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  • 1985-1989  (1,249)
  • 1900-1904
  • 1985  (1,249)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,154)
  • pharmacokinetics  (95)
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Material
Years
  • 1985-1989  (1,249)
  • 1900-1904
Year
Keywords
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bending patterns of Chlamydomonas flagella: III. A radial spoke head deficient mutant and a central pair deficient mutant (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 195-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: central pair ; radial spoke ; flagella ; mutant ; Chlamydomonas ; suppressor ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Flash photomicrography at frequencies up to 300 Hz and computer-assisted image analysis have been used to obtain parameters describing the flagellar bending patterns of mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. All strains contained the uni1 mutation, to facilitate photography. The radial spoke head deficient mutant pf17, and the central pair deficient mutant, pf15, in combination with suppressor mutations that restore motility without restoring the ultrastructural or biochemical deficiencies, both generate forward mode bending patterns with increased shear amplitude and decreased asymmetry relative to the “wild-type” uni1 flagella described previously. In the reverse beating mode, the suppressed pf17 mutants generate reverse bending patterns with large shear amplitudes. Reverse beating of the suppressed pf15 mutants is rare. There is a reciprocal relationship between increased shear amplitude and decreased beat frequency, so that the velocity of sliding between flagellar microtubules is not increased by an increase in shear amplitude. The suppressor mutations alone cause decreased frequency and sliding velocity in both forward and reverse mode beating, with little change in shear amplitude or symmetry.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050303
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050401
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A versatile and quantitative computer-assisted photoelectronic technique used for the analysis of ciliary beat cycles (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 267-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mammalian cilia ; respiratory tract ; mucociliary clearance ; laterofrontal cirri ; Mytilus edulis ; beat cycle ; computer analysis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The beat cycles of rabbit tracheal cilia in culture and Mytilus laterofrontal cirri were recorded using a phototransistor, transillumination, video, and phase-contrast microscopy. The photoelectronic signal and video image of the ciliary activity were simultaneously recorded as a composite image. The photoelectronic signal was converted into a digital signal by a data acquisition system for further computer processing.By the selection of a small detector area and accurate detector alignment, a simple, repetitive photoelectronic signal representing ciliary activity was obtained. This signal records the ciliary beat frequency and demonstrates the triphasic nature of the beat cycle. The photoelectronic signal can be precisely correlated with the ciliary activity by analysis of the composite video recordings to provide the duration of the effective, recovery, and rest phases of the beat cycle. The videophotoelectronic signal correlations were verified by high-speed cinematography. High-speed films of ciliary activity were digitized, and the image density of selected pixels was analyzed by computer with respect to time and ciliary motion.These studies indicate that duration of the phages of the beat cycle are differentially reduced with increased beat frequency; the effective phase duration was quickly reduced to a minimum. This was followed by the reduction of the duration of the recovery phase to a minimum. The rest phase continues to be reduced without reaching a minimum, over the range of beat frequencies observed. These results suggest that ciliary beat frequency may be regulated either by modifying the rates of dynein-microtubule interactions or the rate of transition from one beat phase to the next.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050402
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Actin assembly and filament cross-linking in the presence of TW 260/240, the tissue-specific spectrin of the chicken intestinal brush border (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 311-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Spectrin ; TW 260/240 ; chicken intestinal brush border ; actin assembly ; actin filament cross-linking ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: TW 260/240 is a tissue-specific spectrin found in the terminal web region of the chicken intestinal bruish border. We have examined the effects of TW 260/240 on assembly rates and critical concentrations (Co's) for monomer addition at the barbed and pointed ends of the actin filament. For these studies, acrosomal processes (AP) from Limulus sperm were used as nuclei for actin assembly. Under conditions which favor the interaction of TW 260/240 for actin (20-75 mM KCl, 2 mM Mg++) no effect on either elongation rates or Co's at either end of the actin filament was observed in the presence of this spectrinlike protein. The Limulus AP nucleation assay also allowed visualization of the kinetics of filament binding and cross-linking by TW 260/240. Ultrastructural analysis of TW 260/240 binding to actin filaments at their growing ends indicates that TW 260/240 tetramers bind laterally to the filament. Finally, evidence is presented that indicates that filaments cross-linked by TW 260/240 are stabilized against shear-dependent breakage.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050404
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anouncement (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 351-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050407
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bending patterns of Chlamydomonas flagella: II. Calcium effects on reactivated Chlamydomonas flagella (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: calcium ; Chlamydomonas ; flagella ; motility ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ca2+ has profound effects on the movement of cilia and eukaryotic flagella, including those of Chlamydomonas. Two clear changes seen in Chlamydomonas flagella with changes in Ca2+ are beat frequency and symmetry. Photographic and computer assisted analysis of flagellar bending patterns on a uniflagellate mutant of Chlamydomonas have been used to examine details of the effects of Ca2+ on the movement of ATP-reactivated, demembranated flagella. In addition to the forward mode bending pattern seen at low Ca2+ concentrations (10-9 M), which has a frequency of about 50 Hz and the reverse mode bending pattern seen at high Ca2+ concentrations (10-4 M) with a frequency around 70 Hz, we carefully examined bending patterns in the intermediate Ca2+ concentration range of 1-6.5 × 10-6 M. In this intermediate range, the bending patterns have significantly reduced asymmetry and slightly increased frequency, compared to the motility observed at low Ca2+ concentrations. These observations indicate that changes in these two parameters of motion do not occur in parallel and suggest that the effects of Ca2+ may be a multicomponent process. Physiologically, these changes in the beat pattern at intermediate Ca2+ may signal either (1) the beginning stages of transition to the symmetrical, high-frequency beating seen at high Ca2+, or (2) a more normal forward mode motility for the trans flagellum as suggested by Kamiya and Witman [1984]. No large amplitude bending patterns associated with transitions between forward and reverse mode beating in intact cells were seen at the intermediate Ca2+ concentrations.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050105
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flow birefringence of microtubules and its relation to birefringence measurements in cells (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 31-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubules ; birefringence ; flow birefringence ; tubulin ; polarization microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Understanding the molecular basis of mitotic movements in living cells will require correlative experiments on intact cells, cell models, purified tubulin, and perhaps other biopolymers. Birefringence is one assay that is useful in all of these experimental situations. Heretofore, studies of birefringence changes during mitosis have lacked a quantitiative basis for interpretation in terms of microtubule number and packing density. One of the aims of this work was to establish that relationship.Purified calf brain tubulin was polymerized to equilibrium and oriented in the hydrodynamic field of a microcapillary flow birefringence apparatus. The relationship between birefringence and microtubule packing density was determined by a combination of optical, electron microscopic, and biochemical methods. The data correlate surprisingly well with those obtained by others from in vitro measurements on isolated mitotic spindles. Using the flow birefringence data, the sensitivity of polarizing microscopes for detecting microtubules was examined and found to depend on microtubule packing density, object thickness, and instrumental factors that limit both the detection and measurement of weakly birefringent objects. Because of the dependence of measurement sensitivity on object thickness, a method of measuring the thickness of microtubule bundles using the dispersion of birefringence was developed. This method is capable of measuring thickness to within two or three Airy diffraction units and does not require any assumptions regarding object symmetry.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050104
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fundamental problems of movement of cilia, eukaryotic flagella, and related systems: A seminar held under the U.S. Japan cooperative science program (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 137-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050206
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of the properties of MgATP2--induced stationary bends in demembranated sea urchin sperm (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 209-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: flagellar dynein ; cyclic nucleotides ; sperm activation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Methods of demembranation and reactivation of Lytechinus pictus sperm were developed that result in non-motile sperm which take on a stable bend of about 3.5 radians at the proximal end of the cell. The middle and distal portion of the flagellum is relatively straight or slightly bent in the same direction forming a somewhat “C” shaped sperm cell. In these studies, we refer to this characteristic shape as the quiescent form, and as opposed to “rigor wave” sperm, the quiescent form is induced and maintained by a relatively high concentration of MgATP2- (〉 0.2 mM). Other conditions important to the production and maintenance of the quiescent form in demembranated sperm include: starting with concentrated, undiluted sperm, maintaining low Ca++ in the demembranation buffer, using a minimum of 0.2 mM MgATP2- and pH of 7.9-8.1 in the reactivation buffer. Deviation from some of these conditions results in a dramatic increase in motile, asymmetrically beating sperm. Addition of 0.4 mM CaCl2 to the reactivation buffer increased the proximal bend angle to 5 radians. The induction and maintenance of the stationary bend is mediated by dynein activity: “rigor wave” sperm were transformed to the quiescent form upon 0.2 mM ATP addition; micromolar vanadate abolished the quiescent form by “relaxation” of the proximal bend; and the vanadate relaxed sperm were restored to quiescent form by catechol. Importantly, 20 μM cAMP activated motility of the otherwise quiescent-form sperm. Quiescent-form, demembranated sperm were also activated by mild trypsin digestion. These and other data suggest that the quiescent-form sperm are trapped at the end of the principal bend, and these data are consistent with the proposal that the single stationary bend results from asymmetry of active microtubule sliding [Gibbons and Gibbons, (1980): J. Cell Biol. 84:13-27].
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050304
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tension in the culture dish: Microfilament organization and migratory behavior of quail neural crest cells (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 225-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: neural crest ; migratory behavior ; microfilaments ; stress fibers ; tractional force ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have investigated one aspect of the migratory behavior of quail neural crest (NC) cells by comparing the organization of microfilament bundles and the ability to distort migratory substrata by NC, somite, and notochord cells in vitro. In contrast to the numerous cytoplasmic stress fibers in somite-derived fibroblasts and notochord cells revealed by rhodamine-phalloidin staining and thin-section electron microscopy, microfilaments in NC cells are restricted to the cell cortex. To test the relative degrees of tension generated by these cell types on the underlying substratum, cells were cultured in collagen gels and on distortable silicone rubber sheets. Explanted somites and notochords produced dramatic radial alignment of 750 μg/ml collagen gels, whereas neural crest cells only aligned gels of lower concentrations. Fibroblasts did not migrate individually from explanted somites and notochords into 250 μg/ml collagen gels as readily as into higher concentration collagen lattices. In contrast, neural crest cells migrated into matrices of low concentration as well as into higher concentration collagen gels. Neural crest cells and their pigmented derivatives did not distort silicone rubber sheets, whereas somite and notochord-derived fibroblasts wrinkle this substratum after 4 days in culture. Thus, the differences in organization of the actin cytoskeleton reflect the tractional force exerted by these cells on their substratum. We hypothesize that the migratory behavior of NC cells in vivo may be related to their ability to translocate through embryonic extracellular matrices while generating relatively weak adhesions with the substratum, whereas the stronger forces generated by other embryonic cell types upon the delicate extracellular matrix may restrict their migration and may be associated with other morphogenetic events.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050305
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proteins closely similar to flagellar tektins are detected in cilia but not in cytoplasmic microtubules (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 239-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: tektins ; microtubules ; flagella ; cilia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Affinity-purified antibodies against Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sperm flagellar tektin polypeptides have been tested for cross-reactivity with microtubules isolated from various sources, using indirect immunofluorescent staining and antibody binding to nitrocellulose replicas of SDS polyacrylamide gels. The antitektins reacted with sperm tail axonemes from four genera of sea urchins and with cilia from sea urchin embryos. Antibody binding was observed only if the specimens were prefixed by methods that would not preserve them well at an ultrastructural level. However, even after such fixation regimes, no antibody binding was detected to cytoplasmic microtubule arrays in the same embryos, to mitotic spindles isolated from sea urchin or to gill cilia from a mollusc. We conclude that, if tektins are present in sea urchin egg cytoplasmic microtubules, they are sufficiently different from the sperm tektins to have no common strongly antigenic determinants.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050306
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of actin in Chlamydomonas using antiactin and NBD-phallacidin (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 415-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Actin ; immunofluorescence ; NBD-phallacidin ; Chlamydomonas ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have localized actin in gametes of Chlamydomonas reinhardi by two approaches: (1) indirect immunofluorescence with an affinity-purified antibody and (2) staining with NBD-phallacidin, a fluorescent reagent that binds only to F-actin [Barak et al, 1980, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 77:980-984]. Staining of either mating type “plus” (mt+) or “minus” (mt-) gametes with antiactin antibody resulted in similar fluorescent images: most of the actin was located peripherally along the lateral and posterior aspects of the cells. There was diffuse staining centrally, but the flagella did not stain. No brightly stained spot was observed near the mt+ mating structure, the site where the fertilization tubule elongates with concomitant polymerization of actin [Detmers et al, 1983, J Cell Biol, 97:522-532]. Gametes stained prior to mating with NBD-phallacidin showed no fluorescence above background, indicating that there were no concentrations of F-actin in these cells. This suggested that the cytoplasmic staining observed with antiactin represented primarily a nonfilamentous form of the protein. In mating gametes staining with NBD-phallacidin was detected only in the fertilization tubule, indicating that this was the only dense accumulation of filamentous actin within the cells. Mating gametes stained with antiactin antibody exhibited cytoplasmic fluorescence that was slightly more punctate than prior to mating, and the fertilization tubule was brightly stained. Our observations suggest that the site-specific polymerization of actin within the fertilization tubule occurs in the absence of a concentrated pool of actin subjacent to the mating structure.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050505
