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  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (501)
  • 1978  (501)
  • Chemical Engineering  (394)
  • Physical Chemistry  (105)
  • Biochemistry
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vapor pressures of high-boiling liquid hydrocarbons (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 731-733 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240425
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vapor-liquid equilibrium measurements through vapor-adsorption chromatography (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 745-747 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240430
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemica1 reactor design for process plants, Howard F. Rose, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1977. Vol I - Principles and Techniques, 772 pp., $35.00; Vol 2 - Case Studies and Design Data, 242 pp, $20.00 (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 749-749 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240433
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of polymer additives on the gas-liquid mass transfer in stirred tanks (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 796-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of polymer additives upon the gas-liquid mass transfer in stirred tanks is examined. While the addition of sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose brings about a reduction of the overall liquid side mass transport coefficient which is in line with the predictions by earlier works, the reduction of kLa in polyacrylamide solutions of equal viscosity is much stronger. This is explained by the viscoelasticity of the PAA solutions, and an empirical correlation is proposed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240505
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleation and growth rates of ammonium chloride in organic media: Development of an on-line measurement technique (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 782-788 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nucleation and growth rates of small ammonium chloride crystals precipitated from organic mother liquors were measured with an electronic particle counter using an on-line measurement and data reduction technique. Current values for nucleation and growth rates could be obtained within a period of 3 min, thus permitting rapid scanning of variables affecting crystal size distribution. Population average sizes of 1 to 3μ were typically measured in these organic liquors. The average size of particles increased with increase in ammonium chloride solubility. Addition of surfactants (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium oleate) either had no effect on nucleation or inhibited growth and nucleation equally, thus did not change particle size. The average size of particles was slightly increased with addition of magnesium chloride.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240503
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shape of a vertical column of drops approaching an interface (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 811-817 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a close packed dispersion, a drop at the interface experiences forces from the drops above which affect its shape and rate of coalescence. The shape of a vertical column of two drops approaching either a horizontal plane or deformable fluid-liquid interface is considered here. The surface of the upper drop is sessile and that of the lower drop is defined by the differential equations governing the shape of an annular meniscus with apex. These have been integrated on a digital computer and the areas of the draining films between the two drops and between the lower drop and the interface obtained. The forces pressing on the films may also be obtained when the drop volumes are known and hence the ratio of the coalescence times of the upper and lower draining films. For equisized drops, the results indicate that the lower drop always coalesces with the upper drop before it coalesces with the bulk interface. When the lower drop approaches a deformable interface, the areas of the draining films are almost identical with those associated with a single drop to which the same vertical force is applied through a horizontal surface. Solutions for this case are already available and hence provide an estimate of the areas of the draining films associated with the bottom drop in a vertical column containing several drops.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240507
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perturbed hard chain theory for fluid mixtures: Thermodynamic properties for mixtures in natural gas and petroleum technology (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 849-860 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Perturbed-hard-chain theory for pure fluids, proposed previously by Beret, is modified slightly to yield better pure-component results. More important, it is extended to multicomponent mixtures.The perturbed-hard-chain theory is a synthesis of the polymer solution theories of Flory and Prigogine and the perturbed-hard-sphere theories of Alder and Barker and Henderson. The resulting equation of state is applicable to simple as well as complex molecules (for example, heptane, naphthalene, polystyrene). It can be used to calculate both gas and liquid phase properties. Extension of perturbed-hard-chain theory to mixtures is based on a one-fluid model without, however, making the usual assumption of random mixing.The perturbed-hard-chain theory has been applied to most fluids commonly encountered in natural-gas and petroleum refining operations. The theory gives good agreement with experiment for pure-component and fluid-mixture properties including vapor pressures, liquid densities, enthalpies, and K factors. Molecular parameters have been obtained for forty-five pure components and for more than sixty binary mixtures. Ternary and higher mixtures require no additional parameters.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240511
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catalytic hydrogenation of cyclohexene: Part II. Liquid phase reaction on supported platinum in a gradientless slurry reactor (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 904-911 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The areal rate of liquid phase hydrogenation of cyclohexene on supported platinum catalysts does not depend on the nature of the support. Nor does it depend on particle size of the metal. The rate constant is independent of the nature of the solvent when the concentration of hydrogen in it is expressed as its measured or calculated solubility. All observations are compatible with the idea that the measured rate is that of chemisorption of dihydrogen on a metal surface covered with reactive hydrocarbon intermediates.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240516
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of concentration on partitioning of polystyrene within finely porous glass (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 937-940 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240520
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Letters to the editor (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 943-943 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240524
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of the sorptional equilibrium relationship for the drying of foodstuffs (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 956-966 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: After existing correlations were reviewed to predict the equilibrium of foodstuffs with moist air, it was found that they were not adequate. A new equilibrium expression is presented on the basis of equal chemical potentials in the external and internal phases. The resulting equation can be used over most of the range of moisture contents of sugar based foodstuffs including the high moisture region; it also provides simple analytical expressions for the partial derivatives of moisture content with respect to temperature and to water vapor activity.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240604
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comprehensive experimental investigation of tubular entry flow of viscoelastic fluids. Part II. The velocity field in stable flow (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 992-999 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Center-line velocities and developing velocity profiles are presented for viscoelastic fluids flowing in a 2:1 and 4:1 abrupt entry contraction. Two flow regimes are clearly identified: a vortex growth regime and a divergent flow regime. Dramatic differences in the velocity field are observed and discussed for the two flow regimes. A kinematic model based on the velocity field data is proposed for vortex growth flow.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240608
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene catalyzed by sulfided CoO-MoO3γ-Al2O3: The reaction network (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1015-1021 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetics experiments have determined the reaction network in the hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene catalyzed by sulfided CoO-MoO3/γ-Al2O3 at 573°K and 102 atm. The predominant reaction is a direct sulfur extrusion, giving biphenyl and hydrogen sulfide; the biphenyl is subsequently hydrogenated slowly to give cyclohexylbenzene and then bicyclohexyl. Dibenzothiophene also undergoes a primary hydrogenation reaction preceding sulfur removal, but it is about one thousand times slower than the sulfur extrusion reaction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240611
