conformational energy studies of N-acetyl-N′-methylamides of pro-X and X-pro dipeptides (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1385-1385 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160620
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  • 127
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    The interaction of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate with polylysine and polyarginine (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1449-1464 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Comparative studies on the interaction of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) with polylysine and polyarginine have been made by equilibrium dialysis and fluorescence or circular dichroism measurements, to investigate the structural characteristics of the polypeptides. The results are summarized as follows: (i) ANS binds to either of the polypeptides primarily by electrostatic interaction while hydrophobic interaction partially facilitates the dye binding; both interactions are stronger in the polyarginine-dye binding than the polylysine-dye binding. (ii) The fluorescence of ANS is more intensified when the dye binds to polyarginine than to polylysine regardless of the value of r (number of bound dye per amino-acid residue) of polypeptide-dye complexes, although the intensification depends on the r value and becomes maximum at r = 0.25-0.35 for both cases. (iii) The binding of ANS to each polypeptide is cooperative at r 〈 0.4. (iv) The circular dichroism is more efficiently induced in the spectral region of ANS by binding to polyarginine than to polylysine.From these results, it was concluded that, compared to polylysine, polyarginine suffers some structural change by ANS binding into a more compact molecular configuration having some regularity with a lower dielectric environment.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160706
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    Circular dichroism of adenine and thymine containing synthetic polynucleotides (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1489-1504 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of poly(dA), poly(dT), poly(dA)·poly(dT), and poly[d(A-T)]·poly[d(T-A)] have been measured as a function of temperature. From these data difference spectra have been calculated by subtracting the spectrum measured at low temperature from the spectra measured at higher temperatures. The CD difference spectra obtained upon melting of the two double-stranded polymers are very similar. From a comparison of these difference spectra with calculated ones it is shown that optical transitions near 272 nm (on A) and 288 nm (most probably on T) are present. The premelting changes of the CD spectrum of poly[d(A-t)]·poly[d(T-A)] are due to a change in conformation in which the secondary structure goes from a C- to B-type spectrum by increasing the A-type nature of the polymer. Such a change is not observed for poly(dA)·poly(dT). Instead, a transition between two different B-type geometries occurs.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160709
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    Poly(L-lysyl-L-alanyl-α-L-glutamic acid). II. Conformational studies (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1527-1540 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The solution characterization of poly(Lys-Ala-Glu) is described. This polytripeptide is zwitterionic at neutral pH and is shown to take on a conformation which is dictated by the state of ionization, molecular weight, temperature, and solvent. The polypeptide is almost entirely α-helical at low pH and temperature for polymers of greater than 25,000 molecular weight. Melting profiles for these conditions show tm ∼ 20°C. Analysis of circular dichroism curves shows the α-helical content to vary in a linear manner with molecular weight in the range 3000-30,000. At neutral pH the charged polypeptide is essentially random, but substantial α-helix could be induced by addition of methanol or trifluoroethanol. At temperatures where the sequential polypeptide is a random coil, addition of trifluoroethanol produces a polymer which is mostly α-helical but also contains an appreciable ammount of β-structure. The infrared spectrum of a low-molecular-weight fraction assumed to be cyclo(Lys-Ala-Glu)2 was tentatively assigned a β-pleated sheet structure.A comparison of this polytripeptide in various ionization states with other polytripeptides containing L-alanine and L-glutamate or L-lysine shows the α-helix directing properties for the (uncharged) residues to lie in the order Ala 〉 Glu 〉 Lys.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160712
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    Helix-coil stability constants for the naturally occurring amino acids in water. XIII. The presence of by-products in amino-acid analysis of copolymers and their effect on the guest parameters; recomputed values of σ and s for L-serine (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1587-1592 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Previously used procedures for processing the amino acids from 6N hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of poly[N5-(4-hydroxybutyl)-L-glutamine], poly[N5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-glutamine], and several random copolymers derived from these, led to the formation of spurious products. These have been isolated and characterized as the γ-ester of glutamic acid and the hydroxyalkyl amine, and chloro-alkyl amine hydrochloride. The former reduces the observed values for glutamic acid, but the latter has no effect on them. A method is used to avoid formation of these artifacts in the amino-acid analysis. Of all the copolymers studied previously in this series, the compositions of only those containing L-serine are in error as a result of the formation of the γ-ester. A redetermination of the amino-acid compositions of the copolymer fractions studied earlier leads to slightly revised values for the Zimm-Bragg parameters σ and s of serine.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160716
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    Helix-coiled transition in heteropolymers. I. Ground-state energy (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1657-1675 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new technique is presented for treating the ground state of an heteropolymer with a random sequence of components. An exact system of equations is found for determining the ground state energy E which is equal to the polymer free energy f in the lowest-order approximation in T/V (V/2 is the large “surface” energy arising at the boundaries between coiled and “helical” sections: V ≫ T, Uk; U1 and -U2 are the free energies of the components counted from the corresponding coiled state energies). These equations are essentially simplified at certain fixed values of the ratio U1/U2. For integer values of U2/U1 and U1/U2 a solution is obtained with an accuracy exp(-V/Uk). The ground-state energy as a function of U1 and U2 is shown to be highly irregular: its derivatives have jumps at an infinite number of points. These jumps provide a fine structure of the melting curves. A smoothed over the jumps function E′ is found by way of analytic continuation from the integer values of U1/U2 and U2/U1. The accuracy of the approximation f ≈ E is estimated and the correctional term of order T/V is determined.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160805