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-actin filaments and cell contraction in Kofoidinum and other Dinoflagellates (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: contractile non-actin filaments ; dinoflagellates ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The motility and fine structure of the marine planktonic dinoflagellate Kofoidinium and members of other related genera have been investigated. Several types of shape change were found to occur: slow morphogenetic changes (which also occurred as restitution movements in response to injury), movements associated with the ingestion of food and the evacuation of wastes, and more rapid movements concerned with the capture of prey. All these movements seemed to be brought about by the contraction of refractile tracts within the cytoplasm, which were found to contain 2.3-nm filaments, some with a complex striated appearance. This and other evidence suggests that these filaments, which have counterparts in many other protists, are not actin filaments.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050102
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050201
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Video microscopy of fast axonal transport in extruded axoplasm: A new model for study of molecular mechanisms (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 81-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: fast axonal transport ; isolated axoplasm ; video microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of AVEC-DIC microscopy and the application of this method to the study of fast axonal transport in isolated axoplasm extruded from the giant axon of the squid Loligo pealei provides a new paradigm for analyzing the intracellular transport of membranous organelles. The size of the axon, the number of transported particles, and the absence of permeability barriers like the plasma membrane in this preparation permit many experiments that are difficult or impossible to perform using other model systems. The use and features of this preparation are described in detail and a number of properties are evaluated for the first time. The process of extrusion is characterized. Particle movement is evaluated both in the interior of extruded axoplasm and along individual fibrils that extend from the periphery of perfused axoplasm. The role of divalent cations, particularly Ca2+, and the effects of elevated Ca2+ on axoplasmic organization and transport are analyzed. A series of pharmacological agents and polypeptides that alter cytoskeletal organization are used to examine the role of microfilaments and microtubules in fast transport. Finally, the effects of depleting ATP and of adding ATP analogues are discussed. The extruded axoplasm preparation is shown to be an invaluable model system for biochemical and pharmacological analyses of the molecular mechanisms of intracellular transport.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050203
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the morphology and function of primary cilia in connective tissues:A cellular cybernetic probe? (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 175-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: primary cilia ; connective tissues ; secretory organelles ; extracellular matrix ; cybernetic probe ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: More than 300 primary cilia have been identified electronmicroscopically in a variety of embryonic and mature connective tissue cells. To further define the enigmatic function of these cilia, we examined the interrelationships between the basal apparatus and cytoplasmic organelles and the ciliary shaft and the extracellular matrix. The basal diplosome was consistently associated with the secretory organelles including the maturing face of the Golgi complex, Golgi vacuoles and vesicles, the microtubular network, the plasma membrane, and coated pits and vesicles. Small vesicles and amorphous granules were also observed within the ciliary lumen and adjacent to the ciliary membrane. Microtubule-membrane bridges linked axonemal tubules to the ciliary membrane. The position, projection, and orientation of the axoneme were influenced by the structural organisation and mechanical properties of the matrix and frequently caused angulation of the ciliary shaft relative to the basal body. Located midway between the secretory apparatus and the extracellular matrix, primary cilia would appear ideally situated to mediate the necessry interaction between the cell and its surrounding environment prerequisite to the formation and maintenance of a functionally effective matrix. We propose that primary cilia in connective tissue cells could act as multifunctional, cellular cybernetic probes, receiving, transducing, and conducting a variety of extrinsic stimuli to the intracellular organelles responsible for effecting the appropriate homeostatic feedback response to changes in the extracellular microenvironment.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050302
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erratum (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 265-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050308
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tetrahymena cell model exhibiting Ca-dependent behavior (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 323-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Tetrahymena ; cell model ; ATP concentration ; Ca sensitivity ; backward swimming ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain w, and Tetrahymena thermophila, B-1868, we prepared cell models that showed ciliary reversal with change in Ca-ion concentration, as was also noted for the Paramecium cell model. No differences could be found between these two strains in the reactivation state, and their response to environmental conditions was essentially the same. The reactivation rate was 90% or more. Swimming velocity of the cell model was found to be 200 ± 49 μm/sec at 25.0°C ± 0.5°C, while the velocity for the living cells was 527 ± 101 μm/sec. Swimming velocity with change in environmental conditions, such as pH, Mg-ATP, and Ca-ion concentrations, was studied. Compared to the cell model of Paramecium, the Tetrahymena cell model had higher sensitivity toward Ca-ion in the reactivation medium. The effects of chlorpromazine, and inhibitor of calmodulin, on the swimming behavior of the cell models were studied.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050405
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  • 119
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal analysis of the role of growth hormone in the initiation and maintenance of limb regeneration in the hypophysectomized newt Notophthalmus viridescens (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 301-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study was designed to investigate and determine for how long, after either hypophysectomy or the third (last) growth hormone injection (to previously hypophysectomized newts), the circulating and now declining titers of endogenous or exogenous hormone remained at a sufficient concentration to permit a morphologically normal forelimb regeneration response in the adult newt Notophthalmus viridescens.To examine the declining levels of endogenous hormone (hormone withdrawal series [HW]), left forelimbs were amputated at specific times following hypophysectomy. Right forelimbs were amputated 5 days prior to hypophysectomy. The declining levels of exogenous hormone hormone replacement series [HR] were examined in newts whose left forelimbs were amputated at specific times following the last of three consecutive alternate-day growth hormone injections that were initiated 5 days post hypophysectomy. Right forelimbs were amputated immediately following the first hormone injection. All experimental animals were sacrificed when their right forelimbs regenerated to an advanced digitiform regenerate. In both series right forelimbs regenerated normally.In the HW series normal regeneration resulted only when forelimbs were amputated within 48 hours post hypophysectomy, whereas in the HR series normal regeneration occurred in only those newts whose forelimbs were amputated within 12 hours of the last hormone injection. The regeneration response of left forelimbs in both series gradually declined with the time interval between either hypophysectomy or hormone injection and forelimb amputation. As the hormone titer declined, fewer limbs initiated a normal response; they became progressively more hypomorphic and eventually failed to undergo typical regeneration.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051830307
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051840301
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    Ameloblastic secretion and calcification of the enamel layer in shark teeth (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 215-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Tooth primordia at early stages of mineralization in the sharks Negaprion brevirostris and Triaenodon obesus were examined electron microscopically for evidence of ameloblastic secretion and its relation to calcification of the enamel (enameloid) layer. Ameloblasts are polarized with most of the mitochondria and all of the Golgi dictyosomes localized in the infranuclear end of the cell toward the squamous outer cells of the enamel organ. Endoplasmic reticular membranes and ribosomes are also abundant in this region. Ameloblastic vesicles bud from the Golgi membranes and evidently move through perinuclear and supranuclear zones to accumulate at the apical end of the cell. The vesicles secrete their contents through the apical cell membrane in merocrine fashion and appear to contribute precursor material both for the basal lamina and the enameline matrix. The enamel layer consists of four zones: a juxta-laminar zone containing newly polymerized mineralizing fibrils (tubules); a pre-enamel zone of assembly of matrix constituents; palisadal zones of mineralizing fibrils (tubules); and interpalisadal zones containing granular amorphous matrix, fine unit fibrils, and giant cross-banded fibers with a periodicity of 17.9 nm. It seems probable that amorphous, non-mineralizing fibrillar and mineralizing fibrillar constituents of the matrix are all products of ameloblastic secretion. Odontoblastic processes are tightly embedded in the matrix of the palisadal zones and do not appear to be secretory at the stages investigated. The shark tooth enamel layer is considered homologous with that of other vertebrates with respect to origin of its mineralizing fibrils from the inner dental epithelium. The term enameloid is appropriate to connote the histological distinction that the enamel layer contains odontoblastic processes but should not signify that shark tooth enamel is a modified type of dentine. How amelogenins and/or enamelins secreted by ameloblasts in the shark and other vertebrates are related to nucleation and growth of enamel crystallites is still not known.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051840211
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    The ultrastructure of the cardiac ganglion of the desert scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis (Scorpionida: Vaejovidae) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 231-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscopy of the pacemaker ganglion of the scorpion heart indicate that it is about 15 mm long and 50 μm in diameter and extends along the dorsal midline of the heart. The largest cell bodies (30-45 μm in diameter) occur in clusters along the length of the ganglion. The ganglion appears to be innervated with fibers from the subesophageal and first three abdominal ganglia.The cardiac ganglion is surrounded by a neurilemma and a membranous sheath. The latter is apparently derived from connective tissue cells seen outside the ganglion. Nerve fibers other than those in the neuropil areas are usually surrounded by membrane and cytoplasm of glial cells. Often there are several layers of glial membrane, forming a loose myelin. The cardiac nerves to the heart muscle are also surrounded by a neurilemma, and the axons are surrounded by glia. The motor nerves contain lucent vesicles 60-100 nm and opaque granules 120-180 nm in diameter.In the cardiac ganglion, some nerve cell bodies have complex invaginations of glial processes forming a peripheral trophospongium. In the neuropil areas, nerve cell processes are often in close apposition. The septilaminar configuration typical of gap junctions is common, with gap distances of 1-4 nm. In tissues stained with lanthanum phosphate during fixation, we found gaps with unstained connections (1-2 nm diameter) between nerve-nerve and glial-nerve cell processes. Annular or double-membrane vesicles in various stages of formation were also seen in some nerve fibers in ganglia stained with lanthanum phosphate.Nerve endings with electron-lucent vesicles 40-60 nm in diameter are abundant in the cardiac ganglion, suggesting that these contain the excitatory transmitter of intrinsic neurons of the ganglion. Less abundant are fibers with membrane-limited opaque granules, circular or oblong in shape and as much as 330 nm in their longest dimension. Also seen were some nerve endings with both vesicles and granules.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051840212
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    The morphology and histology of the endocrine pancreas of the Southern Hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis gray (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The location and arrangement of the pancreatic endocrine tissue in larval and adult Geotria australis (Geotriidae) differ markedly from those exhibited by the comparable stages of Northern Hemisphere lampreys (Petromyzontidae). In larval Geotria australis, the main zones of islet proliferation are located laterally between the oesophagus and the inner edge of the two large intestinal diverticula unique to this species rather than dorsal and ventral to the oesophagus. In adult Geotria australis, the islet follicles are closely packed into a single discrete capsule which could be easily removed surgically, rather than into cranial, intermediate, and caudal cords. The differences in the adult can be related to a lack of involvement of the bile duct in islet formation during metamorphosis. While B cells were found in both larval and adult islet follicles, the PI acidophilic cells and argyrophilic cells, which appeared respectively at stages 3 and 4 in metamorphosis, were present in all adult stages.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051840302
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    Fine structure of the micropylar cell and its change during oocyte maturation in the chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 263-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the ovarian follicle, the micropylar cell (MPC) is distinguished from neighboring granulosa cells by its larger cell size and its thick cytoplasmic process. The micropylar cell body fits into a shallow depression (micropylar vestibule) on the outer surface of the egg envelope; its process extends through the micropylar canal, which extends from the bottom of the vestibule through the full thickness of the zona pellucida interna. At its distal end, the cell process expands into a bulb which fits into an indentation of the ooplasmic surface immediately beneath the inner opening of the micropylar canal. Intermediate and desmosomelike junctions establish an intimate association between MPC process and oocyte. Various kinds of organelles and inclusions in the MPC show a characteristic pattern of cytoplasmic distribution; rough endoplasmic reticulum with markedly dilated cisternae is found exclusively in the main cell body, while microtubules and thin filaments are observed in the cytoplasmic process.Immediately before or during the breakdown of the germinal vesicle in the intrafollicular oocyte, the cytoplasmic process of the MPC gradually decreases in length and begins to withdraw from the micropylar canal. At the same time, the ooplasmic surface protrudes outward to form a papilla in the canal. The intimate MPC-oocyte association disappears during formation of the ooplasmic papilla. Hydration of the oocyte apparently occurs at the final stage of maturation and probably participates in papilla formation. Although the MPC undergoes degenerative changes as ovulation draws near, it remains attached to the inner surface of the granulosa cell layer even after its association with the oocyte has completely disappeared.We speculate that the micropyle develops during fish oogenesis through the combined activity of the MPC and neighboring granulosa cells. It appears that the cell body of the micropylar cell and nearby granulosa cells exert mechanical pressure on the external surface of the growing oocyte and thus participate in formation of the micropylar vestibule. The cytoplasmic process of the MPC evidently forms a passive barrier to deposition of material for the egg envelope in the animal pole, thereby resulting in formation of the micropylar canal.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051840303