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immobilization of glucose isomerase to cellulose (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1040-1046 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glucose isomerase was covalently bonded to Solka-floc and DEAE cellulose by several techniques. The best results were obtained with techniques that opened the crystalline structure of the cellulose and kept it that way during immobilization. The most active catalyst was prepared by mercerizing Solka-floc, cross-linking it in that expanded configuration with epoxides, and immobilizing the enzyme with cyanogen bromide. The second most active catalyst was made using DEAE cellulose and a mixture of di and tri-epoxides as immobilization reagent.The practical consequences of the results were tested by designing reactors to produce high fructose syrup using the activity and stability of several of the preparations. Since the activity decays with time, equations were developed to give the optimum time of running before the catalyst was discarded. The most promising one was the second most active; the most active catalyst yielded a production cost three times as great because of the large quantities of cyanogen bromide needed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240615
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Part II. Swarm of bubbles in a power law fluidR. A. Mashelkar is with the National Chemical Laboratory, Poona-8, India. (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1070-1076 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Sherwood number and the drag coefficient for a swarm of bubbles moving in a power law fluid are obtained by an approximate solution of equations of motion in the creeping flow regime. The effect of gas holdup on the motion and mass transfer of a swarm of bubbles with a mobile interface moving in a power law fluid was obtained using Happel's free surface cell model. Since the presence of surfactants may cause small bubbles to behave as solid spheres, expressions for Sherwood number and drag coefficient are also obtained by using the results of power-law fluid motion over assemblages of solid spheres. It is predicted that, unlike the case of a single bubble, the drag coefficient correction factor and the mass transfer correction factor decrease with increasing pseudoplasticity.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240619
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synchronized periodic operation of a plug flow reactor and bases of comparison (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1105-1108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240623
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaction kinetics in porous electrocatalysts (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1115-1118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240626
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Saturated liquid densities of normal fluids (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1127-1131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240630
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  • 119
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The properties of gases and liquids, Third Edition, Robert C. Reid, John M. Prausnitz and Thomas K. Sherwood, McGraw-Hill (1977), 688 pages, $27.50 (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1142-1142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240634
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  • 120
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction to chemical engineering, Edward F. Thompson/William Ceckler, McGraw-Hill, 1977. 701 + xi pages, price $21.50 (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1142-1142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240635
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  • 121
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240201
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  • 122
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Letters to the editor (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 158-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240122
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  • 123
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mixing and mass transfer at high liquid rates in the steady state counterflow operation of packed columns (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Carbon dioxide absorption profiles have been measured for high liquidgas ratios in an absorption column operated at atmospheric pressure under steady state counterflow conditions. Mixing and mass transfer parameters were extracted from these profiles using an extension of the technique described by Brittan (1967). The flow ranges covered are 15 〈 Res 〈 100 and 300 〈 ReL 〈 1 600.The dispersion data reflect the same trends as shown by dynamic testing methods (Woodburn, 1974). However, with decreasing liquid-gas ratios the effect of dispersion on steady state mass transfer becomes less significant than would be inferred from dynamic testing results.Under reverse gas flow conditions, the mass transfer coefficients corrected for the effects of axial dispersion show the same functional dependency on liquid rate as given by the Sherwood and Holloway (1940) correlation and provide a quantitative explanation for the anomalous behavior exhibited by their results in this liquid range.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240205
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  • 124
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic, transport, and deactivation rate interactions on steady state and transient responses in heterogeneous catalysis (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 212-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240209
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  • 125
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interfacial resistance to interphase mass transfer in quiescent two-phase systems (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 246-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Interfacial resistance to solute mass transfer between two unstirred immiscible fluids is theoretically calculated. Solute molecules are modeled as Brownian particles, bathed by homogeneous fluid continua when wholly immersed in either fluid, or else by heterogeneous fluid continua when instantaneously straddling the interface. These diffusing particles are assumed to be subjected to either repulsive or attractive conservative forces exerted on them by the interface. Additionally, their mobility is supposed affected by proximity to the interface. Circumstances are found to exist under which the interface may offer significant resistance to interphase transport. Surprisingly, conditions also exist in which the interface may actually offer a negative resistance to such solute transfer. In such cases, the presence of the interface enhances the overall interphase mass transfer rate.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240213
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  • 126
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A modification of regular solution theory to incorporate an improved approximation for pair distribution functions in mixtures (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 279-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The radial distribution functions for pairs in a fluid mixture can be closely approximated from known data on pair distribution functions pure components evaluated at a mean density determined by a properly defined average of molecular interaction parameters in the mixtures. This approximation has been used to replace the assumption about structure in mixtures inherent in the traditional regular solution theory. The result is a modified regular solution theory which gives an improvement in predicting excess thermodynamic functions and activity coefficients in mixtures involving appreciable differences in molecular size and shape.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240217
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  • 127
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parametric studies in industrial distillation: Part II. Heuristic optimization (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 316-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: State optimization should not be ignored in the evaluation of distillation alternatives. However, heuristic rank order algorithms can greatly simplify the analysis. Optimal operating pressures correlate well with feed bubble points, and intertower economic interactions are often small.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240221
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  • 128
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of acoustic velocities in nonideal gaseous mixtures (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 341-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240225
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  • 129
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of a self-consistent model to the permeability of a fixed swarm of permeable spheres (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 354-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240229
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  • 130
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    Electronic Resource
    Parameter estimation in engineering and science, by James V. Beck and Kenneth J. Arnold, published by John Wiley and Sons, 1977. 501 + XIX pages. $24.95 (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 367-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240233