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    Nuclear magnetic resonance study of the impact of ribose 2′-O-methylation on the aqueous solution conformation of cytidylyl-(3′ → 5′)-cytidine (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1687-1711 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to obtain information about the conformational characteristics at the nearestneighbor level in the 2′-O-methylated region of t-RNA, as well as in the bizarre 5′-terminus of eucaryotic mRNA, a detailed nuclear magnetic resonance study of 2′-O-methyl-cytidylyl-(3′ → 5′)-cytidine (CmpC) was conducted. Proton spectra were recorded at 270 MHz in the Fourier mode in D2O solutions, 0.01M, pD 7.3 in the temperature range 5-80°C. Complete accurate sets of nmr parameters were derived for each of the nucleotidyl units by a combination of homo-nuclear decouplings and simulation iteration methods. The data were translated into conformational parameters using procedures developed in earlier studies from these laboratories.It is shown that the ribofuranose ring exists at a 2E ⇄ 3E equilibrium with clear preference [(75-80)%] for the 3E mode. The C(4′)-C(5′) and C(5′)-O(5′) bonds form a stable conformational network with outspoken preference for conformers in which Ψ1, Ψ2 ≃ 60° and φ2 ≃ 180°. The orientation of the 3′-phosphate and 2′-O-methyl groups is such that φ1′ ≃ 210° and φ″ ≃ 60°. The phosphodiester bonds are flexible and shift trends for base, H(1′), and H(5″) suggest the existence of a conformational blend of right-handed stack (g-g-), left-handed stack (g+g+), and unstacked arrays (tg- and tg+).Elevation of temperature perturbs the 2E ⇄ 3E equilibrium accompanied with modest depopulation of ψ1, ψ2 ≃ 60° and φ2 ≃ 180° conformers. The major effect of elevation of temperature is in the increase of unstacked arrays at the expense of g-g- and g+g+ conformers. The shift trend of Cmp-H(3′) with temperature shows that torsional variation about O(3′)-P is facilitated by increase in temperature and the preferred rotamer about O(3′)-P in the unstacked form is t (ω1′ = 180°).A detailed comparison of the aqueous solution conformations of CpC and CmpC reveals that 2′-O-methylation causes: (i) a reduction in the magnitude of χ1; (ii) an increase in the population of 3E pucker at the 3′-nucleotidyl unit; and (iii) modest perturbations in the O(3′)-P and P-O(5′) bond conformations. Comparison of the aqueous solution conformations of AmpA and CmpC makes clear that the conformational properties of pyrimidine-pyrimidine and purine-purine dimers which carry a 2′-O-methylated 3′-nucleotidyl unit are significantly different.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160807
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    Poly(L-lysyl-L-alanyl-α-L-glutamic acid)All amino acid are L unless designated otherwise. Other abbreviations are: Dnp, 2,4-dinitrophenyl; Boc, t, butyloxycarbonyl; Cbz, carbobenzoxy; -ONSu, N-hydroxysucinimide ester; Mr, molecular weight; Mw, weight-average moleculer weight; Mn, number-average molecular weight; Mz, z-average molecular weight. (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1513-1525 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(Lys(Cbz)-Ala-Glu(OBzl)) was prepared by the self-condensation of Lys(Cbz)-Ala-Glu(OBzl)-ONSu in dimethylformamide. After deprotection of the side chains, the product was subjected to Sephadex G-50 chromatography. The molecular weight of unfractionated and fractionated poly(Lys-Ala-Glu) was calculated from a calibrated Sephadex G-50 column, spectrophotometrically from Dnp-(Lys-Ala-Glu), equilibrium centrifugation, and viscosity measurements. Approximately 21% of the unfractionated material was polymeric with the remaining 79% being cyclic and monomeric material. Treatment of polymer hydrolysate with L-amino acid and D-amino acid oxidase indicated poly(Lys-Ala-Glu) to be optically pure. The apparent pKa's of the two ionizable groups were 4.1 and 9.7.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160711
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    Kinetics of the renaturation of yeast tRNA3Leu (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1557-1566 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Yeast tRNA3Leu is one of several tRNA molecules which can adopt a stable, biologically inactive, denatured conformation. The circular dichroism of the native and denatured conformers differs, providing the basis for the present study of the mechanism for the renaturation process. Conversion of the denatured structure to the native takes place in two steps: a rapid change occurring immediately on addition of Mg++, followed by a slower, strongly temperature-dependent step which returns the molecule to its biologically active state. Optimal kinetic data for the second step could be obtained at 285 nm. Analysis of the time dependence of Δε285 by the Guggenheim method demonstrated that this step follows first-order kinetics. The temperature dependence of the rate constants over the range 32-41°C yielded the following parameters for the rate-limiting step: Ea = 69 kcal/mole, ΔH
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160714
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    Helical segment analysis of α-helical regions in proteins (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1617-1634 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The methods suggested earlier for the analysis and representation of protein structural data are now extended to the helical regions in finer details. These enable better handling of characterization of bends and distortions, for which statistical parameters are also developed. Using latest myoglobin data, best experimental parameters for the α-helix are deduced to be rN = 1.55 (0.13) Å, rCα = 2.28 (0.12) Å, rC′ = 1.70 (0.10) Å, r0 = 2.02 (0.12) Å, φ = 100.5 (2.3)°, and t = 1.495 (0.055) Å.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160803
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    d-CpCpGpG and d-GpGpCpC self-complementary duplexes: Nmr studies of the helix-coil transition (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1635-1656 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have monitored the helix-coil transition of the self-complementary d-CpCpGpG and d-GpGpCpC sequences (20mM strand concentration) at the base pairs, sugar rings, and backbone phosphates by 360-MHz proton and 145.7-MHz phosphorus nmr spectroscopy in 0.1M phosphate solution between 5 and 95°C. The guanine 1-imino Watson-Crick hydrogen-bonded protons, characteristic of the duplex state, are observed below 10°C, with solvent exchange occurring by transient opening of the tetranucleotide duplexes. The cytosine 4-amino Watson-Crick hydrogen-bonded protons resonate 1.5 ppm downfield from the exposed protons at the same position in the tetranucleotide duplexes, with slow exchange indicative of restricted rotation about the C-N bond below 15°C. The guanine 2-amino exchangeable protons in the tetranucleotide sequence exhibit very broad resonances at low temperatures and narrow average resonances above 20°C, corresponding to intermediate and fast rotation about the C-N bond, respectively. Solvent exchange is slower at the amino protons compared to the imino protons since the latter broaden out above 10°C. The well-resolved nonexchangeable base proton chemical shifts exhibit helix-coil transition midpoints between 37 and 42°C. The transition midpoints and the temperature dependence of the chemical shifts at low temperatures were utilized to differentiate between resonances located at the terminal and internal base pairs while the H-5 and H-6 doublets of individual cytosines were related by spin decoupling studies. For each tetranucleotide duplex, the cytosine H-5 resonances exhibit the largest chemical shift change associated with the helix-coil transition, a result predicted from calculations based on nearest-neighbor atomic diamagnetic anisotropy and ring current contributions for a B-DNA duplex. There is reasonable agreement between experimental and calculated chemical shift changes for the helix-coil transition at the internal base pairs but the experimental shifts exceed the calculated values at the terminal base pairs due to end-to-end aggregation at low temperatures. Since the guanine H-8 resonances of the CpCpGpG and d-CpCpGpG sequences exhibit upfield shifts of 0.6-0.8 and 〈0.1 ppm, respectively, on duplex formation, these RNA and DNA tetranucleotides with the same sequence must adopt different base-pair overlap geometries. The large chemical shift changes associated with duplex formation at the sugar H-1′ triplets are not detected at the other sugar protons and emphasize the contribution of the attached base at the 1′ position. The coupling sum between the H-1′ and the H-2′ and H-2″ protons equals 15-17 Hz at all four sugar rings for the d-CpCpGpG and d-GpGpCpC duplexes (25°C), consistent with a C-3′ exo sugar ring pucker for the deoxytetranucleotides in solution. The temperature dependent phosphate chemical shifts monitor changes in the ω,ω′ angles about the O-P backbone bonds, in contrast to the base-pair proton chemical shifts, which monitor stacking interactions.