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    The trophotaenial placenta of a viviparous goodeid fish. I. Ultrastructure of the internal ovarian epithelium, the maternal component (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 277-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Embryos of goodeid fishes develop to term within the ovarian lumen, where they undergo considerable increase in weight due to transfer of maternal nutrients across a trophotaenial placenta. The placenta consists of an embryonic component, the trophotaeniae, and a maternal component, the ovarian lining. The latter was examined by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and light microscopy in both gravid and non-gravid ovaries of the viviparous goodeid fish, Ameca splendens. The single median ovary of A. splendens is a hollow structure whose lumen is divided into lateral chambers by a highly folded longitudinal ovarian septum. Germinal tissue occurs within folds of the ovarian lining that extend into each of the two lateral chambers. Matrotrophic embryonic development takes place within ovarian chambers. During gestation, the lining of the ovarian lumen is in direct apposition to body surfaces and trophotaenial epithelia of developing embryos. The ovarian lining consists of a simple cuboidal epithelium, termed the internal ovarian epithelium (IOE), overlying a well-vascularized bed of connective tissue. Cells of the IOE are apically convex. Well-developed granular and agranular endoplasmic reticula and numerous large membrane-bound vesicles with electron-dense content occupy the apical cytoplasm of IOE cells. Two functional states of the same cell type are distinguished within the IOE. Phase I cells contain few, if any, large apically situated vesicles; Phase II cells contain many. Secretory products of the IOE are presumed to be an important source of nutrients for embryonic development. Structural and functional relationships of the IOE to the trophotaenial epithelium of developing embryos are discussed in relation to maternal-embryonic nutrient transfer processes.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051840304
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    A cineradiographic and electromyographic study of mastication in Tenrec ecaudatus (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 155-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Regular chewing was studied in the specialized Malagasy insectivore Tenrec ecaudatus with the aid of precisely correlated electromyography of the main adductors, digastrics, and two hyoid muscles and cineradiography for which metallic markers were placed in the mandibles, tongue, and hyoid bone. During the power stroke the body of the mandible moves dorsally and medially. The medially directed component of movement at this time is greatly increased by simultaneous rotation of the mandible about its longitudinal axis. The highly mobile symphysis, spherical dentary condyle, loss of superficial masseter muscle and zygoma, and the simplified zalamnodont molars all appear to be related to the large amount of mandibular rotation that occurs during occlusion. The balancing side lateral pterygoid muscle (inferior head) apparently shifts the working side mandible laterally during the last part of opening and the first part of closing. The working side temporalis and the superficial masseter muscle are both responsible for the shift back to the midline. The temporalis is usually active to the same extent on the working and balancing sides during the power stroke. The level of activity (amplitude) of the temporalis and duration of the power stroke increase with harder foods. Whenever soft foods are chewed, the superficial masseter is only active on the working side; whenever foods of increasing hardness are chewed, its level of activity on the balancing side increases to approach that of the working side. Mandibular rotation is greatly reduced when hard foods are chewed.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850203
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    Body mass and natural diet as determinants of the number and volume of adipocytes in eutherian mammals (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 183-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Total dissection of a randomly collected sample of 202 adult and subadult eutherian mammals, combined with site-specific adipocyte volume determination, shows that the number of adipocytes in the body is proportional to (Body Mass)0.74 for predominantly carnivorous species and to (Body Mass)0.78 for mainly herbivorous, nonruminant mammals. Adipocyte expansion or shrinkage, not proliferation or depletion of adipocyte number, is the principal mechanism of adipose tissue enlargement and reduction. Therefore, the adipocytes of large mammals are larger than those of smaller specimens of similar dietary habits and fatness. We suggest that the presence of more numerous, smaller adipocytes in smaller mammals is related to their higher mass-specific metabolic rate. The adipose tissue of mammals with a predominantly carnivorous diet contains 4.6 times as many adipocytes as that of herbivorous nonruminants of similar body mass; but nonruminant herbivores are not necessarily fatter because the adipocytes of carnivorous mammals are proportionately smaller than those of nonruminant herbivores. We suggest that a carbohydrate-based energy metabolism is associated with fewer, relatively larger adipocytes and that when lipids and proteins form the major dietary energy source, adipose tissue consists of a greater number of smaller adipocytes.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850204
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    Cellular structure of adipose tissue in birds (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 195-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In a randomly collected sample of 91 wild and captive birds, in which there is no significant correlation between fatness and body mass, the total number of adipocytes is proportional to (Body Mass)0.68. The adipose tissue of larger birds consists of proportionately fewer adipocytes; therefore, the adipocytes of larger birds are larger, in relation to the fatness of the specimens, than those of the smaller species. The cellularity of the adipose tissue of predominantly carnivorous birds does not differ from that of mainly herbivorous species. The adipocytes in the abdominal cavity and around the thigh are on average 29% larger than those in the superficial and clavicular depots; however, these site-specific differences were variable and were statistically insignificant in many of the specimens. The size of the adipocyte complement is highly variable even among specimens of a single species and similar body mass, suggesting that in birds the number as well as the volume of adipocytes might increase or decrease as the adipose tissue expands or shrinks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850205
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    Electron microscopy of the medial cortex in the lizard Psammodromus algirus (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 327-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The medial cortex of Psammodromus presents a three-layer organization. Most of the cell bodies are localized in a compact lamina, the cellular layer. Two plexiform layers, superficial and deep, enclose the cellular layer. The most external portion of the superficial plexiform layer is formed by a limiting glial sheet consisting of tanycytic processes that reach the surface of the cortex. Astrocytes are localized close to the glial sheet. There are two types of axon terminals within the superficial plexiform layer: type S with spheric vesicles and type F with pleomorphic vesicles. Large solitary neurons are present at middle levels of the layer. In the cellular layer there are three neuronal types: large neurons with dispersed chromatin, neurons of medium size with chromatin clumps, and electron-dense neurons. Protoplasmic astrocytes are found superficially in this layer. In the deep plexiform layer numerous neuronal cell bodies are visible, and three types can be distinguished: horizontal fusiform cells, globous neurons with indented nuclei, and electron-dense neurons. Protoplasmic astrocytes are present throughout this layer. Oligodendrocytes are more frequent in the inner third of the layer, often related to fibers of a thick fascicle running in contact with the ependyma, the alveus. The ependyma is formed by a single row of prismatic cells bordering the lateral ventricle.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850305
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    Ultrastructure of the colon of Locusta migratoria (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 367-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the colon of Locusta migratoria is described. The colon is lined by a thick cuticle that, for the most part, adheres to the underlying epithelium. The cuboid epithelial cells are characterized by moderate invaginations of the apical and, to a lesser extent, basal plasma membranes; the lateral plasma membranes are relatively flat. The bulk of the mitochondria are located in the apical region of the cell and are not particularly associated with any of the plasma membranes. The basal region of the cells contains much rough endoplasmic reticulum, glycogenlike granules, and a predominance of spherical, electron-dense bodies of various sizes. Where muscle fibers make contact with the epithelium, the cells are much reduced; the cytoplasm is usually less electron-dense, and, typically, the nucleus has a thick layer of granular material associated with the inner nuclear membrane. The apical and basal plasma membranes of the reduced epithelial cells contain numerous hemidesmosomes. The apical hemidesmosomes occur in pairs around an extracellular space that contains electron-opaque material. The latter forms tonofibrillae that extend into the endocuticle. Bundles of microtubules are associated with the hemidesmosomes. The tubules traverse the cell from the apical to the basal region. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850308
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    Surface ultrastructure of the gill arch of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, from seawater and freshwater, with special reference to the morphology of apical crypts of chloride cells (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 377-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The surface ultrastructure of the gill arches of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, adapted to seawater or freshwater, was found to be similar to that reported for other euryhaline teleosts. Two rows of gill filaments (about 42 filaments per row) extended posterolaterally, and two rows of gill rakers (about 10 rakers per row) extended anteromedially from each arch. Leaf-like respiratory lamellae protruded along both sides of each filament, from its base to its apex. The distributions, sizes, and numbers of various surface cells and structures were also determined. All surfaces were covered by a mosaic of pavement cells, which measured about 7 × 4 μm and exhibited concentrically arranged surface ridges. Taste buds were especially prominent on the rakers and the pharyngeal surfaces of the first and second gill arches, but were often replaced by horny spines on the third and fourth gill arches. Apical crypts of chloride cells occurred mostly on the surfaces of the gill filaments adjacent to the afferent artery of the filament. In seawater adapted killifish, crypts resembled narrow, deep holes along the borders of adjacent pavement cells, had openings of about 2 μm2, and occurred at a frequency of about 1 per 70 μ2 of surface area. In freshwater fish, the crypts usually had larger openings (about 10 μ2), occurred less frequently (1 per 123 μ2), and exhibited many cellular projections in their interiors. Changes in crypt morphology may be related to the ion transport function of chloride cells.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850309
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 186 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051860101
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    Patterns of cells and extracellular material of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata; Echinoidea) embryo, from hatched blastula to late gastrula (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 387-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning electron microscopy of six stages of Lytechinus variegatus embryos from hatching through gastrulation reveals changes in the shapes of the ectodermal cells and morphological changes in the extracellular material (ECM) in relation to the locations and migratory activities of mesenchyme cells. The classical optical patterns in the blastular wall (Okazaki patterns) are due to differential orientations of the cells, which bend and extend sheet-like lamellipodia over adjoining cells toward the eventual location of the primary mesenchymal ring. The blastocoelic surfaces of the blastomeres become covered with a thin basal lamina (BL) composed of fibers and nonfibrous material. During primary mesenchyme cell (PMC) ingression, a web-like ECM is located in the blastocoel overlying the amassed PMCs. This ECM becomes sparse in migratory mesenchyme blastulae, and is confined to the animal hemisphere. Localized regions of intertwining basal cell processes in the blastular wall are also present during PMC migration. While a distinct BL is present during early and midgastrulation, blastocoelic ECM is absent. Late gastrulae, on the other hand, have an abundance of blastocoelic ECM concentrated near secondary mesenchyme cell protrusive activity. ECM appearing at both the early mesenchyme and late gastrula stages are probably remnants of degraded BL and intercellular matrix preserved by fixation for SEM. Thus, early mesenchyme ECM is formed of BL material whose degradation is necessary for entry of PMCs into the blastocoel. Late gastrula ECM is apparently a degradation product of BL and intercellular material whose destruction is required for fusion of the gut with oral ectoderm in formation of the mouth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850310
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    Structure of the radially asymmetrical uncalcified region of the teeth of the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus (Amphibia, Plethodontidae) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 403-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The teeth of the adult plethodontid salamander, Plethodon cinereus, were examined by light and electron microscopy with emphasis on the ringlike zone of uncalcified dentin that divides the calcified portion of each tooth into a proximal pedestal and a distal apex. The uncalcified region displays radial asymmetry, forming an integral part of the posterior wall of the tooth but bulging into the pulp cavity anteriorly, thus forming a hingelike structure. All portions of the dentin, including the uncalcified region, are composed predominantly of collagenous fibers but lack elastin. In scanning electron micrographs of teeth from which the oral mucosa has been removed, the location of the anterior uncalcified hinge is marked externally by a notch-like articulation of the apex and pedestal. Sites of transition between calcified and uncalcified areas of the dentin show no special modifications in transmission electron micrographs, but collagenous fibers in calcified portions are associated with more electron-dense amorphous material than are those in the uncalcified region. Odontoblasts associated with the uncalcified region possess ultrastructural features closely resembling those of odontoblasts found in calcified areas. The uncalcified region seems to afford the teeth a certain degree of flexibility, and the asymmetry of the region appears to allow the teeth to flex only in a posterior direction, thus facilitating the entry of living prey but hindering its escape. The uncalcified region also seems to permit the apex of a tooth to break away from its pedestal without damage to underlying bone.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850311
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    Salivary gland ultrastructure of the unfed adult and feeding female of Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) leachi (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 186 (1985), S. 31-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The paired salivary glands of unfed adult Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) leachi contain one type of agranular and three types of granular alveoli connected to a salivary duct system. Type I agranular alveoli consist of one large, central cell surrounded by peripheral cells with numerous basal membrane infoldings indicative of epithelia involved in fluid transport. Glycogen particles, lipid-like droplets, and the parallel pattern of infolded membranes disappeared from the peripheral cells during feeding. Types II, III, and IV granular alveoli contain some agranular interstitial epithelial cells, cap cells, and fundus cells, but are predominantly composed of structurally different granular cell types a, b, c, d, e, and f. Agranular cells develop during the early stages of feeding. Granular a, c, e, and f cells release their granules directly after attachment to the host and possibly are involved in cement secretion required for firm attachment to it. The b cell granules are replaced by b1 filamentous granules during feeding. Golgi bodies and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) participate in the formation of most types of granules. The d cells contain lamella-like structures and condensing vacuoles, probably responsible for lysosome formation. The main salivary duct and all types of alveoli are innervated by neurosecretory axons.
    Additional Material: 39 Ill.