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  • 131
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    Electronic Resource
    A constitutive equation for a viscoelastic interface (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 400-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A constitutive equation has been developed to relate surface stresses to the deformational history of an interface. This equation is designed to provide a unified description of complex interfacial rheological phenomena. New and as yet unreported behavior such as surface normal stresses and viscoelastic contributions to the dynamic surface tension are predicted.A monolayer of poly(vinyl alcohol) adsorbed at an air/water interface has been studied using a deep channel surface rheometer and the observed viscoelastic behavior shown to be fitted by the model.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240303
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  • 132
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theory of draw resonance: Part II. Power-law and maxwell fluids (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 423-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Employing the same kinematic wave theory used in the previous paper on Newtonian fluids (Part I), draw resonance in isothermal spinning is solved analytically for both power law and Maxwell fluids. The critical drawdown ratios at the onset of draw resonance are again found by equating twice the throughput wave residence time to the thread-line residence time yielding the same results reported by others through numerical calculations (Pearson and Shah, 1974; Fisher and Denn, 1976), thus confirming the premise that draw resonance is the result of the propagation of throughput waves.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240306
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  • 133
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The design of gas sparged devices for viscous liquid systems (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 454-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Design procedures for gas sparged contractors for both low and high viscosity liquids were developed to predict overall kLa. Bubble size close to the orifice, for moderately high gas rates, was found to increase at a rate proportional to one third power of gas rate and one tenth power of liquid viscosity. Bubble breakup phenomenon was shown to be related to liquid turbulence in the vessel rather than gas turbulence in the orifice. Procedures were developed through a simple liquid circulation model to obtain a criterion for the onset of bubble breakup. Results indicate that intense liquid mixing and high interfacial area can be achieved in low viscosity liquids by gas sparging alone. In high viscosity fluids, bubble breakup was not observed. The liquid circulation model predicts laminar flow at these experimental conditions over the complete range of gas rates observed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240310
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  • 134
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Real-time estimation of aerobic batch fermentation biomass concentration by component balancing (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 138-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Real-time estimates of biomass concentration and growth rate in fermentation processes were obtained by performing a material balance on oxygen and employing a kinetic model for molecular oxygen utilization. A model containing yield and maintenance terms was satisfactory in fermentations where only the EMP and TCA pathways were utilized for glucose metabolism. However, model alterations based on metabolic energetics were required before accurate estimates were obtained for a metabolically complex fermentation producing bakers yeast.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240116
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  • 135
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    Electronic Resource
    Thermodynamics: Fundamentals, applications, Otto Redlich, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 77 pages, $38.50 (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 157-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240120
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  • 136
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bounds and approximate solutions to linear problems with nonlinear boundary conditions: Solidification of a slab (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In solidification, one is primarily interested in the movement of the solid-liquid interface and not in the details of the internal temperature distribution. This is parallelled in many other processes of practical interest. Because of the linearity of the governing equation, one may readily obtain an integral relationship between the system variables, as expressed by the moment equations. By further introducing physically reasonable assumptions, one obtains bounding or approximate solutions, some of which are simple but accurate analytic expressions.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240202
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  • 137
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On singular policies in the optimal distribution of a bifunctional catalyst: Part I. Effect of reaction kinetics (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Results are presented on the affects of kinetic changes on optimal, bifunctional, catalyst distribution policies for a consecutive two-reaction sequence in a plug flow tubular reactor. Earlier results on singular control arising from reversible reactions are extended to include inhibition or activation. These may arise from the affects of any reactant or product on the rate or from a subsequent or preceding reaction in a sequence. The system equations are written in dimensionless form to provide efficient computations and to allow analytic interpretation of numerical results from previous studies.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240206
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  • 138
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solubilities of heavy hydrocarbons in compressed methane, ethane, and ethylene: Dew-point temperatures for gas mixtures containing small and large molecules (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 223-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solubilities of heavy hydrocarbons in compressed gases were measured in the region 50° to 170°C for hexadecane, bicyclohexyl, diphenylmethane, and 1-methyl naphthalene and in the region 165° to 272°C for eicosane and squalane. Measurements were made in the pressure region 9 to 80 atm. The solubility data were reduced to yield second virial cross coefficients B12. To interpret the B12 data, a square-well potential was used; the characteristic size of the large molecule is given by the mean radius of gyration which takes into account the variety of molecular conformations. Calculated results give good agreement with new as well as previously published B12 data.Illustrative calculations indicate how the results obtained here may be used to make dew-point calculations in multicomponent systems containing both small and large molecules.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240210
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  • 139
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The homogeneous nucleation of bubbles in superheated binary liquid mixtures (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 260-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown how to apply homogeneous nucleation theory to predict the limits of superheat of multicomponent liquid mixtures. Measurements of such limits for n-pentane-n-hexane, n-hexane-cyclohexane, benzene-cyclohexane, and benzene-n-hexane mixtures as a function of composition are presented and compared with theory.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240215
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  • 140
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vapor-liquid equilibria using UNIFAC, Aage Fredenslund, Jurgen Gmehling and Peter Rasmussen, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam and New York, 1977. 380 pages. $59.75 (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 558-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240330
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  • 141
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mixing of solids in slugging gas fluidized beds (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 561-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measurements have been made of axial solids mixing in fluidized beds of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.22 m diameter with a variety of materials at atmospheric pressure. Round nosed slugs, raining slugs, and turbulent bubbling have been investigated. Raining slugs occur with coarser materials. With cracking catalyst round nosed slugs form readily in the smaller diameter beds, but in the largest bed, breakdown to the turbulent state was normal. A model has been developed to predict the axial solids mixing in a slugging fluidized bed containing round nosed slugs. The model supposes that each slug is followed by a well-mixed wake and a piston flow region. The model predicts well the scale effect noted by W. G. May. Axial mixing is fast for round nosed slugs, falls for turbulent bubbling, and is low for raining slugs.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240402
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  • 142