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    Extrinsic cotton effect and helix-coil transition in a DNA-polycation complex (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1713-1724 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A strong, positive, extrinsic CD band ([θ]242.5 = ∼2 × 10-3 deg cm2/dmole) has been observed for a α-bromo-poly[methylene-1,4-phenylenecarbonyloxyethylene(dimethylamino) bromide] (I). The extrinsic Cotton effect is attributed to the ordered arrangement of the aromatic chromophores along the DNA helix.The extrinsic band had a linear dependence on the amount of polycation I added from r ≤ 0.3 to r = ∼0.5, but decreased thereafter. Addition of the polycation decreased the positive CD band of DNA at 275 nm. The transformation of B → C form in the presence of salts or other polycations caused similar changes. The decrease in [θ]275 was reversed at higher concentrations of the polycation (r 〉 0.4).Thermal denaturation studies indicated both stabilization of the helix conformation (Δtm = 21°C) and a high degree of cooperativity in the melting of DNA-polycation complex as compared to native calf thymus DNA. Using the linear relationship between r (polycation residue/DNA phosphate) and F (fraction of bound base pairs), a value of 0.6 was derived for β (number of monomer residues of polycation/nucleotide).Both electrostatic and hydrophobic effects probably influence the stability of the DNA-polycation complex, since the strength of the 242.5 nm CD band is a function of both salt and urea concentrations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160808
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    Temperature-jump experiments on the acridine orange-poly(α-L-glutamic acid) system in the low NaCl concentration region - aggregation process of acridine orange on poly(Glu) (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1827-1832 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160816
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    13C and 1H NMR studies of helix-coil transition of poly(β-benzyl-L-aspartate) and poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate): Behavior in nonprotonating solvent mixtures, and origin of solvent-induced chemical shift (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 2521-2532 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: From the results of 13C-nmr measurement of poly(β-benzyl-L-aspartate) and its model compounds in dimethyl sulphoxide/deuterated chloroform mixtures, it was found that the side chain of poly(β-benzyl-L-aspartate) is solvated by dimethyl sulphoxide in the region more than dimethyl sulphoxide 20% (v/v), where the backbone maintains the α-helix. The chemical shift differences in the benzyl group carbons of poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) (trifluoroacetic acid/deuterated chloroform) accompanied by the helix-coil transition, originate from the interaction between the ester group of the side chain and trifluoroacetic acid. The chemical shift difference in the ester carbon is similar. On the other hand, the chemical shift differences of the side-chain carbons in the alkyl portion (Cβ, Cγ) originate not only from the interaction between the ester group of the side chain and trifluoroacetic acid, but also from some other unknown factors. The chemical shift differences of the side-chain carbons of poly(β-benzyl-L-aspartate) originate from the interaction between the ester group of the side chain and trifluoroacetic acid.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360161114
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  • 140
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    Circular dichroism of protein and glycoprotein fish antifreezes (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 2575-2578 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360161119
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  • 141
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    Masthead (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360161201
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  • 142
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    Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by configurationally different Fe(III) complexes supported on poly(L-glutamate) (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 2569-2573 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360161118
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  • 143
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    Synthesis of a cyclic analog of the luteinizing hormone releasing factor: LRF (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 2587-2590 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360161121
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  • 144
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    A 310-Helix in poly(α-aminoisobutyric acid) (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 2591-2592 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360161122
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  • 145
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    Influence of temperature and ionic strength on the low-frequency dielectric dispersion of DNA solutions (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 2653-2669 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dielectric properties of DNA solutions at low frequencies (5 Hz to 2 kHz) have been measured by means of a four-terminal bridge method utilized to minimize electrode polarization errors. At 24°C native salt-free DNA has a very large specific dielectric increment, Δε/c = 9.8 × 106 l/mol and a very low frequency relaxation centered at 18 Hz. Both the dielectric increment and the relaxation time are greatly decreased by partial heat denaturation at temperatures above 60°C or by addition of salt, the effects being much larger for divalent anions. These results are shown to be in qualitative agreement with theoretical treatments of counterion fluctuation polarization by McTague and Gibbs for the equilibrium case and by Mandel for relaxation. The ratio of the relaxation time for the low-frequency process to that previously observed at much higher frequencies suggests that these relaxations result from counterion fluctuations along the longitudinal and transverse axes of the molecule, respectively.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360161207
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  • 146
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    Intrachain reactions of a pair of reactive groups attached to polymer ends. V. Formation of disulfide linkages in the air-oxidation of sulfhydryl groups attached to ends of polysarcosine chain (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 2723-2738 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polysarcosine having sulfhydryl groups attached to both ends was synthesized by the NCA method and its air-oxidation was investigated in aqueous solution with cupric-ion or ferric-ion catalysts. Air-oxidation was also conducted for a polysarcosine having one terminal sulfhydryl group. The product of the air-oxidation was fractionated by gel chromatography. The product analysis of the fully oxidized monofunctional polymer showed that the sulfhydryl groups were converted into disulfide bonds exclusively. There was no evidence for the interchange between two disulfide linkages or between a disulfide linkage and a sulfhydryl group during the air-oxidation. The analysis of the products from the bifunctional polysarcosine showed that they were composed of a series of cyclic “monomer,” “dimer,” “trimer,” and higher “oligomers.” The cyclic structure was characterized by the larger elution volume in the gel chromatogram than that for a linear homologue having the same molecular weight. The weight fraction of each cyclic oligomer was determined by gel chromatography. The fraction of cyclic monomer F1 decreased monotonously with increasing the chain length. Smaller values of F1 were observed with cupric-ion catalyst than with ferric-ion catalyst. The dependence of F1 on the polymer concentration was much smaller than that expected from a simple competition mechanism between intra- and intermolecular reactions. These results indicate that the choice between intra- and intermolecular reactions is governed by the mode of the coordination of sulfhydryl groups to transition metal ions.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360161211
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  • 147
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    Scattering correction to the absorbance, wavelength dependence of the refractive index increment, and molecular weight of the bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase oligomer and subunits (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 2773-2783 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The wavelength dependence of the refractive index increments of bovine serum albumin and bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase solutions was determined in the range 650-300 nm. It was shown, by measuring the extinction coefficients of glutamate dehydrogenase under conditions of widely differing molecular weights, that a significant scattering correction need not be applied to correct extinction measurements in the absorbtion band. The molecular weight of glutamate dehydrogenase oligomer determined by light scattering and sedimentation equilibrium agrees with the value calculated from the primary structure, if a recently reported value of the extinction coefficient is used.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360161214
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  • 148
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    Effect of some additions on the aqueous polymerization of acrylamide, initiated by permanganate-oxalic acid redox system (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of different additives on the aqueous polymerization of acrylamide, initiated by MnO-4-oxalic acid redox pair, was studied at 25°C in an atmosphere of nitrogen. It was observed that the rate of polymerization increased in the presence of alkali metal (Li+ to Rb+) chlorides. Cupric chloride and ferric chloride were found to be polymerization retarders. Anionic and cationic detergents showed marked influence on the rate of polymerization. Also, the presence of water-soluble alcohols lowered the polymerization rates to a sufficient extent.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780104
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  • 149
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    Die Bestimmung der Molekulargewichtsverteilung von nichtkristallisierenden Polymeren mit dem Elektronenmikroskop, 54. Mitteilung: cf.1.. Bestimmung der Masse der Einzelmoleküle und Aufnahme der Molekulargewichtsverteilung (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1149-1168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A method is described for the determination of the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of various polymers from electron microscopy pictures of their molecules. It is shown, that the number of molecules needed to construct the distribution is between 200 and 300. Furthermore, with macroscopic density of the polymer and the volume determined by electron microscopy, the correct mass of a single molecule is obtained. The method is demonstrated for samples of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) and the results are compared with those of GPC-measurements.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780417
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  • 150
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    Determination of crystallinity of polyethylene powder by inverse chromatography (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1187-1193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The problem of crystallinity determination of polyethylene powder was studied utilizing the method of inverse chromatography. The data obtained were found to be dependent on the polymer particle diameter. A relation was proposed describing this observation, and using this realtion the crystallinity of a polyethylene sample was calculated.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780419
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  • 151
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    Réactions primaires de dégradation oxydante au cours de l'autoxydation du poly(oxytétraméthylène) à 25°C, 3Partie 2: cf.2. Cinétique de la production des coupures statistiques et caractérisation de la réaction bimoléculaire non terminante des radicaux peroxyles secondaires (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1313-1325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the production of random chain scissions by oxidative degradation of poly(oxytetramethylene) was determined during the radiation-induced autoxidation of solutions of the polymer in chloroform at 25°C. Ethylene oxide resulting from autoxidation of ethylene produced by unimolecular decomposition of alkoxy-1 alkylperoxy radicals partly inhibits the chain scission. This property allowed the characterization of the existence of a second primary mechanism of oxidative degradation of the polymer as non-terminating bimolecular reaction of these peroxy radicals followed by a ß-scission of the produced alkoxy radicals.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780509
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  • 152
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    Reaktion an Ziegler-Natta-Katalysatoren, 12.11. Mitteilung: cf.1. Anwendung der Olefin-Metathese zum Nachweis einer radikalischen Aralkylierung von 1,4-PolybutadienHerrn Prof. Dr. Anton v. Wacek zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 19-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: 1,4-Polybutadiene was partially aralkylated with alkylbenzenes (toluene, ethylbenzene, o-, m- and p-xylene, mesitylene) and dicumyl peroxide in a radical reaction. The resulting polymers were investigated by IR spectroscopy and degradated in a metathesis reaction with 4-octene using a WCl6/Sn(CH3)4 catalyst. The low molecular weight degradation products with aralkyl substituents were separated by gas chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry.