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    Ultrastructure of salivary glands of Ornithodoros (Ornithodoros) moubata (Ixodoidea: Argasidae) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 186 (1985), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The paired salivary glands of unfed adult Ornithodoros (Ornithodoros) moubata are composed of type I (agranular) and type II (granular) alveoli. Type I alveoli consis of one large central cell surrounded by peripheral cells having the morphology of fluid-transporting epithelia. Type II alveoli contain granular and agranular cells; the former are comprised of morphologically distinct types of cells (a, b, and c) containing granules of different structures and chemical composition with respect to polysaccharide and protein. The agranular cells are the interstitial and cap cells. Golgi bodies and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) are found in all granular cells and apparently are involved in granule formation. No appreciable structural changes were observed in type I alveoli during or after feeding. Type c cell granules are released before granules from types a and b cells and may contain anticoagulant substances that promote the blood flow of the host during the tick feeding. Although the cap cells are not structurally affected by feeding, interstitial cells are developed into transporting epithelia.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    Microcirculation in mouse spleen (nonsinusal) studied by means of corrosion casts (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 186 (1985), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Corrosion casts of mouse spleen, examined by scanning electron microscopy, enabled vascular pathways of the arterial, intermediate, and venous circulations to be traced over considerable distances. The arterial tree is surrounded by white pulp immediately upon entering at the hilus, and relatively few arterioles extend into red pulp. A profusion of capillaries is present in both periarterial lymphatic sheaths and lymphatic nodules, arranged as bifurcating systems (rather than anastomosing networks) terminating in the marginal sinus (MS) and marginal zone (MZ). The MS, which is situated between white pulp and MZ, consists of a discontinuous layer of flattened anastomosing spaces which are up to six times as large as those in rat spleen. Extensive filling of the entire MZ took place before appreciable filling of surrounding red pulp occurred. Capillary terminations in red pulp are always continuous with reticular meshwork, i.e., no evidence for a “closed” circulation was found. Casts of the venous origins support the classification “pulp venules” rather than “venous sinuses” and show major morphological differences from the richly anastomosing system of sinuses in rat. In the subcapsular region of mouse spleen large anastomosing veins ramify over the surface, with reticular meshwork occupying extensive areas between adjacent veins. For in vivo microscopy this arrangement offers advantages over that found in rat spleen (accompanying paper), where almost the entire surface is densely covered with venous sinuses.
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    Microcirculation in rat spleen (sinusal), studied by means of corrosion casts, with particular reference to the intermediate pathways (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 186 (1985), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Blood vessels and their connections in rat spleen were traced over considerable distances by scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts prepared by injection of minimal amounts of casting material. The periarterial lymphatic sheath and lymphatic nodules are highly developed, containing an abundance of capillaries which terminate in the marginal sinus (MS) and marginal zone (MZ). The MS, which consists of a series of discontinuous flattened vascular spaces interconnected by short capillaries, shows circumferential filling followed by flow radially outward into the MZ. Contrary to the generally accepted view, many venous sinuses begin as open-ended tubes at the MS or MZ, allowing free entry of blood into the venous system, thereby bypassing the reticular meshwork of the red pulp. The majority of arterial capillaries terminate in the reticular meshwork (“open” circulation), but evidence for direct connections between capillaries and venous sinuses (“closed” circulation) was also obtained. Casts of the subcapsular region reveal an elaborate system of venous sinuses in fan-shaped arrays, superimposed on an extensive network of capillaries draining into flattened reticular spaces; such casts provide a three-dimensional map useful in interpreting light microscopic observations of red cell flow in vivo. Sphincter-like constrictions in venous sinuses, at points of connection with larger sinuses, indicate that these are possible sites for control of intrasplenic flow distribution.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    Developmental events of the pectoral muscle in rainbow trout larvae (Salmo gairdneri) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 186 (1985), S. 69-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Skeletal muscles of developing pectoral fins in rainbow trout larvae (Salmo gairdneri) were analyzed by electron microscopy. Large, branched mitochondria were dominant structures in developing myotubes. Mitochondria were associated with the tubular system (T and SR). New mitochondria arose from old ones when the latter extruded whorls of paired membranes surrounding a nonmembranous core. The core was comprised in part of a dense material, presumably, DNA. The developing muscles were characterized by two sets of caveolae which provided the major contributions to the tubular system. Large caveolae gave rise to elements traditionally designated as SR tubules but which later lost their exterior connections. Small caveolae gave rise to small diameter tubules that appear to be analogous to T tubules, which maintained connections with the exterior. Both tubular elements abutted mitochondria. The two elements ran parallel to each other and intersected with each other to form junctions. Each set of elements possessed intratubular junctions.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051830101
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  • 141
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    Fine structure of antennal putative thermo-/hygrosensilla of adult Rhodnius prolixus Stål (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 15-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: At least five nonporous sensilla with inflexible sockets (npsensilla) occur on each antenna of both sexes of adult Rhodnius prolixus. Externally the sensillum appears as a short, rounded peg set into a pit surrounded by a depression. A very electron-dense material occurs in the peg lumen and the inner aspect of the pit. Filamentous extensions of this material radiate into the overlying outlets.Each sensillum is innervated by three neurons with unbranched dendrites. Two dendrites extend to the peg tip and distally are covered by a dendritic sheath. The portion of these dendrites within the sheath contains a large number of microtubules. The third dendrite terminates near the base of the dentritic sheath and partially wraps around the other two dendrites. Three sheath cells are associated with each sensillum.Based on similarities in structure with sensilla of known function it is probable that the np-sensilla of R. prolixus are thermo-/hygrosensilla responding to cold, dryness and wetness. The sensilla have a number of structural similarities with insect rectal sheath cells known to absorb atmospheric water by electroosmosis. Possibly this process leads to volumetric alterations of cuticular elements associated with the dendrites and ultimately to mechanotransduction.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Distribution of sensory receptors in the flexor carpi radialis muscle of the cat (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structures and distribution of encapsulated muscle receptors were examined in serial transverse sections of flexor carpi radialis in the adult cat. Four types of receptors (muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, paciniform, and Pacinian corpuscles) were identified. Their structures resembled those encountered in other limb muscles. Pacinian corpuscles were rare and occurred only in the external fascial coat of the muscle near its origin. The other three receptor types were distributed in an uneven but consistent pattern throughout the muscle. As noted previously (Gonyea and Ericson, '77), spindles were largely confined to a deep muscle region comprising less than 20% of the muscle volume, located directly between the long tendon of origin and the tendon of insertion. This region contains the largest proportion of type SO muscle fibers (Gonyea and Ericson, '77). Tendon organs and paciniform corpuscles were concentrated along the tendons that lined the spindle-rich muscle region. This region appeared to be composed of extrafusal fibers that were shorter and of more oblique pinnation than those in other regions. The localization of muscle receptors to the “oxidativex” core of the muscle in its direct line of pull may have functional implications for afferent input to the spinal cord which are discussed. In addition, the possibility is raised that there are more paciniform corpuscles in flexor carpi radialis (and possibly other muscles) than previously thought.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Form and function of the masticatory musculature in the tree sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 25-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The tree sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus, show unusual masticatory specializations, compared to each other and to other mammals. Both have an incomplete zygomatic arch with descending jugal process, a complex superficial masseter, a large temporalis and medial pterygoid musculature, and a lateral pterygoid with two heads. In Choloepus the deep masseter and zygomaticomandibularis are typical when compared to other mammals. However, in Bradypus there is an ascending jugal process from which enlarged and vertically oriented deep masseter and zygomaticomandibularis muscles originate. Although both sloths are folivores, the anterior teeth in Choloepus are caniniform, while those of Bradypus have lost such elongation. In both sloths the glenoid cavity is similarly located; however, in Bradypus the cranioman-dibular joint is raised above the occlusal plane, and the pterygoid flanges are elongated.Prediction of the evolutionary sequence of cranial changes from Choloepus- like (primitive) to Bradypus- like (derived) morphology is based upon the most parsimonious model of masseter-medial pterygoid complex changes for masticatory efficiency improvement. The model proposes that the condylar neck in Bradypus was elongated and that this single change predicated a series of other structural changes.Mandibular movement patterns in both sloths showed anteromedially directed unilateral power strokes as in other mammals. Puncture-crushing, tooth-sharpening, and chewing cycles are distinct in Choloepus, less so in Bradypus. The masticatory rate is slow in sloths compared to other mammals of similar body size, averaging 590 ms per cycle for Choloepus and 510 ms for Bradypus.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Morphology of the head skeleton and muscles of the mosquito, Culiseta inornata (Williston) (Diptera: Culicidae) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 51-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The objectives of this research were to investigate the morphology of the head skeleton and muscles of the female mosquito, Culiseta inornata (Williston). The skeletal parts were examined after maceration in KOH. The attachments of muscles were determined by dissection. Observations were made with the aid of a dissecting microscope at 70× and lower. Each skeletal part and muscle is illustrated and described. Conclusions regarding the skeleton are as follows: (1) the clypeal area is composed of an anteclypeus and postclypeus, (2) the suture between the anteclypeus and postclypeus is rigid and cannot function as a hinge, (3) the dorsal wall of the labrum terminates at its union with the anteclypeus, (4) the dorsal and epipharyngeal walls of the labrum are united apically, (5) the gena and postclypeus are not separated by a suture, and (6) the labellum is composed of three segments and the furca, of some authors, is absent. Twenty-five muscles were identified, and the origin, insertion, and action of each is described. The tormo-epipharyngalis muscle is attached anterior to the cibarium and fulcral plates. Its origin is on the clypeal apodeme and the insertion is on the epipharynx. This result confirms earlier reports and disagrees with some recent authors. The maxillary teeth are not designed to draw the fascicle into the tissues, but the cervical and leg muscles accomplish the probing process during feeding on a host. An undescribed muscle of the mandible is reported.
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    Erratum (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 129-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051830108
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  • 146
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    The ontogeny of shell secrtion in Terebratalia transversa (brachiopoda, articulata) II. Formation of the protegulum and juvenile shell (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 251-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the shell and underlying mantle in young juveniles of the articulate brachiopod Terebratalia transversa has been examined by electron microscopy. The first shell produced by the mantle consists of a nonhinged protegulum that lacks concentric growth lines. The protegulum is secreted within a day after larval metamorphosis and typically measures 140-150 μm long. A thin organic periostracum constitutes the outer layer of the protegulum, and finely granular shell material occurs beneath the periostracum. Protegula resist digestion in sodium hypochlorite and are refractory to sectioning, suggesting that the subperiostracal portion of the primordial shell is mineralized. The juvenile shell at 4 days postmetamorphosis possesses incomplete sockets and rudimentary teeth that consist of nonfibrous material. The secondary layer occurring in the inner part of the juvenile shell contains imbricated fibers, whereas the outer portion of the shell comprises a bipartite periostracum and an underlying primary layer of nonfibrous shell. Deposition of the periostracum takes place within a slot that is situated between the socalled lobate and vesicular cells of the outer mantle lobe. Vesicular cells deposit the basal layer of the periostracum, while lobate cells contribute materials to the overlying periostracal superstructure. Cells with numerous tonofibrils and hemidesmosomes differentiate in the outer mantle epithelium at sites of muscle attachments, and unbranched punctae that surround mantle caeca develop throughout the subperiostracal portion of the shell. Three weeks after metamorphosis, the juvenile shell averages about 320 μm in length and is similar in ultrastructure to the shells secreted by adult articulates.
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    Energy of the oscillating legs of a fast-moving cheetah, pronghorn, jackrabbit, and elephant (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Lifelike models of the oscillating legs treated as three-segment systems show the course of kinetic and potential energy over the locomotor cycle for a cheetah, pronghorn, jackrabbit, and elephant running at speeds approaching their maxima. The models can be adjusted to eliminate differences among the animals in time intervals, mass or length of limb, and joint angles. This facilitates analysis of the influence on total energy of each of these variables and of the distribution of mass among leg segments. Fast-cycling legs of the carnivore type have significantly more energy than those of the hoofed type. This may contribute to the lesser endurance that is usual for carnivores that hunt using a high-speed dash.
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    Variation of lymphoid activity in the spleen of a migratory bird, the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca; Aves, passeriformes) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The size and microscopic structure of the spleen of the migratory pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) show marked changes during the reproductive cycle. Upon the spring return to their northern breeding sites, the birds have a small spleen with little lymphoid activity and a poorly developed red pulp. During the breeding period the volume of red and white pulp increases, the number and distinctness of lymphoid follicles (germinal centres) in the white pulp increase, and groups of cells with intensely basophilic cytoplasm, probably B cells (plasma cells), appear. The findings suggest that the immune system of the adult pied flycatcher is activated during periods when it is bound to the nest.Young flycatchers beginning their autumn migration also show a marked increase of lymphoid activity in the spleen.
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  • 149
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    Innervation of the early pelvic fin bud of the trout embryo, Salmo gairdneri (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 61-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Innervation of the early pelvic fin bud in the trout embryo involves four nerves. Electron microscopy discloses axons in the mesodermal mesenchyme and in the epidermis of the bud as early as stage I of the development of the pelvic fins. Sensory axons alone penetrate the epidermis. Unmyelinated axons invade the pelvic fin territory before the bud is obvious on the abdomen. Schwann cells occur in the vicinity of the ventral edge of the myotomes and later in the core of the bud and in subepidermal regions. Consequently, the nerve fibers are present early in the development of the pelvic fin bud of the trout embryo. Although the role of these axons is unknown, it is speculated that they play a role in development. Our results are discussed in the light of data available in the literature dealing with the development of tetrapod appendages.