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance of slurry and trickle-bed reactors: Application to sulfur dioxide removal (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 286-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods are developed for predicting the performance of different types of three-phase reactors for removal of a gaseous reactant by catalytic reaction. The removal is assumed to occur by mass transport of reactant from gas-to-liquid and liquid-to-catalyst particle and then by intraparticle diffusion and reaction in the liquid filled pores. The method is applied to the oxidation of sulfur dioxide at 25°C and 1 atm using activated carbon, in the presence of water, as a catalyst. Slurry, trickle-bed, and counterflow packed-bed reactors are compared in terms of the key variables affecting the fraction of sulfur dioxide reacted.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240218
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  • 143
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parametric studies in industrial distillation: Part III. Design methods and their evaluation (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 323-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Distillation networks are described as sets of composition nodes which are used to estimate material and energy balances. Comparisons with equialent, equilibrium stage models indicate that these simplified design methods consistently result in small, but acceptable, overdesign, even when applied to complex, thermally coupled tower configurations.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240222
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  • 144
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Velocity distributions in die swell (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 664-671 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Photographs of tracer particles were used to measure axial and transverse velocity components throughout the entire die swell region in a slit die. Laminar extrusion was investigated for two fluids: a viscoelastic concentrated solution of a polyacrylamide in glycerin and water and a highly viscous, nearly Newtonian, silicone oil. The die swell region extends upstream to the viscometric flow region and downstream to the relaxed portion of the extrudate. The data are used to evaluate several theories of die swell.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240414
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  • 145
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics and control of the activated sludge wastewater process (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 693-698 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dynamics of the activated sludge process are governed under certain conditions by interactions between the reactor and settler through sludge recycle. Settler underloading can lead to extremely sluggish system response, indicating that effective sludge height regulation is an important control objective. This objective may be in conflict with the need to maintain small variations in reactor solids concentration. An effective compromise can be achieved by using ratio control on both sludge recycle and settler underflow. This control policy does not require sludge storage.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240418
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  • 146
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Free energy explanation of separative work (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 726-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240423
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  • 147
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    Electronic Resource
    Inferential control of processes: Part II. The structure and dynamics of inferential control systems (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 492-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The static estimator of part I is incorporated into a dynamic control system. The system structure minimizes output feedback and thereby achieves stability even in the event of significant modeling errors. This inherent stability permits the use of simple and economical lead-lag compensation for the estimator and controller portions of the system. The overall system response to disturbances is similar to that of feed-forward control systems.The proposed control system structure is used to infer and control the overhead and bottoms product compositions of a simulated multicomponent distillation. Product compositions are inferred from selected stage temperature and process flow measurements. Inferential control system response to various disturbances is comparable or superior to that of a tuned composition feedback control system for both single product control and for simultaneus overhead and bottoms product control.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240314
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  • 148
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    The kinetics of sorption in a biporous adsorbent particle (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 531-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240319
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  • 149
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    Electronic Resource
    The prediction of desorption times for fixed-bed adsorbers (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 540-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240323
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  • 150
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mechanisms of transfer of hydrophobic coated mineral matter particles from a hydrocarbon to an aqueous phase (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 788-795 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A solid/liquid separation process based on the transfer of hydrophobic coated mineral particles from a hydrocarbon to an aqueous phase is described. This process could be used, for example, to remove mineral matter from coal derived liquids in order to meet fuel specifications. A model system which involves hydrophobic, asphaltic, coated mineral matter particles in a model liquid, xylene, was used in conjunction with the mechanistic studies. The mineral matter distribution coefficient to the aqueous phase decreases rather than increases with time in batch experiments. Five asymptotic models based on the fate of the surface active chemical at long time are investigated. Included were adsorption on the mineral matter particle, adsorption at the oil/water interface, distribution of the surfactant to the aqueous phase, complete detergency, and partial detergency. Experimental data on the influence of surfactant concentration, contact time, water/oil ratio, and shear are consistent only with the partial detergency model.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240504
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  • 151
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variable elimination for optimization with difficult explicit inequality constraints (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 534-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240320
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  • 152
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regimes of fluidization for large particles (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 543-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240324
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  • 153
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    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of thermodynamic properties for binary, ternary, and quinary gas mixtures (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 555-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240328
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  • 154
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    Multicomponenb diffusion, E. L. Cussler, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York and Amsterdam, 1976. 176 pp. $24.95 (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 559-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240331
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  • 155
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    Underground coal gasification (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 753-781 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Underground coal gasification (UCG) is a method whereby the mining and conversion of coal are accomplished in a single step. Many field tests of UCG have been operated worldwide since the 1930's with varying degrees of success; based on this experience (especially in the USSR and United States), a field design which is applicable to a wide range of geological conditions and coal properties has evolved. This review discusses the rationale of this design and provides a physicochemical interpretation for the operation of a UCG system. Pertinent field and laboratory results as well as formal mathematical models of an in situ gasifier are evaluated as part of the analysis.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240502
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  • 156
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    A model for moving-bed coal gasification reactors (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 885-903 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A steady state model of moving-bed coal gasification reactors has been developed. Model predictions are in agreement with published commercial plant data for Lurgi pressurized gasification reactors and a pilot plant slagging gasifier. The dependence of reactor performance on operating variables has been studied for Illinois and Wyoming coals. For a given coal, maximum efficiency is determined by the coal-to-oxygen feed ratio. The location of the maximum temperature, which defines the combustion zone, is an important operating variable. Efficient operation of the dry ash reactor cannot be carried out below a critical feed gas temperature because of insufficient gasification and excessive carbon loss in the ash.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240515