    Notes: 1,4-Polybutadien wurde mit Alkylbenzolen (Toluol, Äthylbenzol, o-, m- und p-Xylol, Mesitylen) und Dicumylperoxid in einer radikalischen Reaktion partiell aralkyliert. Die erhaltenen Polymeren wurden IR-spektroskopisch untersucht und durch Metathese mit 4-Octen unter Verwendung eines WCl6/Sn(CH3)4-Katalysators abgebaut. Die niedermolekularen Abbauprodukte mit Aralkylsubstituenten wurden gaschromatographisch getrennt und massenspektrometrisch identifiziert.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780103
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  • 153
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    Organozinc catalyst systems for the copolymerization of carbon dioxide with propylene oxide (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 47-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of new catalytic systems: (C2H5)2Zn/polyhydric phenols was prepared and their activity in the alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide with propylene oxide (epoxypropane) was studied. On the basis of the results obtained, the structure of organozinc compounds formed in these systems and also in others described in the literature is proposed and discussed. It is shown that the presence of an internal coordinative bond in the catalyst molecule is responsible for its activity in copolymerization.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780106
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  • 154
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    New catalysts for the oxidative polymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol, 2.Part 1: cf.1. Copper complexes containing the dicyanoethenedithiolatocuprate structure as the ligand (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 75-96 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It was found that the reaction of 1,2-dicyano-1,2-ethenedithiolate, resp. of bis(1,2-dicyano-1,2-ethenedithiolato)cuprate(2-), with Cu2+ does not lead to copper bis(1,2-dicyano-1,2-ethenedithiolato)cuprate(2-) dihydrate (1a) as described in the literature but to a reaction product which has a complex structure containing mainly Cu+. This compound as well as complexes with the same ligand, but with Cu+, Cu2+ or Cu3+ as the central atom, were synthesized and tested with and without added cuprous chloride as catalysts for the oxidative polymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol. Included in this investigation were some copper complexes with the isomeric ligand 2,2-dicyano-1,1-ethenedithiolate.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780109
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  • 155
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    New catalysts for the oxidative polymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol, 3.Part 2: cf.1. Copper(I) cluster complexes (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 97-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The catalytic activities of various copper(I) clusters in the oxidation of 2,6-dimethylphenol (XOH) in pyridine and the preparative oxidative polymerization of XOH with these complexes were investigated. It was found that the copper(I) cluster containing 1,2-dicyano-1,2-ethenedithiolate ligands is more effective in the oxidative polymerization of XOH than the complex containing isomeric ligands. The electric conductivities of these Cu(I) complexes are small.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780110
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  • 156
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    Free radical polymerization of unconjugated dienes, 16.Part 15: cf.5. Temperature dependence of the cyclization ratio of the cyclopolymerization of methacrylic anhydride (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 125-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The temperature dependence of the cyclization ratio of the free radical cyclopolymerization of methacrylic anhydride in chloroform solutions was investigated. The experimental difference between the activation entropy of the intramolecular cyclization and the activation entropy of the intermolecular addition of the growing chain radical onto a monomer molecule was found to agree satisfactorily with the difference calculated on the basis of a semiempirical method. It came out that, even in the present case, the intramolecular cyclizations are favoured over the intermolecular additions by a smaller entropy decrease.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780113
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  • 157
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    Coenzyme models, 5.Part 4: S. Shinkai, K. Tamaki, T. Kunitake, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Lett. Ed. 14,1 (1976) (a preliminary communication). Addition reaction of cyanide ion to monomeric and polymeric nicotinamides. Correlation between equilibria and reaction ratesContribution No. 392 from this department. (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 133-144 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Rate and equilibrium constants (kf and K, respectively) for the addition of cyanideion to poly[1-(4-vinylbenzyl)nicotinamide chloride] (poly{1-[4-(3-aminocarbonylpyridiniomethyl)phenyl]ethylene chloride}) (poly(1)) and a corresponding monomeric derivative of nicotinamide, 3-aminocarbonyl-1-benzylpyridinium chloride (2), were evaluated at 30°C, in an aqueous system. The rate constant for the reaction of poly(1) with CN- at μ = 0,1 mol 1-1 was found to be higher by a factor of 22 and the association constant by a factor of about 65, compared with those for the reaction of 2 with CN-. At a lower ionic strength (μ = 0,008 mol 1-1), the reaction parameters were markedly enhanced (108-fold and 218-fold, respectively). The rate enhancements in the polymeric system are attributable to the increase in the ΔS≠f term. This favorable entropy term caused the deviation from the linear log K-log Kf relationship which holds strictly for monomeric compounds.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780114
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  • 158
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    Untersuchungen über poly(arylenvinylen)e, 13.12. Mitt.: cf.1. Phenylsubstituierte poly-p-xylylidene. Durch UV-licht induzierte photoleitfähigkeit im NIR (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 195-202 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: UV-Irradiation of phenyl-substituted poly-p-xylylidenes induces photoconductivity in the range of 7000-17000 cm-1. The spectral distribution is identical with that of photoconductivity found in macromolecular radical cations produced chemically by oxidation with antimony pentachloride. This supports the assumption that the induced photoconductivity can be attributed to the photochemical generation (UV) and the optical excitation (VIS/NIR) of macromolecular radical ions.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780119
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  • 159
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    Synthesis of poly(DL-β-hydroxybutyric acid) (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 267-270 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780128
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  • 160
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    A new class of mesomorphic copolymers: Copolymers with a saccharide block and a peptide block (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1595-1599 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780530
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  • 161
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    On the melting characteristics of oligourethanes (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1601-1607 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780531
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  • 162