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    Scanning electron microscope studies on blastodisc formation in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 41-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Upon fertilization, the zebrafish egg undergoes marked physiological and structural changes, one of which involves blastodisc formation. Before fertilization, yolk globules are rounded and the endoplasm extends throughout the oocyte. During blastodisc formation, the yolk globules become angular and the endoplasm is restricted to streamers among the yolk globules. The streamers are oriented in an anterior-posterior axis of the egg. During blastodisc formation the cytoskeleton consists of an extensive array of filamentous structures of variable width in both the cortex as well as within elongate endoplasmic streamers. Although the filamentous components in the cortex and endoplasmic streamers probably include both microfilaments and microtubules, frequently they are somewhat wider than the usual dimensions, and possible reasons for this are suggested. From their arrangement in both the cortex and endoplasm, it seems likely that the components of the cytoskeleton (e.g., microfilaments and microtubules) may provide, through contraction, the major force responsible for the streaming of the endoplasm into the forming blastodisc. It is assumed that the surface tension of the vegetal hemisphere exceeds that of the animal hemisphere, thus forcing, through differential contraction, the endoplasm to flow in the direction of the forming blastodisc. No distinct barrier between the yolk and forming blastodisc was observed. The compressed condition of the larger and many-sided yolk globules could prevent their movement into the blastodisc. Scanning electron microscopy is limited in the resolution with which it can depict the cytoskeleton, but nonetheless it provides useful information about structural interrelationships.
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    Announcement (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 99-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051840110
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051840201
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    The seminal receptacle and sperm storage in Cochlostoma montanum (Issel) (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 121-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Females of Cochlostoma montanum (Prosobranchia, Cochlostomatidae) have a seminal receptacle which is not a separate diverticulum of the oviduct. The seminal receptacle derives from a differentiated portion of the renal oviduct which has an inner wall composed of only one layer of cells. These cells are of two different types, both actively involved in secretory activity. One type is represented by goblet cells filled with large vesicles containing an electron-dense, homogeneous, and partially paracrystalline material. This material is expelled into the lumen through macro-apocrine or holocrine types of secretion. The other type is represented by ciliated cells rich in small vesicles containing granular material. Probably neither kind of secretion has a nutritive function; rather they serve as matrix for spermatozoa that immobilize them and prevent their expulsion from the receptacular portion of the oviduct. Spermatozoa are inserted in invaginations of the apex of both these epithelial cells. The sperm plasma membrane covering the acrosome forms long digitations which expand toward the corresponding invaginations of the receptaculum cells. This type of adhesion is a novelty for Mollusca and resembles that in seminal receptacles of some Annelida.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051840204
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    Ultrastructural analysis of spermiogenesis in Admetus pomilio (Arachnida, amblypygi) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 111-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mature spermatozoon of Admetus pomilio is a spherical cell containing nucleus and tightly coiled flagellum. In early spermatids the Golgi apparatus forms the acrosomal vesicle and at the opposite side the distal centriole gives rise to the axonemal complex of the sperm tail. As the nucleus elongates, chromatin forms twisted filaments and the spermatid nucleus takes on a helical form. Microtubules are juxtaposed with the nucleus envelope, which is separated from a central chromatin mass by an electron lucid region. A long perforatorium, located on the border of the chromatin mass, runs helically in the nucleus from the centriolar region to subacrosomal space. During tail elongation, the anterior part of the axoneme is surrounded by a long, spiral mitochondrial sheath. In the late spermatid, chromatin filaments appear twisted and become aggregated. The nucleus and flagellum undergo further contortions in which the nucleus coils and the flagellum winds up into the body of the cell and coils in a regular fashion. The mitochondrial sheath surrounds about 2/3 of the 9 + 3 axoneme. These features of spermatid ultrastructure resemble those in the primitive Liphistiomorpha.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051840203
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    Synaptic organization of dorsal area of the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 135-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The dorsal ventricular ridge is a subcortical structure receiving sensory information from the thalamus in reptiles. In the red-eared turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, it contains four cytoarchitectonic areas each characterized by distinct thalamic projections. This is an electron microscopic study of one of these, the dorsal area, which receives its thalamic input from the tectorecipient nucleus rotundus. It contains four concentric zones, internal to the ependymal zone, each of which is distinguished by the distribution of spiny and aspiny neurons.The ependymal zone of dorsal area contains tanycytes whose tails extend into zones 2 and 4. Synapses, usually with asymmetric junctional complexes and round synaptic vesicles, occur on these processes. Zone 1 neurons have fusiform somata and dendrites that parallel the ventricular surface. Their cytoplasm contains rough endoplasmic reticulum located primarily in Nissl bodies, lipofuchsin granules, multivesicular bodies, extensive arrays of Golgi apparatus, and large numbers of mitochondria. Synapses occur mainly on dendritic spines and shafts of zone 1 neurons and less frequently on somata. The majority have round vesicles and asymmetric junctional complexes. In contrast to those in zone 1, neurons in zones 2 and 4 have large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, giving their cytoplasm an electron-dense quality. Synapses occur mainly on spines and shafts of zone 2 and 4 neurons. As in zone 1, the majority have round synaptic vesicles and contain asymmetric junctional complexes. Zones 2 and 4 contain clusters of neurons distributed among isolated neurons. The clusters are larger and less frequent in zone 2. Protoplasmic and fibrous glial processes, axon boutons, dendrites, and axon fascicles surround the neuron clusters. Though less numerous, the same structures also occur inside the clusters. Most synapses inside the clusters have round synaptic vesicles, asymmetric junctional complexes, and occur mainly on spines. Some neurons in clusters have somata whose plasma membranes are in direct apposition. In contrast to dorsal ventricular ridge in snakes, no specialized intercellular contacts were seen between somata in clusters.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051840205
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  • 156
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850101
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  • 157
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    Functional characteristics of the calf muscles of the rat (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 375-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Length-force relations, both active and passive, and twitch contraction characteristics were quantified for the entire complex of the superficial calf muscles, as well as individually for the Mm. soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius, caput mediale and laterale, of eight male Wistar rats. The M. soleus composes approximately 5% of the weight and cross-sectional area of the entire group of superficial calf muscles and is the only muscle of the group containing mainly slow-twitch fibers. The other superficial muscles of the calf are primarily fast-twitch muscles.The mono-articular M. soleus, the bi-articular M. gastrocnemius, caput mediale and laterale, and the poly-articular M. plantaris differ with respect to the number of joints crossed. However, contrary to the findings for cat hind limbs (Goslow et al. [1977] J. Morphol. 153:23-38), the muscles of the complex of superficial calf muscles of the rat did not differ with respect to (a) their fiber optimum length, (b) their maximum length range of active force generation, (c) the relative increase of passive force owing to lengthening of the muscle, (d) the angle of the ankle at which they produce maximal active force (the knee angle was fixed at 90°).
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051840311
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  • 158
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    Mineral content of the organ of Bellonci in the marine amphipod Gammarus setosus (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Calcium is demonstrated by energy and wavelength dispersive X-ray microanalysis to be the major component of the granules that fill the fuselli of the organ of Bellonci in Gammarus setosus. The presence of calcium was confirmed by chelation with EDTA and by other cytochemical techniques. X-ray microanalysis indicated the simultaneous presence of iron in the region of the fuselli occupied by the calcium granules, but this could not be confirmed by cytochemical means in resin-embedded tissue by light or transmission electron microscopy.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850104
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  • 159
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    Fine structure of spermatozoa of some labidognath spiders (Filistatidae, Segestriidae, Dysderidae, Oonopidae, Scytodidae, Pholcidae; Araneae; Arachnida) with remarks on spermiogenesis (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 1-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The present study reports on the spermiogenesis and spermatozoa of seven labidognath spiders: Filistata insidiatrix (Filistatidae), Segestria senoculata (Segestriidae), Dysdera sp., Harpactea hombergi (Dysderidae), Oonops domesticus (Oonopidae), Scytodes thoracica (Scytodidae), and Pholcus phalangioides (Pholcidae). Filistata insidiatrix is the first cribellate spider whose spermatology is described electron microscopically. A common characteristic of the spermatozoa of the cribellate spider and the remaining species, often referred to as haplogyne spiders, is the coiling process that occurs at the end of spermiogenesis. As a result of coiling, an elongated spermatid is converted into a lens-shaped structure with the flagellum bearing a 9 × 2 + 3 axoneme becoming incorporated into the cell body. Remarkable differences regarding the main components (shape of nucleus, acrosomal vacuole, implantation fossa, and centriolar complex) probably reflect systematic relationships.The formation of sperm capsules and sperm balls is described for the first time in detail. Sperm capsules occur in Filistata, in which numbers of individual spermatozoa are grouped together by a common secretory envelope established in the distal vas deferens. In contrast, in the sperm balls, two (Harpactea) or four (Segestria, Dysdera, Seytodes) spermatids fuse completely at the end of spermiogenesis. These sperm balls, considered unique in the animal kingdom, are also provided with an envelope. A further peculiarity not reported previously is the occurrence of a large vesicular area in the sperm balls of Dysdera and Harpactea; this area is also found in Oonops, which, however, possesses individual spermatozoa. Components of the spermatozoa such as the acrosomal vacuole, part of the nucleus, and the axoneme protrude into this area and are thus secondarily covered with a membrane.A detailed study of the individual spermatozoa of Pholcus phalangioides completes earlier investigations and stresses the exceptional position of the genus in comparison to that of other spiders.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850102
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  • 160
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    The follicle cell-oocyte interaction in ovarian follicles of the stick insect Bacillus rossius (Rossi): (Insecta: Phasmatodea) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 37-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Developing ovarian follicles of Bacillus rossius have been examined ultrastructurally in an attempt to understand how inception of vitel-logenesis is controlled. Early vitellogenic follicles are characterized by a thick cuboidal epithelium that is highly interlocked with the oocyte plasma membrane. Gap junctional contacts are present both at the follicle cell/oocyte interface and in between adjacent follicle cells. In addition, microvilli of follicle cells protrude deeply into the cortical ooplasm of these early vitellogenic oocytes. With the onset of vitellogenesis, wide intercellular spaces appear in the follicle cell epithelium and at the follicle cell/oocyte interface. Gap junctions become progressively reduced both on the follicle cell surface and on the oocyte plasma membrane. Microvilli from the two cell types no longer interlock.From a theoretical standpoint each of the two structural differentiations present at the follicle cell/oocyte interface - gap junctions and follicle cell microvilli - could potentially trigger inception of vitellogenesis. Gap junctions might permit the passage of a regulatory molecule, transferring from follicle cells to oocyte, which would control the assembly of coated pits on the oocyte plasma membrane. Alternatively cell interaction via microvilli might induce the appearance of coated pits, thus creating a membrane focus for vitellogenin receptors. Both possibilities are discussed in relation to current literature.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850103
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  • 161
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    Muscle system organization in the echinoderms: II. Microscopic anatomy and functional significance of the muscle-ligament-skeleton system in the arm of the comatulids (Antedon mediterranea) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 59-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Comatulids are able to perform quick and complex movements of the arms which are used to swim, creep, walk, and also form a rigid, feeding-filtration fan. To perform such versatile movements, the arms of these animals are equipped with a classical endoskeletal system, with joints, muscles, ligaments, and a hydroskeleton of three different coelomic channels. Light microscopic study of the detailed anatomical organization of the arm clarifies both the complex relations between the parts involved in the movements and their functional responsibilities. In particular, (1) the ventral muscle bundles show a heterogeneous structure that consists of different and variously arranged populations of fibers, which allows the different flexing movements of the arms (i.e., flexion and maintaining the flexed state); (2) the ligaments (both dorsal and interarticular) consist only of collagen fibrils and, therefore, have a passive function in binding the skeletal pieces together: their possible active engagement in the extending movements of the arms is thus excluded; (3) owing to the absence of other suitable antagonists to the flexor muscles, the only efficient antagonist system seems to be the coelomic cavities, which are well separated from each other and are also provided with muscular valves. They thus function as typical hydraulic systems, which allows the arm to perform both simple extensions and very complex combined movements and to maintain some rigid straight or twisted positions.