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  • 157
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    Transient gas-liquid flow in horizontal pipes: Modeling the flow pattern transitions (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 920-934 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The theory for predicting flow pattern transition under transient flow conditions is developed and compared with experiment. This work represents an extension of the methods presented by Taitel and Dukler (1976) for steady state flows. Under transient conditions, flow pattern transitions can take place at flow rates substantially different than would occur under steady flow conditions. In addition, flow patterns can appear which would not be expected for a slow change in flow rates along that same path. Methods are presented for predicting the flow rates at which flow pattern transitions will take place during flow transients. The method also reveals when spurious flow patterns will appear.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240518
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  • 158
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    Cold flow mixing rates with recirculation for pulverized coal reactors (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1029-1035 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mixing of particles and gases in confined, coaxial jets in the presence of recirculation was studied. Particle and gas mixing rates were measured for conditions simulating processes involving pulverized coal combustion and entrained gasification. The effects of mixing chamber diameter, gas velocity, particle size, and particle loading level on mixing rates were determined from particle mass flux and gas tracer measurements. In every case, the gas mixed much faster than did the particles. Introduction of an expanded mixing chamber of larger diameter (with recirculation zone) significantly increased both gas and particle mixing rates over that for a smaller mixing chamber without recirculation. However, this observed increase was not strongly dependent upon the diameter of the larger mixing chamber. Increasing secondary velocity also increased mixing rates significantly.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240613
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  • 159
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    Bubble motion and mass transfer in non-Newtonian fluids: Part I. Single bubble in power law and Bingham fluids (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1063-1070 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Sherwood number and drag coefficient for a single gas bubble moving in a power law fluid and a Bingham plastic fluid are obtained using perturbation methods. The perturbation parameters for power law and Bingham plastic fluids are m (= n - 1/2) and E (= τoR/Uμo), respectively. It is found that in the case of power law fluid, mass transfer and drag increase with increasing pseudoplasticity. These theoretical results are found to be in good agreement with the available experimental data and the data obtained in the present study. In the case of Bingham plastic fluid, mass transfer and drag are found to increase with increase in the Bingham number NB (= 2ε). Contours of plug flow regions, where local stresses are less than the yield stress, are obtained as a function of the Bingham number NB. These results qualitatively predict the zero terminal velocity observed for bubble motion in liquids with very high yield stress. They are also in good agreement with the trends of the results obtained previously for solid sphere motion in Bingham plastic fluids.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240618
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  • 160
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    Hydrodynamics and solid-liquid contacting effectiveness in trickle-bed reactors (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1087-1104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240622
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  • 161
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    Restricted diffusion of liquids in microporous catalysts (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1118-1122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240627
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  • 162
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    An approximate theory of interfacial tensions of multicomponent systems: Applications to binary liquid-vapor tensions (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1010-1014 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Formulas obtained by approximation of the rigorous expression for the interfacial tension of multicomponent, polyatomic fluids are shown to provide accurate and simple estimates of the composition dependence of the surface tension of nonaqueous, binary solutions at low vapor pressures. Similar formulas are recommended for multicomponent (that is, more than two components) solutions.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240610
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  • 163
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    Second virial coefficients of water pollutants (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1112-1115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240625
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  • 164
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    Gas solubilities near the solvent critical point (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1122-1125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240628
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  • 165
    Electronic Resource
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    Free radical transport in a photochemical reactor (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1134-1137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240632
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  • 166
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    Control of air pollution sources, J. M. Marchello, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1976. 630 pages. $54.50 (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1143-1143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240637
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  • 167
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    Phase equilibria and fluid properties in the chemical industry, Edited by: T. S. Storvick and S. I. Sandler, ACS Symposium Series 60 (1977) $32.00. American Chemical Society, 537 pages (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1142-1142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240636
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  • 168
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    Erratum (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1143-1143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240638
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  • 169
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    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of parameters for nonlinear thermodynamic models (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 20-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method based on the maximum likelihood principle has been developed for the determination of model parameters from experimental data when all the measured variables are subject to error. In addition to the best estimates of the parameters, this method also yields information useful in selection of appropriate models and evaluation of the accuracy of the data. Application of the method is illustrated in the reduction of binary vapor-liquid equilibrium data.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240103
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  • 170
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scaling laws and the differential equations of an entrained flow coal gasifier (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 55-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A formal order of magnitude analysis was applied to the differential equations describing mass, momentum, and energy transport in an axially translating, vortex flow field and used to determine the importance of various terms. Significant dimensionless parameters, suitable for establishing scaling laws, appear naturally from the equations. Among the important parameters are the swirl number, geometric scale ratio, Froude number, and particle loading ratio. These parameters were combined to establish rules for complete similarity between a model and a prototype gasifier.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240107
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  • 171
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    Electronic Resource