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    Structural study of polybutadiene-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymers. Influence of the nature of the amorphous block on the refolding of the poly(ethylene oxide) chains (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1577-1593 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Our earlier studies on block copolymers polystyrene-poly(ethylene oxide) has allowed to state the influence of the molecular weight of the copolymer and of its composition on the refolding of the crystallized poly(ethylene oxide) chains. To precise the effect of the nature of the amorphous block, we have studied by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry, the lamellar crystalline structures exhibited by block copolymers polybutadiene-poly(ethylene oxide) (BEO) in the presence of a preferential solvent of one block: xylene for polybutadiene (PB), acetic acid or acrylic acid for poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). In systems BEO copolymer/preferential solvent of PEO, the lamellar structure with crystallized PEO chains (LCC) exists at temperatures below about 45°C and for solvent concentrations ranging from 0 to a value characteristic of the copolymer. In the LCC structure, the chains of PEO crystallize in two layers; the solvent forms a third layer located between the PEO layers. We have studied the influence of the nature of the amorphous block on the variation of the structural parameters with the solvent concentration. In systems BEO copolymer/preferential solvent of PB, the lamellar structure with crystallized PEO chains (LC) appears at temperatures below about 50°C and for all solvent concentrations where the mesophase exists. In the LC structure, the chains of PEO crystallize folding in two superposed layers. We have established the influence of the solvent concentration and the nature of the amorphous block on the number of folds and the crystallinity of the PEO chains.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780529
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  • 163
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    Metalloporphyrins in polymeric matrices and in micelles, 2.Part 1: J.-H. Fuhrhop, M. Baccouche, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1976, 2058. Iron porphyrins and cobalt porphyrins in copolymers of styrene and 1-vinylimidazoles (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1621-1631 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Copolymers from styrene and 1-vinylimidazoles (4a-f), form low spin adducts with iron(II) porphyrins and iron(III) porphyrins, when the content of imidazolyl groups in the polymer is ten mole percent or more. With polymers having a content of imidazolyl groups of less then one mole percent, only high spin adducts are observed. With terpolymers, in which the porphyrin is covalently bound to the copolymer the same phenomenon is observed. Only the high spin Fe(II) porphyrin adducts in the solid state adsorb molecular oxygen like cobalt(II) porphyrins under the same conditions. Adsorptions and desorptions of oxygen are much slower in the cases of iron(II) porphyrins than with the cobalt(II) porphyrins. Electronic and ESR spectra as well as susceptibility measurements were used to characterize the reported spin states.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780602
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  • 164
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    Synthesis of a metal containing ladder-polymer by solid-state polymerization of bis(1,3-pentadiynyl)mercury (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1671-1677 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Bis(1,3-pentadiynyl)mercury (3) polymerizes quantitatively in the solid-state if irradiated with UV-light or annealed at 100-200°C. The polymer shows resonant Raman frequencies at 1412, 1454, 2024, and 2070cm-1 typical for polymers containing butadiynyl (diacetylene) groups. The intensity of IR peaks due to the monomer triple bonds at 2098 and 2220 cm-1 decreases during polymerization and vanishes at completion. From experimental evidences it is inferred that the polymerization is lattice controlled and can be described, similar to the solid state polymerization of butadiynyl derivatives, by the formation of a ladder polymer of two strands of a poly(2-butynediylidene) linked together by mercury.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780607
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  • 165
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    The oxidative coupling of 2,6-xylenol catalyzed by polymeric complexes of copper, 1. Kinetic study of the catalysis by copper(II)-complexes of partially aminated polystyrene (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 401-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The oxidative coupling reaction of 2,6-xylenol (3) catalyzed by copper(II) complexes of chemically modified polystyrene was investigated. Under the applied reaction conditions the main reaction product was 2,6,2′,6′-tetramethyl-1,1′-dioxo-4,4′-bicyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene (4). It was found that the polymeric complexes behave quite different from the low molecular analogue and that these differences can mainly be ascribed to a better complexation of copper within polymer coils. It appeared that a Michaelis-Menten description of the kinetics fits rather well when the concentration of the phenol was not too high.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780212
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  • 166
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    Effect of metal ion on the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 421-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) in the presence of various metal chlorides and water was investigated in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The order of catalytic activity of the metal chlorides for the polymerization of MMA is as follows: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm Hg}^{{\rm 2 + }} 〉 {\rm Cu}^{2 + } 〉 {\rm Zn}^{{\rm 2 + }} 〉 {\rm Cd}^{{\rm 2 + }} 〉 {\rm None} 〉 {\rm Co}^{{\rm 2 + }} 〉 {\rm Mn}^{2 + } 〉 {\rm Fe}^{3 + } $$\end{document}A complex formation between poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and the metal ions was observed from the measurement of the solution viscosity of PMMA in the presence of the same metal ions in DMF.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780214
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  • 167
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    Photosensitized polymerization of octyl methacrylate under high pressure (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 443-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By use of the rotating sector technique under high pressure, the changes of the rate constants of propagation and termination in the polymerization of octyl methacrylate, Photosensitized with 1,1′-azocyclohexane-1,1′-dicarbonitrile, were studied at 30°C over a pressure range of 1 to 1000 bar at 250 bar pressure intervals. The effects of pressure on the individual rate constants were determined and the activation volumes of propagation and termination were obtained as -24,7 and 20,8 cm3 mol-1, respectively. The overall activation volume was -19,2 cm3 mol-1. The effects were compared with the results for methyl and butyl methacrylate polymerizations. The increase in the size of the ester groups brought about a diminution in the value of the activation volume for the propagation reaction. The effect of pressure on the termination mechanism was discussed from the view point of the viscosity effect on the diffusion-controlled termination.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780216
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  • 168
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    A comparative electric birefringence study of hydroxyethyl cellulose and other cellulose derivatives in water (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 505-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Both the amplitude of the electric birefringence and the rotary relaxation time have been measured for each of six samples of hydroxyethyl cellulose in water in the molecular weight range 3.104 to 6.105. Both these electrical and hydrodynamical properties have been considered in terms of a number of conformation models including the rigid rod, the weakly bending rod, the worm-like coil, and the freely jointed chain. At sufficiently low molecular weight, rigid rod behaviour is indicated. This changes to a very flexible rod at higher molecular weights. In addition, a ratio of the electrical parameters as for an equivalent rod to the equivalent rod length indicates an important characteristic factor for these molecules which is a sensitive indicator of molecular flexibility. This is illustrated by comparing the data with similar results for other members of the cellulose family namely, amylose, methyl cellulose, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780221
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  • 169
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    Zur strukturbestimmung des 1,4-poly(2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadien)s durch 13C NMR-spektroskopieHerrn Prof. Dr. H. Kämmerer zu seinem 65. Geburtstag mit unseren besten Wünschen gewidmet (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 557-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: cis and trans Configuration of monomeric units in 1,4-poly(2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene), poly(1,2-dimethyl-1-butenylene), has been determined by 13C NMR spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780225
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  • 170