    Additional Material: 30 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850105
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    Muscle system organization in the echinoderms: III. Fine structure of the contractile apparatus of the arm flexor muscles of the comatulids (Antedon mediterranea) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 75-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The crinoid arm muscles consist of obliquely striated fibers with striking differences in function and in ultrastructural features. These fibers can be distinguished mainly on the basis of different myofilament arrangements (A- and B-type patterns) and are variously combined at different levels (proximal, intermediate, and distal portions) of the arm. Some rare smooth fibers (C-type) are irregularly distributed in the periphery and in the core of the bundle. The characteristic features of the A- and B-type obliquely striated fibers are (1) a continuous and homogeneous structure of the Z line and (2) a very heterogeneous arrangement of myosin filaments which vary widely in size, number, and distribution from section to section. The significance of such an atypical, obliquely striated muscle may be related to the double skeletal system combination (endoskeleton and hydroskeleton) of the crinoid arms.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850106
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  • 163
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    Secretory cells in the clitellar epithelium of Eisenia foetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta): A histochemical and ultrastructural study (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 89-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Eight secretory cell types are identified in the clitellar epithelium of Eisenia foetida, of which five have been described in detail previously (i.e., the large granular, fine granular, metachromatic, orthochromatic, and small granular proteinacecus cells).The remaining three secretory cell types are mucus-producing cells specific to the clitellar epithelium (type 3), cells associated with the chaetal follicles (type 4), and cells that occur exclusively in the tubercula pubertatis (type 5). Type 3 cells secrete a mucus containing neutral and acid mucosubstances. Ultrastructurally, type 3 cells are characterized by membrane-bound globules 0.4 to 3.7 μm in diameter. The contents of the globules have a finely reticulate appearance. The secretion of type 4 cells contains a collagenlike protein and neutral and sulfated acid mucosubstances. Type 4 cell secretory granules are membrane bound and range in diameter from 0.8 to 1.6 μm. They contain large, electron-dense, spheroid cores which are surrounded by parallel orientated microfibrils 14 nm in diameter. Type 5 cells give variable responses to the histochemical techniques used in the present study. An elastinlike protein is detected in about half of the type 5 cells and acid and neutral mucosubstances in the remainder. At the ultrastructural level the secretory granules vary in shape from spheroid to polygonal. Their finely, electron-dense contents exhibit progressive swelling which results in the eventual rupture of the limiting membranes of the granules. The necks of types 3, 4, and 5 cells contain a peripheral ring of microtubles (20 ± 1 nm in diameter).
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850107
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  • 164
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    Placentation in the lizard Gerrhonotus coeruleus with a comparison to the extraembryonic membranes of the oviparous Gerrhonotus multicarinatus (Sauria, Anguidae) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 101-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Paraffin sections of an ontogenetic series of embryos of the viviparous lizard Gerrhonotus coeruleus and the oviparous congener G. multicarinatus reveal that although general features of the development of the chorioallantoic and yolk sac membranes are similar, differences are evident in the distribution of the chorioallantoic membrane in late stage embryos. An acellular shell membrane surrounds the egg throughout gestation in both species although the thickness of this structure is much reduced in G. coeruleus over that of G. multicarinatus. The initial vascular membrane to contact the shell membrane in both species is a trilaminar omphalopleure (choriovitelline membrane) composed of ectoderm, mesoderm of the area vasculosa, and endoderm. This transitory membrane is replaced by the vascularized chorioallantois as the allantois expands to contact the inner surface of the chorion. Prior to the establishment of the chorioallantois at the embryonic pole, a membrane begins to form within the yolk ventral to the sinus terminalis. This membrane, which becomes vascularized, extends across the entire width of the abembryonic region and isolates a mass of yolk ventral to the yolk mass proper. The outer membrane of the yolk pole is a nonvascular bilaminar omphalopleure (chorionic ectoderm and yolk endoderm). In G. multicarinatus the bilaminar omphalopleure is supported internally by the vascularized allantoic membrane, whereas in G. coeruleus the allantois does not extend beyond the margin of the isolated yolk mass and the bilaminar omphalopleure is supported by the vascularized intravitelline membrane. Both the chorioallantoic placenta (uterine epithelium, chorionic ectoderm and mesoderm, and allantoic mesoderm and endoderm) and the yolk sac placenta at the abembryonic pole (uterine epithelium, chorionic ectoderm, and yolk sac endoderm) persist to the end of gestation in G. coeruleus.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850108
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    Announcement (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 143-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: No Abstracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850111
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  • 166
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    Development of gap junctions in normal and mutant ovaries of Drosophila melanogaster (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 115-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An ovarian follicle of Drosophila consists of an oocyte, 15 nurse cells, and hundreds of follicular epithelial cells. A freeze-fracture analysis of the surfaces between glutaraldehyde-fixed ovarian cells showed that all three cell types were interconnected by gap junctions. This is the first report of gap junctions between adjacent nurse cells, between nurse cells and oocytes, and between follicle cells and oocytes in Drosophila. Since we did not observe intramembranous particle clumping into crystalline patterns and since structurally different gap junctions occurred at different times in development and at different cell-cell interfaces, it is unlikely that fixation artifacts influenced particle distribution in our experiments. A computer-assisted morphometric analysis showed that the extent, size, and morphology of gap junctions varied with development and that these junctions can cover up to 9% of the cell surfaces. To test the role of gap junctions in follicular maturation, we studied ovaries from flies homozygous for the female sterile mutation fs(2)A17, in which follicles develop normally until yolk deposition commences. During the development of mutant follicles, gap junctions became abnormal before any other morphological aspect of the follicle. These studies show that gap junctions are available to play an important role in coordinating intercellular activities between all three cell types in ovarian follicles of Drosophila.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850109
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850201
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  • 168
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    Follicular placenta and embryonic growth of the viviparous four-eyed fish (Anableps) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 131-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the four-eyed fish, Anableps (Atheriniformes, Anablepidae), eggs are fertilized and embryos develop to term within the ovarian follicles. Development is highly matrotrophic. During gestation, the largest term embryo of A. anableps examined had grown to a total length of 51 mm and attained a dry weight of 149 mg. The postfertilization weight increase is 298,000%. The largest term embryo of A. dowi examined had grown to a total length of 77 mm and attained a dry weight of 910 mg. The postfertilization weight increase is 843,000%. Embryonic weight increases result from nutrient transfer across the follicular placenta. This structure is formed by apposition of the maternal follicular epithelium to absorptive surface cells of the embryo's pericardial trophoderm. The latter, a ventral ramification of the pericardial somatopleure, replaces the yolk sac during early gestation. The external surface of the pericardial trophoderm develops hemispherical projections, termed vascular bulbs. Within each bulb, the vascular plexus of the trophoderm expands to form a blood sinus. Cells of the external surface of the bulbs possess microplicae. Microvilli are absent. During middle to late gestation, the juxtaembryonic follicular epithelium differentiates into two regions. One region consists of shallow, pitlike depressions within which vascular bulbs interdigitate in a “ball and socket” arrangement. Follicular pits are formed by the curvilinear distortion of the apical surfaces of follicle cells. The second region in contact with the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the embryo, is comprised of villous extensions of the hypertrophied follicular epithelium. In both regions, follicle cells appear to constitute a transporting rather than a secretory epithlium. In terms of percentage of weight increase, the follicular placenta of Anableps appears to be the most efficient adaptation for maternal-embryonic nutrient transfer in teleost fishes and closely approaches the efficiency (1.2 × 106%) of oophagy and embryonic cannibalism in lamnoid sharks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850110
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    The musculature of squid arms and tentacles: Ultrastructural evidence for functional differences (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 223-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The transverse muscle mass of the arm and the transverse and circular muscle masses of the tentacle of squid (Loligo pealei and Illex illecebrosus) were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Previous work had indicated that although similar in gross arrangement, the transverse muscle mass of the tentacle creates rapid elongation during prey capture while the transverse muscle mass of the arm is involved in creating bending movements. The difference in function between the transverse muscle masses of the arms and tentacles is reflected in differences in ultrastructure. The transverse muscle mass of the arm is made up of regular, obliquely striated muscle fibers 1-6 μm in diameter. The transverse and associated circular muscle masses of the tentacle are made up of cross-striated muscle fibers 1-3 μm in diameter. The cross-striated muscle fibers have A bands approximately 0.5 μm (I. illecebrosus) and 0.9 μm (L. pealei) in length and a resting sarcomere length of 0.9 μm (I. illecebrosus) and 1.6 μm (L. pealei), suggesting a relatively high shortening speed for this muscle type. The cross-striated cells are not divided up into myofibrils, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum is located beneath the sarcolemma. Vernier displacements of the sarcomeres were observed. The myofilaments of the obliquely striated muscle fibers of the arm surround a central core containing mitochondria and the cell nucleus. The sarcoplasmic reticulum of the obliquely striated cells is located beneath the sarcolemma, in the plane of the Z elements, and surrounding the mitochondrial core.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850208
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  • 170
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850301
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  • 171
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    Gross and fine structure of the antennal circulatory organ in cockroaches (Blattodea, Insecta) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 255-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The antennal circulatory organ of Periplaneta americana and Blaberus craniifer was investigated by light and electron microscopy. This organ consists of two pulsatile ampullae located near the antennal base which are interconnected by a large transverse muscle and associated blood vessels which run into the antennae. Diastole is caused simultaneously in both ampullae by the transverse muscle. Systole is produced passively by the elasticity of the wall of the ampullae and minute accessory tendons. Both elastic structures contain fine unbanded extracellular filaments.The antennal vessels possess two distinct regions: a proximal convoluted region lying within the hemocoel of the head and a narrower distal region running through the antenna and opening near the antennal apex. The length of the proximal portion increases markedly during ontogeny in correlation with the growing antenna. Its wall consists of a high-prismatic epithelium ensheathed by a thick layer of collagen fibrils. The structure of the wall cells is comparable to that found in some salt transporting epithelia: it shows a polar organization with basal infoldings, a large number of mitochondria, and typical arrangement of the junctions or mitochondrial-scalariform junctional complexes. The possible physiological function of this epithelium in ionic or osmoregulation of the hemolymph entering the antenna is discussed. The wall of the distal vessel region consists of a flat single-layered epithelium and seems to be specialized only for delivery of hemolymph to antennae. The structure and function of the antennal heart in cockroaches is compared to that found in other insects.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850210
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    Autolysis and heterolysis of the epidermal cells in anuran tadpole tail regression (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 269-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Autolysis and heterolysis of the degenerating epidermis of the tail fin of Rana japonica tadpoles during spontaneous metamorphosis were observed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. In the early climactic stages of metamorphosis (st. 19-20), the outermost epidermal cells developed vacuoles that were acid phosphatase positive and showed apparent breakdown of the cell membrane. The cells shrunk, perhaps due to the rupture of the cell membrane, and sloughed off without typical cornification. As tail resorption proceeded, autolysis of the epidermal cells spread towards the inner layers, in which some epidermal cells lost desmosomal junctions. They also displayed atrophic figures with condensed cytoplasm, breakdown of the cell membrane, and pycnotic nuclei. Lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages were already present in the basal layers of the premetamorphic epidermis (st. 10). Based on ultrastructural observation, blood cells could be distinguished from autolysing epidermal cells. Only a few blood cells were found in the early climactic stages of metamorphosis (st. 19-20), but the number of the blood cells, especially macrophages, greatly increased during the final stages of metamorphosis (st. 23-24). During the final stages, many macrophages were observed to phagocytose the autolysing epidermal cells by projecting slender pseudopodia into the inner epidermis. Macrophages also were observed to pass through the degraded basal lamella. These results suggest that not only autophagy but also heterophagy of the epidermal cells by the macrophages is a major process in the regression of the tail fin epidermis.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850211
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    Scanning electron microscopic study of the male genital tract during its highest and lowest activities in the seasonal reproductive cycle of the soft-shelled turtle (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 277-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The objective of the present investigation was to study by scanning electron microscopy the epithelial surface structures of different segments of the male genital tract (ductuli efferentes, proximal and distal epididymes, and vas deferens) during highest (July) and lowest (January) activity in the annual reproductive cycle of the soft-shelled turtle. The study has revealed that there are distinct regional differences in the male genital tract. The ductuli efferentes have three types of cells, long-ciliated, short-ciliated, and microvilli-bordered cells. The proximal epididymis has two types of cells, microvilli-bordered cells and smooth-surfaced cells; the distal epididymis has only tall, smooth-surfaced cells. The vas deferens contains both smooth-surfaced and microvilli-bordered cells. Cells of the genital tract in July show several differences from comparable cells in January: Ciliated cells of the ductuli efferentes have longer cilia, cells of the proximal epididymis have microvilli distended by secretory materials, and cell apices in the distal epididymis are surmounted by an abundance of huge secretory blebs. There is no discernible change in the vas deferens. The findings suggest that all segments of the male genital tract, except the vas deferens, become active in July and have regressed by January in the annual sexual cycle.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850302
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  • 174
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    Intricate sutures as fractal curves (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 285-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The study of fractal dimensionality for complex sutures in deer skulls and ammonites reveals their extremely long and elaborate lengths in relation to the defined areas they bound. These sutures often show various scales of self-similarity (where the parent pattern is elaborated in miniature, again and again), and empirical fractal dimensions calculated lie between one and two. In the scaling elaborations of Cervid sutures, some elaborations seem isolated from the continuous suture. Small “islands” are seen in similar theoretical fractal curves as well. The evolutionary and developmental specialization of intricate sutures improves the bonds; such fitness is essential owing to extraordinary stresses. Autocorrelation (where nearby sides or elaborations tend to resemble a basic pattern and, therefore, resemble one another) of the elaborations of the sutures serves to lengthen the boundaries and theoretically enhances the development of self-similar patterns. When autocorrelation and self-similarity in the sutures are favored by an evolutionary process plastic enough to elaborate intricate form, ensuring fitness, and natural selection does not directly limit the lengths while concomitantly defining the bounded areas, then the intricacy is manifest as fractal phenomena, and practically described as such.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850303
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  • 175