    Aeration and mixing in deep tank fermentation systems (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 63-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen transfer characteristics for three sizes of equipment, from 76 mm to 7.6 m in diameter and for liquid depths from 4 to 21 m, correlate well and permit scaling of fermentation systems in size. Simple orifice inlets for gas flow, uniformly distributed over a tank bottom, effect rapid mixing and permit very high oxygen demands to be met. Supersaturation provides dissolved gases for the flotation and solids separation as an inherent processing procedure. Nearly uniform bulk liquid composition and a linear decrease of gas phase composition with depth permit a proper, integrated value of the oxygen saturation driving force to be employed. Results provide the design basis for large scale aeration systems which offer potential savings in both capital and energy.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240108
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  • 172
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of kinetic structure of reaction mixtures of irreversible first-order reaction (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 116-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A synthesis method for the kinetically consistent structure of reaction mixtures is developed based on elementary structures of reaction mixtures and rate expressions for product lumps of nth order. Knowledge of product lumps and experimental kinetic data on each of the lumps are required for the synthesis of kinetic structure. Rate constants for all reaction paths and initial lumps from which all the product lumps originate can be determined.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240113
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  • 173
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    Electronic Resource
    Absorption of sulfur dioxide into water (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 147-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240117
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  • 174
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    Introduction to engineering thermodynamics, H. F. Silver and J. E. Nydahl, West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota (1977). 557 pages. $1 5.95 (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 157-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240121
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  • 175
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    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of flow separation in hydrodynamic chromatography of polymer latexes (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 204-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis is presented for the flow separation process in hydrodynamic chromatography along with comparisons to experimental data. The flow separation model is based on calculations for the convected Brownian motion of colloidal particles in a capillary tube in the presence of a force field. The results indicate the role of the relevant experimental parameters in the separation process.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240208
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  • 176
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adsorption rate on molecular sieving carbon by chromatography (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 237-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Diffusivities in the micropore and adsorption equilibrium constants were determined for neon, argon, krypton, xenon, nitrogen, methane, ethylene, ethane, propylene, propane, n-butane, and benzene on molecular sieving carbon by chromatographic measurement and moment analysis. Isosteric heat of adsorption was found to be 2.6 times heat of vaporization for the gases examined here. Two separate linear relations were obtained between activation energies of diffusion in micropore and isosteric heats of adsorption for rare gases, methane, and benzene, and for n-paraffin and n-olefin except methane.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240212
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  • 177
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    Electronic Resource
    Critical points of mixtures: An analogy with pure fluids (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 267-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The thermodynamic properties of vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) states near the critical locus of mixtures are correlated in very close analogy with the techniques used to correlate the properties of pure fluids near a critical point. The only mixture parameters used in the correlation are the values of pressure, volume, temperature, and mole fraction (PVTx) along the physical critical locus. We illustrate the power of the present approach by correlating the rather extensive PVTx data that exist near the critical loci of the binary mixtures: CO2—C2H6, SF6—C3H8, and C8H18—C3H8. Nearly all the data within 10% of the critical temperature may be described within their accuracy despite the occurrence of critical azeotropy or large regions of retrograde condensation.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240216
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  • 178
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    Electronic Resource
    The radial light intensity profile in cylindrical photoreactors (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 335-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240223
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  • 179
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    Mass transfer on a single sieve plate column operated with periodic cycling (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 588-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A single sieve plate column operated with periodic cycling was mathematically modeled using the assumption of zero weeping rate and plug flow of liquid during the liquid drain period. Zero weeping rates could only be obtained by introducing baffles to control fluid oscillations on the plate. Experimental measurements of the ratio of the slopes of the equilibrium and operating lines λ, the Murphree plate efficiency ε, the fraction of the liquid holdup transferred per cycle η, and the separation factor X on a computer controlled column provided the first reliable confirmation of the improvements in separating ability, predicted by the theory.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240405
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  • 180
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A rigorous method for calculating minimum reflux rates in distillation (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 606-613 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A computer method has been developed to calculate the minimum reflux rate for a specified distillation separation. The method makes no unnecessary simplifying assumptions of the distillation process model. The limitation of the method is that it cannot solve problems in which the minimum reflux rate is determined by a point of tangent between the operating line and the equilibrium line on a McCabe-Thiele diagram (see Figure 1).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240407
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  • 181
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    Synthesis of heat exchanger networks: I. Systematic generation of energy optimal networks (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 633-642 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A thermodynamically orientated method is presented for the synthesis of heat exchanger networks. With this method, the problem is solved in two stages. In the first stage, preliminary networks are generated which give maximum heat recovery. In the second stage, the most satisfactory final networks are evolved using the preliminary networks as starting points. In this paper, emphasis is given to the synthesis of the preliminary networks. Two four-stream examples are solved. In Part II, emphasis will be given to the synthesis of final networks.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240411
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  • 182
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    Vapor-liquid equilibrium measurements for the propane-ethanol system at elevated pressures (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 672-678 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Vapor-liquid equilibrium measurements have been carried out for the propane-ethanol system at 325°, 350°, 375°, 400°, and 425°K. The pressures corresponding to these temperatures ranged from 569.5 kPa (82.6 lb/in.2abs) to 5 618.5 kPa (814.9 lb/in.2abs). Altogether, nineteen experimental determinations were made; one of these determinations at 425°K approached the critical state, and this measurement assisted in establishing the entire critical temperature and critical pressure profiles for this binary system. The information associated with these measurements enabled the construction of isothermal bubble point-dew point relationships up to 500°K. These results made possible the establishment of isothermal relationships of K values vs. pressure for the components of the propane-ethanol system. Calculated K values for this system using the BWR method and the SRK method were found to be in fair agreement with corresponding experimental values.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240415
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  • 183
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    Electronic Resource