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    Polar effect in free volume theory for polymer solution thermodynamics (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 565-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polar effects on the thermodynamic properties of polymer solutions are treated within the framework of the free volume theory. The Sutherland potential and the dipole-dipole interaction are assumed to represent intermolecular interaction in a polar system, with an approximation concerning the radial distribution function. Application of the treatment to some polar systems shows that the theoretical %-parameters are smaller than the observed ones and than the calculated ones without regard to the polarity. The excess volume ratios are, however, nearer to the observed ones compared with those evaluated without the account of the polarity. Therefore, the present results are fairly good for strong polar solutions.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780226
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  • 171
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    Alternating copolymerization of acrylonitrile with butadiene in the presence of binary and ternary catalytic systems of Lewis acids type (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1915-1922 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Acrylonitrile (AN) and butadiene (BD) were copolymerized in the presence of binary C2H5AlCl2—MtXn (MtXn = metal halide or metal alkoxide) and ternary ZnCl2—RmMtXn—VOCl3 (RmMtXn = metal alkyl or alkylmetal chloride) catalytic systems. The yield of the copolymer (mole ratio of units AN/BD = 1:1) formed in the presence of the above systems, and the effects of the molar proportion of catalyst components, of the reaction temperature and time on the copolymer yield in some systems were determined. The role of individual components of binary and ternary catalytic systems in the copolymerization is discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780705
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  • 172
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    Application of spin trapping technique to radical polymerization, 15.Part 14: cf.7. Photo-decomposition of dibenzoyl disulfide and evaluation of relative reactivities of vinyl monomers toward the benzoylthiyl radical (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1951-1958 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism of photo-decomposition of dibenzoyl disulfide (DBDS) in benzene or in monomers, and the evaluation of relative reactivities of various vinyl monomers toward the benzoylthiyl radical (4) were investigated by means of the spin trapping technique using 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane (BNO). When DBDS photo-decomposed in benzene at 22±2°C in the presence of BNO, both 4 and benzoyl radicals were trapped as their nitroxyl radicals, indicating that both S—S and C—S bonds in DBDS were decomposed during its photolysis. However, when the photo-decompositions were performed in the monomers, propagating radicals (7) were trapped, but no allyl-type radicals (11). The coupling constants of the nitroxyl radicals of various propagating radicals were determined. From the ESR spectra of the systems DBDS/vinyl monomers/methyl methacrylate (as reference)/BNO the relative concentrations of the nitroxyls, [8]/[10, X = COOCH3], were determined by computer simulation, and the relative reactivities of the vinyl monomers toward 4 were estimated. It was found that the relative reactivities of these monomers are correlated with their e values to give a linear relationship with a negative slope, similar to those toward the tert-butoxyl radical found in the previous paper.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780709
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  • 173
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    Asymmetric oxidation of sulfides with N-chloro-nylon-6.6 in the presence of optically active alcohols (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 683-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Treatment of sulfides with N-chloro-nylon-6.6 in the presence of water or alcohols affords the corresponding sulfoxides in good yields. 18O is incorporated in the corresponding sulfoxides by oxidation using H2 18O as oxygen source. A remarkable retardation of the oxidation is observed in the case of using alcohols with a bulky group. In the presence of optically active alcohols, the oxidation of sulfides results in the formation of optically active sulfoxides. The stereochemical route for the asymmetric oxidation is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780305
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  • 174
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    Synthese und halbleitereigenschaften von phthalocyaninartigen polymeren mit Tetrathiafulvalen-EinheitenHerrn Prof. Dr. Werner Schulze, Berlin, zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet. (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 715-722 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 4,5,4′,5′-Tetracyano-2,2′-bi-1,3-dithiolylidene (tetracyanotetrathiafulvalene) (1) was found to react with metal acetylacetonates (2a-m) to give dark, insoluble, and infusible polymers 3a-m with phthalocyaninelike structure. The electrical conductivity of the polymers was investigated (σ298K 〈 6·10-5 Ω-1 cm-1), and a linear relationship between the logarithm of the electrical conductivity and the activation energy of the different polymers was found (compensation effect). Measurements of the thermoelectric power proved p-conduction.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780308
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  • 175
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    New catalysts for the oxidative polymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol, 2.Part 1: cf.7. Complexes of manganese with toluene-3,4-dithiol and with 2,3-dimercaptomaleodinitrileDedicated to Prof. Dr. Georg Manecke for his 60th birthday (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 733-740 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It was found that the manganese complex formed from toluene-3,4-dithiol and MnCl2 (Mn-TDT) and the complex formed from disodium 1,2-dicyanoethylenedithiolate (maleonitriledithiol) (Mn-MNT) show high activities as catalysts for the oxidative polymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol. Mn-TDT is active only in the presence of an alkaline agent such as potassium hydroxide. Its activity is still higher when it is synthesized in ethanol and isolated just before use. Mn-MNT is similarly active without being isolated, and it is active even in the absence of potassium hydroxide when the mole ratio MNT/Mn is high. This is probably due to the alkaline character of MNT. Mn-TDT or Mn-MNT complex produce poly[oxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)] selectively, and no formation of the diphenoquinone 2,2′,6,6′-tetramethyl-1,1′-dioxo-4,4′-bicyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene was observed.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780310
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  • 176
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    Über die druckabhängigkeit der viskoelastischen und physikalisch-chemischen eigenschaften von polymeren, 2.Teil 1: cf.14. Spezifisches volumen und thermische ausdehnung einiger polymeren beim schmelzen und kristallisieren (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 2037-2047 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of specific volumes are described as function of temperature and pressure of melting or crystallizing linear polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene, and polyoxymethylene. A pressure range of 50 to 1600 bar permits determination of relative volume changes as function of temperature and pressure. Pressure influence on melting points, temperature hysteresis between melting and crystallization and their volume changes as well as the thermodynamic driving force of phase change have been investigated. Clausius-Clapeyron's equation permits calculation of heats of crystallization.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780718
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  • 177
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    Zur entschmierung der röntgenkleinwinkelstreukurven von hochpolymeren (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 2079-2087 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A method for slit-hight corrections is described, in which the experimental X-ray small angle scattering curve is represented by a cubic spline function. This method is applied on the theoretical scattering curve of spherical particles with homogenious electron-density and on scattering curves of poly(hexamethylene adipate).