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    The anatomy and functional morphology of the large hermaphroditic duct of three species of Aplysia, with special reference to the atrial gland (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 186 (1985), S. 167-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anatomy and functional morphology of the large hermaphroditic duct of three species of gastropod mollusc (Aplysia californica, A. dactylomela, and A. brasiliana) were examined. Each duct is composed of two parallel compartments, the red hemiduct (RHD) and the white hemiduct (WHD), which are distinguishable from the outside of the duct. Four secretory regions, all exocrine in morphology, are recognizable: the RHD secretory epithelium, the atrial gland (or atrial gland-like epithelium), the WHD secretory epithelium, and the accessory gland of the copulatory duct (AGCD). Of these regions, only the atrial gland (or atrial gland-like epithelium) contains egg-laying activity and only the atrial gland (or atrial gland-like epithelium) is immunocytochemically labeled by serum antibodies generated against low molecular weight. A. californica atrial gland peptides. The RHD is the functional oviduct: the egg cordon passes through a channel lined by the RHD secretory epithelium and bordered by the atrial gland (or atrial gland-like epithelium); the eggs are separated from both the WHD secretory epithelium and the AGCD by internal folds of the duct. The WHD is the functional copulatory duct: the penis, exogenous sperm, and endogeneous sperm pass directly by the AGCD and in close proximity to the WHD secretory epithelium; they are separated from both the RHD secretory epithelium and the atrial gland (or atrial gland-like epithelium) by internal folds. The atrial gland (or atrial gland-like epithelium) is thus not likely to have a prostatic function or to be directly stimulated by the penis during copulation; it may play a role in oviductal function.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051860204
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  • 176
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    Morphology, ultrastructure, and germ cell cluster formation in ovarioles of aphids (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 186 (1985), S. 209-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of aphid ovaries, including ovipare and virginopare morphs of five species, was investigated by light and electron microscopy. Aphids contain telotrophic meroistic ovarioles. The amount and distribution of cytoplasmic components of nurse cells, nutritive cords, and young oocytes are nearly identical to those known from scale insects and heteropterans. Each ovariole has a constant number of nurse cells and oocytes. In ovaries of ovipare morphs, the nurse cell nuclei enlarge by endomitosis (n = 28n-210n), whereas in virginopare morphs the nurse cell nuclei remain small (n = 22n-24n). Furthermore, in virginoparae the previtellogenic growth of oocytes is highly reduced, and vitellogenesis and chorionogenesis are blocked totally. Embryogenesis starts immediately after the shortened previtellogenic growth.In each ovariole, all germ cell descendants belong to one germ cell cluster that follows the 2n rule. The cluster normally contains 25 = (32) cells, but other mostly smaller numbers also occur. In contrast to polytrophic meroistic ovarioles, more than one cell of each cluster will develop into an oocyte. In Drepanosiphum platanoides, 16 (2n-1) nurse cells and 16 (2n-1) oocytes exist in each cluster, whereas, in Metopolophium dirhodum, 8 (2n-2) oocytes and 24 (2n-1 + 2n-2) nurse cells are normally found. In many ovarioles of Macrosiphum rosae, 21 nurse cells nourish 11 oocytes. Models of germ cell cluster formation in aphid ovaries are discussed.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051860206
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    The role of a sertoli cell actin-myosin system in sperm bundle formation in the ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei (Chondrichthyes, Holocephali) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 186 (1985), S. 223-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sertoli cells in the ratfish entirely surround a clone of spermatids to form a spermatocyst. As spermiogenesis proceeds within the cyst cavity, the acrosome areas become apposed to the Sertoli cell plasma membrane lining the spermatocyst. The spermatids elongate and are gathered into an increasingly compact bundle oriented with acrosomal tips directed toward the Sertoli cell base. As all acrosome areas move closer together, Sertoli cell microfilaments oriented parallel to the long spermatid axis appear and increase in concentration. Actin and myosin were demonstrated in the microfilament area with fluorescent antibodies and NBD-Phallacidin. Simultaneously, endocytosis of Sertoli cell membrane between spermatid attachment sites removes the intervening membrane and allows the latter sites to approach each other. Sertoli cell endocytosis is spatially and temporally related to a unique projection at the basal rim of each acrosome. During midspermiogenesis, structured intercellular material appears between the Sertoli cell and the acrosomal region of each spermatid. Its periodicity is closely related to periodic arrangement of Sertoli cell actin and material within the spermatids. These attachment sites move together upon endocytosis, gathering a clone of spermatids into a closely packed bundle.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051860207
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 186 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051860301
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  • 179
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    Tooth replacement and growth in the young green iguana, Iguana iguana (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 186 (1985), S. 265-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study using eight rapidly growing young green iguanas (Iguana iguana; initial mean weight 68.0 ± 3.8 gm) examined the changes in the wave replacement of teeth, the increased size of the teeth, and the posterior migration of tooth positions over a period of 16 weeks. The teeth increase in width as the lizards grow. The tooth positions shifted posteriorly, providing adequate space for the larger replacement teeth. These observations suggest that the wave replacement of teeth allows for growth of the dentition in length and height adequate to maintain tooth size in proportion to the overall size of the individual.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051860303
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    A freeze-fracture study of postembryonic differentiation of latissimus dorsi muscles of the chicken (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 145-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The differentiation of fiber type characteristics in the anterior (ALD) and posterior (PLD) latissimus dorsi muscles is examined by the freezefracture technique in 1-, 7- and 30-day-old chicks. Several characteristics of plasma membrane (caveolae, rectilinear arrays, intramembranous particles) and sarcoplasmic reticulum which show fiber type differences in the adult ALD and PLD muscles are compared in the developmental stages. The caveolar density in the ALD fibers is about 20/μm2 at 1 day increasing to about 37/μm2 at 30 days, whereas in the PLD fibers it remains at about 20/μm2 during this period. The distribution of the caveolae in the two muscles is different from the begining; in the ALD fibers the caveolae are distributed throughout the plasma membrane and in PLD fibers they are patterned into clusters overlying the I band regions. The density of intramembranous particles of 1-day ALD and PLD plasma membranes appears similar, but by 7 days the particle counts in the sarcolemma of the ALD muscle are about twice as numerous as those in the PLD muscle. The rectilinear arrays are virtually absent in the ALD muscle, whereas in the PLD muscle their density is about 10/μm2 at 1 day and about 20/μm2 at 7 days. Already at 1 day posthatching the SR in ALD and PLD fibers has the adult configuration, i.e., an open irregular network in ALD fibers and periodically arranged tubules with triadic expansions in the PLD fibers. It is concluded that the membrane structure of ALD and PLD muscles is already different at hatching, and at 1 week the differences are identical to those of slow and fast fibers of the adult stage. The membrane changes, therefore, do not support the view that the ALD muscle undergoes a transitional, fast-type stage in posthatching chicks.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051830203
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    The fine structure of early tooth formation in an lguanid lizard, Anolis carolinensis (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 165-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytodifferentiation and hard tissue formation were studied in Anolis to collect information regarding the phylogenetic history of enamel and the functional significance of the events seen in the mammalian tooth during differentiation. The differentiation of the ameloblasts of Anolis, like that of mammals, shows two phases: In the early phase, the cells are short and rich in free ribosomes, in the late phase the cells elongate, develop an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus moves into that part of the cell next to the basal lamina (the cell apex). The early epithelial-mesenchymal interface resembles that of mammals, suggesting that early mechanisms of induction and epithelial-mesenchymal interaction are similar in Anolis and in mammals.Preameloblast processes and preameloblast-preodontoblast contacts in Anolis are rudimentary compared to those of mammals. While in mammals the preameloblast processes shape the future DEJ (dentin-enamel junction), their involvement in establishing the shape of the DEJ of Anolis is questionable. We suggest that the great development of preameloblast-preodontoblast contacts in mammals may simply increase the efficiency of inductive interactions between these cell types.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051830205
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    The occurrence of abnormal sperm in the cauda epididymis of Rhinolophus capensis (Mammalia: Chiroptera) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 177-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spermatozoa of Rhinolophus capensis are stored in the cauda epididymidis for about 10 months, 4 months prior to copulation and 6 months after copulation. Electron microscopy has shown the occurrence of sperm defects (mitochondrial proliferation, bending and coiling of the tail, and Dag defect) throughout the period of sperm storage. However, these defects are more common during the postcopulation period, when excess spermatozoa are being removed, suggesting that they may be associated with sperm degradation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051830206
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  • 183
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    Modifications of the fertilized egg surface following the cortical reaction in Limulus polyphemus L. as viewed with the scanning electron microscope (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 185-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the development of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, the fertilized egg undergoes a complicated cleavage (Stages 1-3) resulting in blastoderm formation (Stage 4). Stage 1 involves intralecithal cleavage and consists of nine discrete surface modifications (events) which have been briefly described with light microscopy by Brown and Barnum ('83). Since in Stage 1 the cortical reaction (events 1-4) has already been examined with ultrastructural methods, the objectives of the present study were to examine with scanning electron microscopy: (1) the first two of three intermittent granulations (events 5 and 7), and (2) the associated events characterized by smooth surfaces (events 4, 6, and 8). The first granulation occurs 2 1/2 to 3 hours after fertilization (22°C) and lasts approximately 1 1/2 hours. The second granulation appears approximately 5 hours after fertilization and lasts about 3 hours.The dynamic changes that occur during the two granulations involve the transformation of a smooth appearing embryonic surface, liberally coated with microvilli, into a granule-dominated surface on which microvilli are greatly reduced in number. Also of considerable interest are the numerous projections which begin to appear on the surface near the end of the second granulation (event 7) and dominate the surface of the following smooth step stage (event 8). Hypotheses on the significance of these dynamic changes and surface modifications involve relationships to the cell cycle, possible mechanisms for membrane storage, and secretory function.
    Additional Material: 31 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051830207
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    Oogenesis in the terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus (decapoda, anomura). I. Previtellogenic oocytes (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ultrastructural study of previtellogenic oocytes found in cystlike clusters scattered throughout the length of the bilobed ovary of the hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus shows a high nuclear:cytoplasm ratio. Large, round nuclei containing synaptinemal complexes serve as good temporal markers for identification of previtellogenic oocytes. The cytoplasm contains many smooth-membraned vesicles filled with granules and probably of nuclear origin. In addition to its complement of Golgi complexes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and free ribosomes, the cytoplasm also contains stacks of annulate lamellae, a feature not previously described for decapod oocytes. Typically, the previtellogenic oocyte with its accumulation of ribosomes has the appearance of a nonsynthetic cell preparing to go through a metabolic transition.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051830209
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    Facial morphology and vibrissal movement in the golden hamster (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 199-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The major cranial vibrissae in the golden hamster can be moved in complex ways that suggest they are served by a finely controlled motor system. Movements are hypothesized to be the products of (1) differential blood flow and pressure regulation in the sinus surrounding each vibrissal follicle, (2) contractions of the striated facial muscles, and (3) elastic rebound in the connective tissues. The vasculature contributes hydrostatic forces that (a) erect the vibrissae slightly and distort their connective tissue bedding, (b) rigidify the vibrissal capsules, thus forming firm bases of attachment for certain facial muscles, and (c) theoretically provide a pressure plate around the follicle, important in lowering the firing thresholds of receptor endings. The facial muscles supply the major forces in erection and protraction of the vibrissae by acting on both the capsules and the connective tissue bedding. The connective tissues are organized into capsular and extracapsular systems that serve to stabilize the vibrissae and return them to initial rest positions.The slight movements of the genal vibrissa are the effects of vascular and connective tissue dynamics, the musculature being uninvolved. Wide angle movements of the supraorbital vibrissae are products of the vasculature and connective tissues, plus contractions of the Mm. orbicularis oculi and frontalis. Mystacial vibrissal movement is quite complex. The vasculature supplies a small degree of capsular erection and mystacial pad distortion, but primarily rigidifies the capsules. The bulk of erection and protraction is produced by the M. nasolabialis profundus (NLP) and the vibrissal capsular muscles (VCM). The NLP distorts the mystacial pad; the VCM tilt the capsules relative to the pad. Retraction is mainly accomplished by elastic rebound in the pad, this being aided in its extreme degrees by the Mm. nasolabialis and maxillolabialis. The Mm. nasolabialis superficialis and buccinator pars orbicularis oris help to spread the vibrissae into a dorsoventral fan and stabilize the mystacial pad during whisking.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051830208
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    The cardiovascular chromaffin cell system of the southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis gray (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 225-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study demonstrates that the silver technique of Grimelius (Acta Soc. Med. Ups. 73:243-270, 68) is ideally suited for the study of cardiovascular chromaffin cells in lampreys. This method showed that in the Southern Hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, the distribution of chromaffin cells differs from that described for holarctic species. In G. australis, the chromaffin cells are found mainly in the sinus venosus, atrium, and nearby regions of the cardinal and jugular veins, and they are absent from the ventricle and conus arteriosus. The location and discreteness of the large accumulation of chromaffin cells in the lateral wall of the right posterior cardinal vein of adults resemble those of the precardiac axillary bodies of elasmobranchs. Chromaffin cells become more abundant during metamorphosis. The possible phylogenetic and functional significance of lamprey chromaffin cells is briefly discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051830210
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  • 187
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051830301
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    The ontogeny of shell secretion in Terebratalia transversa (brachiopoda, articulata) I. Development of the mantle (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 233-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the mantle in free-swimming and metamorphosing larvae of the articulate brachipod Terebratalia transversa has been examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The mantle begins to form approximately 2 days after fertilization and subsequently develops into a skirtlike lobe that encircles the middle region of the larval body. A simple epithelium covers both the outer surface of the mantle lobe and the inner side situated next to the pedicle lobe of the larva. During metamorphosis, the mantle lobe is everted over the anterior end of the larva. Thus, the epithelium covering the outer part of the mantle lobe in the larva subsequently becomes the inner epithelium of the juvenile mantle. Similarly, the inner epithelium of the larval mantle lobe represents the future outer epithelium of the juvenile mantle. In free-swimming larvae, the prospective outer mantle epithelium contains two types of cells, called “lobate” and “vesicular” cells. Lobate cells initially deposit a thin layer of amorphous material, and vesicular cells produce ovoid multigranular bodies. Following settlement at about 5 days postfertilization, the vesicular cells secrete an electron-dense sheet that constitutes the basal layer of the developing periostracum. Within several hours to a day thereafter, reversal of the mantle lobe is rapidly effected, apparently by contractions of the pedicle adjustor muscles.