    Countercurrent backmixing model for slugging fluidized-bed reactors (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 698-704 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is developed for slugging fluidized bed catalytic reaction which improves on the model of Hovmand and Davidson by incorporating the solids mixing. The model parallels the countercurrent backmixing model of Fryer and Potter. Solids mixing is accounted for by the model of Thiel and Potter which assumes the rising slug is followed by a well-mixed wake into and out of which solids flow at a rate determined by the rise velocity of the slug. Comparison is made with experimental data reported by Hovmand and Davidson with good results.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240419
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  • 184
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    Vapor-liquid equilibrium for salt containing systems: Correlation of binary solvent data and prediction of behavior in multicomponent solvents (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 718-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When salts or electrolytes are encountered in the design of separation equipment, the effects of these electrolytes on the vapor-liquid equilibrium behavior of nonelectrolytes are often neglected. This is the case because there has not been a method for the correlation of data for salt containing systems which can be used for varying salt and solvent compositions. Boone, Rousseau, and Schoenborn (1976) proposed a method for correlating data from binary solvent-salt systems which are not restricted in this manner. This work proposes an extension that correlates phase equilibrium behavior using the Prausnitz UNIQUAC equation, which can be used for systems having regions of immiscibility. In addition, the model used for binary solvent systems is extended to multisolvent salt systems, and it is shown that vapor-liquid equilibrium data for these systems can be predicted from data on binary solvent-salt systems.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240422
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  • 185
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    Recycle effects on the distribution of ATP regeneration catalysts (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 735-738 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240427
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  • 186
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    Hydrodynamics of drop formation from a hydrocarbon film around a sphere placed in a moving aqueous phase (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 741-745 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The study of the coalescence of secondary dispersions passing through a granular packing has led to the consideration of drop formation from a hydrocarbon film around a single sphere placed in the flux of an aqueous phase. An analogue mock-up study led to a mathematical model for relating the diameter of the drop to various parameters participating in the phenomenon. A relationship enabling reasonably accurate calculation of the diameter of a drop formed by means of such a sphere placed in a stationary or mobile aqueous phase for a wide range of Reynolds numbers and Bond numbers is proposed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240429
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  • 187
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    A new thermodynamic representation of binary electrolyte solutions nonideality in the whole range of concentrations (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 817-830 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A system of equations based on the ionic atmosphere theory of Debye and Huckel, Born model contribution, and local compositions of the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model is developed to represent isothermal activity coefficients, in the whole range of concentrations, for solutions in an undissociated solvent of a partially or completely dissociated electrolyte.The physical constants and the four adjustable parameters necessary to represent the osmotic coefficient, for fifteen strong aqueous electrolytic solutions, are given at 298.15°K and atmospheric pressure. Vapor-liquid equilibrium, for the hydrochloric acid-water system at 298.15°K, is represented for acid compositions ranging from infinite dilution to 18 M using a known dissociation constant and six parameters.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240508
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  • 188
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    Electronic Resource
    Selective copper recovery with two types of liquid membranes (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 860-868 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Copper can be selectively separated and concentrated by diffusion across liquid membranes. These membranes are effective either as thin films supported by porous polymer sheets or as liquid microcapsules or liquid surfactant membranes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240512
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  • 189
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    Electronic Resource
    The effect of glass-resin interface strength on the impact strength of fiber reinforced plasticsPresented at the 1977 Reinforced Plastics Conf., Society of the Plastics Industries, Inc. (Feb. 1977). (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 62-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of glass-resin interface strength on the impact energy of glass fabric (style 181) reinforced epoxy and polyester laminates has been determined. The interface strength was altered by surface treatment of the fabrics with silane coupling agents and with a silicone fluid mold release and the interlaminar shear strength was determined as a means to evaluate the interface strength. An instrumented Charpy impact test was used on unnotehed specimens and thus both initiation and propagation energies could be determined as well as dynamic strength. It was found that the initiation energy for both polyester and epoxy laminates increased with increasing interlaminar shear strength, The propagation energy and thus the total energy for polyester laminates displays a minimum at a critical value of interlaminar shear strength (ILSS). Below this critical value, the total impact energy increases with decreasing shear strength and the dominant energy absorption mode appears to be delamination. Above the critical value, the impact energy increases with increasing values of ILSS and the fracture mode is predominantly one of fiber failure. In all cases, even with mold release applied, the shear strength of epoxy laminates was above this critical value and-thus the total impact energy increases with Increasing values of ILSS. The maximum energy absorbed for the epoxy laminate and the polyester laminate is nearly identical. However, the maximum for the epoxy laminate occurs when the shear strength is maximized while for the polyester laminate the shear strength must be minimized. For the polyester laminate when delamination is predominant, it was found that the glass surface treatment affects the amount of delamination as opposed to the specific value of delamination fracture work.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180203
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  • 190
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of accelerated weathering on the degradation of polymeric films (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 230-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of artificial weathering on three general properties of films of high-impact polystyrene (HIP), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was investigated, Degradation resulting from weathering was investigated in terms of changes in the water vapor permeation, mechanical properties, and optical transmission. The diffusivities and permeabilities of these three materials were significantly altered by weathering at two levels of exposure. Films of HIP were embrittled at both levels of exposure, whereas the PET films were embrittled only at the high level of exposure. Films of PVC showed embrittlement at the highest level of exposure and the lowest test temperature. Changes in the optical properties were less significant, amounting to a relatively small decrease in the transmission of the films in the visible range.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180310
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  • 191
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact and yield properties of polycarbonate as a function of strain rate, molecular weight, thermal history, and temperature (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 264-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study has been made on the impact and yield properties of polycarbonates from two manufacturers as a function of strain rate, melt flow rate, notch radius, thermal history, and test temperature. The yield stress increases with the strain rate and annealing time in exactly the way predicted by a recently proposed theory on nonlinear viscoelasticity of glassy polymers. The critical molecular weight for the transition from a ductile to a brittle break increased at higher rate of strain and also with the longer annealing times.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180405
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  • 192