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780722
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  • 178
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    The persistence of birefringence of polyethylene above its melting temperatureThis work has been supported in part by the Armstrong Cork Co. and the National Science Foundation (Grant GH 42634X). (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 843-862 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It has long been known that polyethylene shish-kebob crystals show birefringence which can persist up to 150°C or higher, while the equilibrium melting temperature is 141,4°C. Birefringence in macromolecules may be due to crystallinity or to orientation in the amorphous state. By carrying out parallel birefringence and heat of fusion measurements it is shown that polyethylene shish-kebob crystals are metastable and have a zero entropy production melting temperature of 134-135°C. Their melting region is shifted to higher temperature due to effects of orientation in the amorphous portions of partially crystallized molecules.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780320
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  • 179
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    Influence of the nature of the solvent on the lamellar crystalline structure of block copolymers with an amorphous block and a crystallizable poly(ethylene oxide) block (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 2071-2078 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Block copolymers of styrene and ethylene oxide, (SEO), and of butadiene and ethylene oxide, (BEO), in the presence of a preferential solvent of the amorphous block exhibit always a lamellar structure (LC) with crystallized and folded poly(ethylene oxide) chains at temperatures below about 50°C.To precise the influence of the nature of the solvent on the refolding of the poly(ethylene oxide) chains (PEO), we have studied by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry the LC structure of the copolymers BEO and SEO in the presence of different solvents for the amorphous block. The copolymers SEO were studied in the presence of xylene, toluene and diethyl phthalate. Diethyl phthalate being a bad solvent for polybutadiene, the copolymers BEO were studied only in the solvents xylene and toluene.The influence of the nature of the solvent on the extent of the domain where the LC structure exists, on the refolding, and on the crystallinity of the poly(ethylene oxide) blocks is demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780721
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  • 180
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    Heats of mixing of polyriboadenylic acid and polyribouridylic acid in aqueous NaCl solution (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 2117-2124 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The heats of mixing of polyriboadenylic acid (Poly A) and polyribouridylic acid (Poly U) in various proportions by changing the mole ratio n = [Poly U]/[Poly A] in 0,001, 0,1, and 0,5 molar NaCl solutions containing 0,1 molar tris-HCl buffer solution were measured. Constant values for the heats of mixing of the (Poly A+n Poly U) system are found for n ≤ 1 and n ≥ 2. From the results of UV and CD spectra, it may be considered that the mixing of Poly A and n (Poly U) leads to the formation of Poly(A+U) for n ≤ 1, and to that of Poly(A+2U) for n ≥ 2, even at [NaCl] = 0,001 mol/l.The enthalpies of formation of Poly(A+U) and that of Poly(A+2U) depend on the concentration of NaCl. This dependence may be attributed to the differences in conformation of Poly(A+U) in NaCl solution.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780725
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  • 181
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    The stability and chemical stress relaxation of peroxide cured polyurethane elastomers (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 2097-2116 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The chemical stress relaxation of two polyurethane elastomers Genthane S and Adiprene CM has been studied in air and in nitrogen in the temperature range 60 to 150°C. Both continuous and intermittent stress relaxation measurements were made on well characterized samples covering a range of crosslink densities. Scission and crosslinking reactions were observed for both the polyester based Genthane S and the polyether based Adiprene CM. The degradation of Genthane S is largely non oxidative and the scission reaction involves the main chain. The behaviour of Adiprene CM under nitrogen broadly resembles that of Genthane S; it differs from Genthane S in that it also undergoes an oxidative reaction. Activation energies for the scission and crosslinking processes were evaluated from kinetic analysis. Pretreatment of the elastomers with isocyanates inhibits both of these reactions. A mechanism involving the urethane group is proposed to account for the degradation behaviour and the role of water in this respect is discussed briefly.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780724
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  • 182
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    Novel initiators for cationic polymerization of olefinic monomers. Application to cationic grafting (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 2139-2140 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780730
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  • 183
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    Aminolyses of monomeric and polymeric 4-nitrophenyl esters of N-methacryloylamino acids (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 2159-2168 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 4-Nitrophenyl esters of N-methacryloylamino acids and their copolymers with N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamide were synthesized. The effect of the ester and amine structure and of the reaction medium on the rate constant of aminolysis was studied.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780803
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  • 184
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    On the kinetics of the polymerization of some ammonium methacrylates with different alkyl chain lengths in aqueous solution (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 2205-2210 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Methacryloyloxyalkyltrimethylammonium chlorides (1a-c) with different alkyl chain lengths were synthesized and polymerized radically with 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanovalerianic acid) and K2S2O8 as initiators. With K2S2O8 as initiator, reaction orders of 0,5 and 1 with respect to initiator and monomer, were found. For the ionic monomers with longer alkyl chains the ratio of rate constants kp(2fkd/kt)0,5 was determined over a wide concentration range. It was found that with decreasing monomer concentration the ratio of rate constants increases, which is caused by a diminished termination rate because of an increased electrostatic repulsion of the ionic polymer radicals in dilute solution (increase of dissociation). Methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride (1a) doesn't show this effect. This can be explained by the diminished effective charge of the ammonium group in the preferred gauche conformation of the molecule.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780807
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  • 185
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    Studies on polymerizations initiated by syncatalytic systems based on aluminium organic compounds, 6Part 5: cf.6.. Comparison with isobutene polymerizations initiated by ethylaluminium dichloride or aluminium trichloride (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 2223-2234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The results of previous studies carried out on the polymerization of isobutene initiated by diethylaluminium halides plus halogens are compared with results obtained with other syncatalytic systems such as diethylaluminium chloride (or triethylaluminium) plus hydrochloric acid (or tert-butyl chloride), as well as with results obtained with aluminium compounds such as ethylaluminium dichloride or aluminium trichloride which do not require co-initiators to initiate the polymerization of isobutene. The kinetic data indicate clearly that the polymerization of isobutene initiated by syncatalytic systems is characterized by a relatively slow initiation and by the absence of important termination reactions and of transfer with monomer. In contrast to this, the polymerizations initiated by strong Lewis acids such as ethylaluminium dichloride or aluminium trichloride show a much faster initiation and stop at incomplete conversion which indicates that at least one efficient termination reaction is operative. It is also demonstrated that this termination reaction produces at least one substance which acts as a co-initiator for the isobutene polymerization initiated by diethylaluminium halides or triethylaluminium.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780809
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  • 186
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    Untersuchungen zur kinetik der polykondensation von sebacoylchlorid mit α,ω-alkandiolenHerrn Professor Dr. Georg Manecke zum 60. Geburtstag. (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 2257-2260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of polycondensation of sebacoyl chloride with α,ω-alkane dioles HO - (CH2)n - OH (5≤n≤10) in dioxane can be described by a second order law related to the functional groups. The rate constants at a given temperature have all the same value within the accuracy of the measurements. The mean values of the rate constants are k=0,63·10-3mol-1ls-1 (T=299,9 K),k=1,19·10-3mol-1ls-1 (T=312,9 K), and k=2,98·10-3mol-1l s-1 (T=331,8 K). Thus, these polycondensation reactions are independent of the chain length of the α,ω-dioles. The mean activation energy is EA=41 kJ mol-1 and the pre-exponential factor is A=8,5·10×3 mol-1ls-1.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780812
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  • 187
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    Effect of water on the polymerization of α-substituted acrylate by anionic initiation (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1215-1219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780424
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  • 188
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    ω-Helical features in the synthetic polypeptide poly(N∊-acetoacetyl-L-lysine) (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1201-1203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780421
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  • 189
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    Functional monomers and polymers, 40Part 39: M. Miyata, K. Takemoto, Polym. J. 9, 111 (1977). A convenient synthesis of N-(2-methacryloyloxy)ethyl derivatives of nucleic acid bases (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1211-1214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780423
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  • 190