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscosity, modulus, and die swell of glass bead filled polystyrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 282-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Flow curves were obtained at 190°C over the shear rate range 0.1 to 100 sec-1 for polystyrene-acrylonitrile copolymer containing up to 36 percent by volume glass beads, using a capillary extrusion rheometer. The addition of glass beads always increased shear stress and viscosity at a given shear rate, with the increase being more pronounced at low shear rates. The addition of glass beads decreased die swell, which also depended on shear-stress and capillary length-to-radius ratio. At low shear rates a lower limiting value of die swell ratio of about 1.1 was achieved. Values of recoverable shear derived from end correction data by the technique of Philippoff and Gaskins and from die-swell data by the method of Bagley and Duffey are compared. A fairly good agreement was found for low concentration blends at low shear, However, the values differed by a factor of up to 3 at higher shear stresses. In all cases, recoverable shear was found to increase with shear stress at a fixed filler loading and to decrease with increased filler loading at a fixed shear stress. Values of shear modulus calculated from the recoverable shear measurements decreased rapidly with increasing shear stress.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180408
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  • 193
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    Electronic Resource
    A study on the dissolution rate of irradiated poly(methyl methacrylate) (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 306-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A detailed study of the factors affecting the dissolution rate of poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, showed that the magnitude of the increase in the dissolution rate of irradiated PMMA could not be entirely attributed to the reduction in the molecular weight, MW. The formation of non-polymeric volatile fragments by radiation exposure, i.e., CO, CO2H2, CH3OH and CH4 causes a large increase in the solvent flux into the polymer matrix, thereby causing a large increase in the dissolution rate of exposed PMMA. The volatilization of these low molecular weight fragments cause an increase in the “excess free volume” (microporosity) of the glassy PMMA. The relative magnitudes of the contribution of the MW reduction and the formation of volatile matter on the increase in the solubility rate of the irradiated polymer were found to depend on the molecular size of the solvent, and also on the enthalpy of mixing.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180412
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  • 194
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-phase mixture - viscoelasticity and general equivalent mechanical model (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 335-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Quasistatic viscoelastic behavior of a two-phase mixture is discussed on the basis of simple mechanical models. The mixture consists of a viscoelastic matrix with Kelvin-Voigt properties and elastic inclusions. The Gibbs' equation of a two-phase mixture is derived. Finally a linear constitutive theory of a two-phase mixture is obtained that takes into account the interaction between the phases.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180416
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  • 195
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Block copolymer deformation (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 359-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The deformation behavior of block copolymers is examined. Interdomain bridges, loops, cilia and floating chains in spherical, cylindrical and lamellar domain morphologies are considered. In the theoretical model, which is analogous to the “three-chain” model in classical rubber elasticity theory, interdomain chains are confined between pairs of infinite, parallel impenetrable walls constructed at the surfaces of nearest neighbor domains. The domains are taken as undeformable. The quantities which are calculated are: the Young's modulus; the partial molar elastic free energy of swelling; and the stress-strain relation for simple extension.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180505
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  • 196
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Applications of differential scanning calorimetry to photocurable polymer systems (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 378-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Modification of a standard differential scanning calorimeter to allow irradiation of the sample material with ultraviolet light allows one to follow the course of polymerization of photocurable polymer systems. The rate and heat of polymerization are readily determined by this technique which gives it a number of very useful applications. As a quality control tool, one can use the heat of polymerization to monitor the number of reactive sites present in the prepolymer thus achieving a degree of control on the ultimate properties of the cured film. Similarly, analysis of a cured film will indicate the presence of any uncured material, thus allowing one to adjust curing conditions accordingly. The technique has numerous other applications in the study of photocurable resins, such as evaluation of initiator efficiencies, optimization of curing parameters (initiator concentration, lamp design), and the sensitivity of prepolymers to oxygen and wavelength.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180508
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  • 197
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vinyl chloride formation from the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 404-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The volatile products from the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resins and compounds are shown to contain trace amounts of vinyl chloride. Data presented show the effect of temperature and resin type on the amount of vinyl chloride formed. At the maximum temperatures involved in PVC processing which may reach 210°C., vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) evolution amounts to less than 1 ppm (resin basis). A technique employing a thermogravimetric balance and charcoal adsorption of volatiles is described for studying thermal degradation of PVC. The volatiles are analyzed for vinyl chloride by gas chromatography. Peak identity was confirmed by mass spectrometry.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180512
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  • 198
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    Electronic Resource
    Introductory remarks (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 429-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180602
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  • 199
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solidification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with incomplete crystallization (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 437-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cooling is a critical step in any crystalline polymer molding or extrusion process. A simulation is proposed which will predict the transient temperature and crystallinity profiles developed when a finite polymeric slab comes in contact with a cooling fluid. A generalized, phenomenological model of the crystallization kinetics of polymers is incorporated to account for the effect of the latent heat of crystallization on the thermal history as well as on the crystalline structure at any point in the slab. The model assumes heterogeneous nucleation and temperature-dependent radial growth of spherulites. DSC cooling thermograms for the polymer are used to verify the kinetic model for comparing experimental measurements against simulated results. Observed spherulite sizes should also be matched by the simulation. Kinetic data have been obtained for two grades of poly(ethylene terephthalate) which have the same growth rate expression but different nucleation characteristics. Crystallinity of these two polymers decreases rapidly as either quench temperatures or nucleation densities are decreased independently. Calculations have been carried out for 1/16 in. thick sheets of polymer exposed to a cooling medium with a heat transfer coefficient of 100 Btu/hr/ft2/°F. Temperature gradients are also presented. The simulation can be used for optimizing quench conditions in polyester film extrusion.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180604
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  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tensile deformation of nylon 6 fibers (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 477-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nylon 6 fibers which had been relaxed to different extents by annealing were examined at fixed strains by small angle and wide angle X-ray techniques. It was found that the strain of the long period of the semicrystalline microfibrils is identical to the macroscopic fiber strain. Approximately 1/3 of the tensile deformation results from molecular shear of imperfectly oriented crystalline chains. Virtually no evidence for intercrystalline slip is found; the orientation of the intercrystalline amorphous regions results in a low compliance for the shear of crystals past one another. The majority of the microfibril deformation occurs by stretching these intercrystalline amorphous regions, accompanied by the flow of extrafibrillar amorphous material to maintain constant volume. In highly annealed fibers this “filling” mechanism is less efficient, as the amount of extrafibrillar material has been reduced during shrinkage. This effect leads to a decrease in Poisson's ratio after increasingly severe annealing. A related result of annealing is the dehomogenization of the microstructure, leading to the presence of more stress-induced “microcracks” during the stretching of annealed fibers.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180610
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