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    Spektroskopische analyse mehrfacher methacrylsäureester von oligo[(2-hydroxy-1,3-phenylen)methylen]en mittels UV-, IR-, 1H NMR- und massenspektrenHerrn Prof. Dr. Franz Patat mit allen guten Wünschen zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1229-1247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The structures of two homologous series of oligo[(2-hydroxy-1,3-phenylene)methylene]s completely esterified with methacrylic acid, were spectroscopically analysed. The molar decadal absorption coefficients of ultraviolet absorption maxima of the two homologous series confirm Hunter's relation. The vinylidene, ester, and substitution bands of the infrared spectra as well as the mass spectra agree with the accepted structures. The 1H NMR spectra permit to differentiate between exterior and interior groups of the molecules.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780502
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  • 191
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    Application of spin trapping technique to radical polymerization, 13Part 12: Makromol. Chem. 178, 1259 (1977), preceding paper. Polymerization of methyl methacrylate with 1,2,3,10a-tetrahydrophenanthrene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1267-1276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with 1,2,3,10a-tetrahydrophenanthrene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride (TH) (10), which is a stable Diels-Alder adduct of α-vinylnaphthalene and maleic anhydride, was investigated by kinetic and spin trapping methods. TH could induce radical polymerizations of MMA and methyl acrylate with a considerably high rate, and the rate of polymerization (Rp) of MMA was found to follow the equation: Rp = k[TH]0,3 [MMA]1,6. The overall activation energy and the chain transfer constant to TH for this polymerization were determined to be 47,7 kJ/mol and 0,52, respectively. From these results, an initiation mechanism involving a hydrogen-transfer from TH to MMA was proposed, which is similar to Mayo's initiation mechanism for the thermal polymerization of styrene. To confirm this mechanism, the spin trapping technique was applied. The results obtained regarding the trapping of the initiating radicals supported this hydrogen-transfer initiation mechanism.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780505
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  • 192
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    Réactions primaires de dégradation oxydante au cours de l'autoxydation du poly(oxytétraméthylène) à 25°C, 4Partie 3: cf3. Discussion du schéma réactionnel (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1327-1339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Results from previous publications of the series are interpreted and discussed in terms of a reaction scheme. Probabilities of the different non-terminating reactions of α-alkoxyalkylperoxy radicals during the autoxidation of solutions of poly(oxytetramethylene) 10-2 g cm-3 ≤ c ≤ 6.10-2 g cm-3 were determined as follows: for the H atom abstraction = 0,2-0,4, for the monomolecular decomposition (reference) = 1, and for the non-terminating bimolecular reaction = 7-10.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780510
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  • 193
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    A polymer model of lignin (D.H.P.) 13C selectively labelled at the benzylic positions: Synthesis and NMR study (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1477-1495 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: D.H.P. polymer model of Lignin was synthesized by enzymatic dehydrogenation of coniferyl alcohol enriched to 90% in 13C-γ, on the benzylic position. On the 1H NMR spectrum recorded at 250 MHz, of the 13C labelled D.H.P., the study of the JCH-γ couplings, made possible a precise assignment of proton signals. The 13C NMR spectra showed that the 13C-γ carbon atom previously labelled in coniferyl alcohol was found in several sites in the polymer. Special NMR techniques like gate decoupling and selective proton irradiation were used together with the study of the chemical shifts, to make an assignment for the different 13C-γ signals. C-γ in carbonyl compounds like vanillin and vanillic acid, C-γ vinylic atom like in coniferyl alcohol and cinnamaldehyde. C-γ atom like in β—5, β—β, β—O—4 dilignol units, and C-γ atom involved in C-γ benzyl ether bond in β—O—4 dimer were identified; the corresponding JCH-γ couplings of these C-γ carbon atoms were determined.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780522
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  • 194
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    Bindungsfähigkeit von casein für natriumchlorid bei hohen wasseraktivitäten. Untersuchungen mit einer neuartigen isopiestischen sorptionsapparatur (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1535-1544 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A new isopiestic sorption apparatus and its application to the determination of the binding capacity of casein for sodium chloride are described. The method provides reliable binding values in equilibrium with salt solutions of medium and high concentrations.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780526
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  • 195
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    Phénomènes cinétiques associés à la transition vitreuse du polyisoprène de structure 1,4 prépondérante (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1561-1576 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermal behavior of polyisoprene with a high content of 1,4 structures prepared by anionic polymerization has been investigated in the glass transition interval by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). This polymer is of particular interest since it has a low glass transition temperature Tg and shows a substantial increase in heat capacity in the glass transition interval. When the thermal history of the polymer is fixed by linear cooling, the dependence of Tg (measured at the inflexion point of the experimental curve) on heating rate q, can be expressed by q=constant × exp{-E/(RTg)} where E varies from 127 to 144 kJ/mol when the cooling rate decreases from 80 to 1.25 K/min. It is shown that this behavior is consistent with a kinetic model for glass transition involving a simple relaxation process characterized by an energy of activation close to E.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780528
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  • 196
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    Anomalous temperature dependence of the viscosity of concentrated solutions of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 2953-2956 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021781019
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  • 197
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    Mehrparameterkorrelationen zur quantifizierung der kationischen copolymerisation von styrol und p-substituierten styrolen (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1853-1867 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: For cationic copolymerization of styrene and p-substituted styrenes the experimental aim values, ratio of monomer reactivity ratios (log(r1/r2)) and average degrees of polymerization (log P̄), can be connected by linear multiparameter equations with parameters characterizing the influence of monomer structure (Δσp), solvent (ET), the reaction temperature (T) and the catalyst activity (χkat.; εGlas/Kat.). The equations allow qualitative and partially quantitative predictions for the selectivity of the cross-propagation reaction in the copolymerization (log(r1/r2)).
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780625
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  • 198
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    Terpolymerization of polar vinyl monomers with butadiene and styrene in the presence of Lewis acids (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1873-1879 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Terpolymerizations of polar vinyl monomers, acrylonitrile, methyl acrylate, or methyl methacrylate with butadiene and styrene in the presence of ethylaluminium dichloride, zinc chloride, or other Lewis acids were carried out. The yield and the contents in monomer units of the terpolymer and the yields of the polar vinyl monomer/butadiene 1,4-cycloaddition byproduct formed in these systems were determined. Butadiene conversions in the above terpolymerizations and 1,4-cycloaddition side reactions were related to those in the copolymerization and 1,4-cycloaddition proceeding in corresponding binary systems without styrene. The results are discussed in terms of a radical polymerization and a polar 1,4-cycloaddition mechanisms.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780701
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  • 199
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    Functional metal-porphyrazine derivatives and their polymers, 1. Synthesis of metal-[2,9or10(or 2,16or17)bis(3,4-dicarboxybenzoyl)]phthalocyanine derivatives (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1889-1895 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The diimide of metal-[2,9or10(or 2,16or17)bis(3,4-dicarboxybenzoyl)]phthalocyanine(diPc) (where i = imide) 2 or 3 were prepared from 3,4,3′,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) (1), phthalic anhydride (PA), urea, and metal salts such as CuCl2, CoCl2, and FeCl3 etc. at 170°C. In the case of copper, the diPc monomer 2 or 3 and the dimer 4 or 5 could be synthesized. Those copper complexes are stable to all of the chemical procedures. However, the core metals of Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)-diPc were partially removed in the acid treatment. Metal phthalocyanine derivatives which have four carboxyl groups in the peripheral site, metal-[2,9or10(2,16or17)bis(3,4-dicarboxybenzoyl)] phthalocyanine(daPc) (a = acid) 6 or 7, were synthesized by hydrolysis of the metal-diPc. The metal-daPc are soluble in water, in aprotic solvents such as N,N′-dimethylformamide, and also in sulfuric acid. The physicochemical properties of some metal-daPc derivatives were investigated.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780703
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  • 200
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    Zur Taktizität von Poly(α-methylstyrol), 43. Mitteilung: K.-F. Elgert, R. Wicke, B. Stützel, W. Ritter, Polymer 16, 465 (1975).. Das 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektrum des 1,3,3-Trimethyl-1-phenylbutyllithiumAuszugsweise Veröffentlichung der Doktorarbeit R. Wicke, Freiburg 1976. (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 3063-3073 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The structure of 1,3,3-trimethyl-1-phenylbutyllithium (1b), which is a model compound for the active chain end in the polymerisation of α-methylstyrene with butyllithium, was investigated with 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The carbon-13 chemical shift of the αC-atom in benzene and tetrahydrofuran as solvent suggests a substantial sp2 hybridisation. The rotation of the aromatic ring around the bond (C6H5)—αC is hindered at room temperature. In benzene as solvent the carbon-13 resonances of the αC-atom and the aromatic C-atoms are strongly broadened. This broadening, caused by exchange reactions or 13C-7Li-coupling, can be interpreted by an interaction of the lithium atom with the aromatic ring. This interpretation of the 13C NMR spectra leads to a structure, in which the lithium is not located at the αC-atom but in the space over the bond (C6H5)—αC.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021781110
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