    Additional Material: 30 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051830302
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  • 189
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    Aquatic prey capture in ambystomatid salamanders: Patterns of variation in muscle activity (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 273-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Functional morphologists commonly study feeding behavior in vertebrates by recording electrical activity from head muscles during unrestrained prey capture. Rarely are experiments designed to permit a partitioning of variation in muscle electrical activity patterns. Analysis of muscle activity during aquatic prey capture in two morphologivally distinct species of salamanders, Ambystoma dumerilii and A. mexicanum, is conducted to assess variation at four levels: between species, among individuals within species, among experiments conducted on different days, and among feedings. The results show that (1) mean correlations among the 11 electromyographic variables measured for each feeding are low and vary considerably among individuals, (2) many of the variables show significant differences among experimental days, (3) only one variable, the difference in timing between the depressor mandibulae and sternohyoideus muscles, showed significant variation between species, and (4) seven of the 11 variables showed significant variation among individuals within species. Overall, the variation between feedings (trials) was high, and there was some variation between days on which the experiments were conducted. Neither electrode position within the muscle nor satiation contributed to the high trial variance. The results suggest that functional analyses of feeding behavior should include an assessment of variation due to individuals, days, and trials, because the amount of variation at these levels may render differences between species nonsignificant.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051830304
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  • 190
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    The mechanism of frill erection in the bearded dragon Amphibolurus barbatus with comments on the jacky lizard A. muricatus (Agamidae) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Amphibolurus barbatus has a threat display which includes the erection of the gular regions as a frill and may also include wide opening of the mouth to display a yellow mouth lining. Frill erection involves protraction, depression, and lateral expansion of the hyoid apparatus. Electrical stimulation of the hyoid muscles and dissection of the hyoid apparatus were used to examine specializations for producing frill erection. Specializations of the hyoid skeleton include the absence of a ceratobranchial II, presence of a synovial joint between the ceratohyal and body of the hyoid, and combined shortening of the entoglossal process and lengthening of the posterior arches. The only apparent specialization of the hyoid musculature is the anterior displacement of the origin of m. hyomandibularis. All of the hyoid muscles are involved in some way in frill erection and the actions of each muscle is described. The characteristic frill erection in the threat display of Amphibolurus barbatus is possible because of the 1:2 ratio of the anterior and posterior parts of the apparatus and the absence of the ceratobrnchial II.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051830305
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  • 191
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051840101
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  • 192
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    Use of the term “Trophoblast” for tissues in therian mammals (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 293-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Use of the term “trophoblast” in descriptions of therian (marsupial and eutherian) mammals has caused confusion because of misinterpretations of blastular homologies and because of imprecise application in functional versus ontogenetic-phylogenetic senses. Marsupials follow the plan of early development characteristic of noneutheian amniotes. Eutherians, in contrast, are unique in the early determination of presumptive embryonic versus extraembryonic cells through formation of inner cell mass versus trophoblastic (or trophectodermal) tissues, respectively. No cellular unit of the eutherian blastula is recognizable unequivocally as the homologue of a specific part of the protodermal marsupial blastula; progressive deletion of innovative but phylogenetically older ontogenetic steps probably figured importantly in the evolution of eutherian early embryogenesis. Because of marked differences in mode of formation and in cellular fates, homology of the blastocoel between marsupials and eutherians is questioned. It is suggested that use of the term “trophoblast” (1) be restricted to eutherians in discussions of ontogenesis or phylogenesis, and (2) be deemphasized in the functional sense (i.e., fetal-maternal exchanges) for marsupials, in favor of the more appropriate tissue terms of “choriovitelline” and “chorioallantoic” membranes. Integral to the origin of the eutherian style of embryogenesis was the evolution during Cretaceous time of neomorphic, extraembryonic tissues (i.e., trophoblast) having physiological properties that allowed the unique combination of (1) intimate apposition of fetal and maternal tissues and circulatory systems, along with (2) sustained, active morphogenesis. Marsupials have not achieved such a combination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051830306
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  • 193
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    External features of the developing embryo of the stonefly, Kamimuria tibialis (pictet) (plecoptera, perlidae) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 311-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: External features of the egg, developing embryo, and first instar nymph of Kamimuria tibialis are described. The embryonic development from the germ disc to the full-grown embryo is divided into 12 stages. The saclike embryonic rudiment is formed by the bending and folding of the germ disc. The embryo first elongates at the egg surface and then sinks into the yolk due to caudal flexure. In the head, four paired protocerebral lobes differentiate and the fourth lobes are thought to be the rudiments of preantennal ganglia. The columnar serosal cells appear at the posterior pole of the egg and they disappear before katatrepsis. The coniform chloride cells occur at the hind margins of the first nine abdominal segments in the full-grown embryo and first instar nymph. Amnion formation in K. tibialis is very similar to that of Allonarcys proteus and the Isoptera. It is proposed that the immersed type of growth pattern of embryos is divided into two subtypes in hemimetabolous insects; one is in the Palaeoptera and Paraneoptera, and the other is in the Plecoptera, Orthoptera, Notoptera, Isoptera, Embioptera, and the blattarian, Periplaneta americana.
    Additional Material: 35 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051830308
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  • 194
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    Maturation and aging of adult fat body and oenocytes in Drosophila as revealed by light microscopic morphometry (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 51-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A morphological and cytometric analysis of the adult fat body cells and oenocytes was made on sections of abdomens from immature, mature and senescent Drosophila melanogaster of both sexes. There are about 18,000 fat body cells in abdomens of female and mature male flies. Immature and senescent males have about 12,000 and 15,000 cells, respectively. The size of the cells is almost the same for immature flies of both sexes and increases about six-fold to approximately 2600μm2, so that mature flies of both sexes have equivalent amounts of fat body tissue. The proportions of lipid, glycogen, and background cytoplasm of fat body cells also remain relatively constant throughout adult life, but dense, proteinaceous granules are observed in cells of senescent flies. The amounts of cellular components change dramatically due to change of cell size with age; the amount of lipid shows the greatest sexual difference with about 2 × more in the females at all stages studied. The oenocytes number about 6,000 in the abdomens of all but immature male flies, which have approximately 4,000. Although the cells of both sexes triple in size to about 700 μm2, the oenocytes of males reach maximum size earlier than those of females. The major features of oenocytes appear to be dense background cytoplasm, putative lipid droplets found only in mature flies, and pigmented granules first seen in the cells of mature flies which accumulate with age to 33% of the cytoplasm. The number of cells and their anticipated capacity for protein synthesis is discussed in relation to the production of yolk protein precursors.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051840106
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  • 195
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    Structural variability of collagen fibers in the calcareous axial rod of a sea pen (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 75-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Previous studies revealed that the organic matrix of the skeletal rod of the sea pen, Veretillum cynomorium, contained about 50% collagenous protein. The present ultrastructural study, based upon conventional staining methods, shows the existence of an abundant, longitudinally arranged nonbanded and fibrillar material separated by a reticular matrix. After incubation with 3H-proline, labeling is specifically localized on the fibrillar material. Some fibers occasionally display a transverse striation with a period of 11 to 14 nm which can be associated with a chevron striation. Infrequently, some other fibers display a more distinct banding of 55 to 70 nm or even yield a checkerboard pattern. However, a majority of fibers remain without a regular structure comparable to the periodic striations observed in the collagen of other animals. After treatment with 1% PTA in 70% ethanol, all the fibers show a clear banding of 14 nm and some of them possess two types of striations. The same result is obtained on fibers mechanically dissociated and negatively stained. As these methods show a periodic banding pattern on all the fibers, it is likely that all the fibers (striated or not) observed after routine electron microscopy correspond to collagen material. This collagen appears to be both polymorphic and completely new in comparison to that which is characteristic of the mesoglea. The polymorphic aspect is compared to that obtained from vertebrate collagens.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051840108
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  • 196
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    The digestive system of the lobster, Homarus americanus: I. Connective tissue of the digestive gland (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 311-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The digestive gland (midgut gland, hepatopancreas) of the American lobster, Homarus americanus (Decapoda: Nephropidae), has one continuous network of connective tissue in which the tubules are embedded and suspended and which forms the limiting layer of the organ. Light- and electron-microscopical observations show that the outer connective-tissue layer investing the entire digestive gland is a typical, fibrous connective tissue, containing hemal sinuses and a variety of cell types embedded in a collagenous matrix. This outer layer is continuous with the connective tissue among the tubules, which lacks a substantial fibrous matrix and lies peripheral to the digestive epithelium of each tubule. It consists of a complex, two-layered, epithelial basement membrane, an area containing cells, a tunica propria, and hemal sinuses. Several types of cells are present between the basement membrane and the tunica propria: contractile cells form a network of circular and longitudinal processes around each tubule, and several types of granulocytes are found in areas where tubules abut.The previously applied terms “myoepithelium” and “myoendothelium” are inappropriate to describe the tissue among the tubules. Instead, the extraepithelial elements are interpreted as forming an extensive connective tissue supporting the functional units of the digestive gland.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051840306
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  • 197
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    The intrarenal and pericapsular venous systems of kidneys of the ringed seal, Phoca hispida (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 361-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The kidneys of Phoca hispida are comprised of many closely adherent renculi, each of which is a small kidney, functionally independent of its neighbours except with respect to venous drainage. Venous blood from the rencular parenchyma drains to the periphery through interlobular veins. These interlobular veins empty into a perirencular plexus comprised of subcapsular veins on the free surface of the renculus, interrencular veins on adjoined surfaces, and marginal subcapsular veins lying in the furrows between adjoined renculi. A pericapsular plexus of large veins overlies the marginal subcapsular veins and has frequent connections with them. Blood drains from the pericapsular plexus into large superficial collecting veins that converge over the surface of the kidney toward the divided hilum and connect directly to the paired trunks of the posterior vena cava. There are also connections to other major venous systems of the region.There is no arcuate venous system, no major vein at the rencular hilum, and no vein of consequence emerging from the renal hilum. Venous outflow is virtually entirely directed to the peripheral plexuses. The venous pattern differs from that of most mammals in which blood drains from the renal parenchyma to arcuate veins and leaves the kidney through a renal vein, or veins, emerging from the hilum.The walls of veins in the kidney are remarkably thin in comparison to their size. Subcapsular veins up to 0.5 mm wide have walls on the parenchymal side that in places consist only of a thin, fenestrated endothelium and a basal lamina.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051840310
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  • 198
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    Distribution of myofiber types in thigh muscles of chickens (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 145-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The composition of myofiber types varies within thigh muscles of chickens. The present study was designed to determine whether or not myofiber types were distributed uniformly across the diameter of the thigh muscles of chickens. Cross sections from middle portions of muscles were used histochemically to examine differences in distribution and composition of myofiber types in the muscles. Myofibers that reacted moderately (M) or strongly (S) for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) after preincubation at pH 4.3 were classified as type I. Type I myofibers reacted weakly (W), moderately (M), or strongly (S) for ATPase after preincubation at pH 10.6; these type I myofibers were subclassified into four types (ISW, ISM, ISS, and IMM). Myofibers that reacted negatively for acid-stable ATPase and strongly for alkali-stable ATPase were classified into two types: type IIA, with strong NADH tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR), and type IIB, with weak NADH-TR activity. The M. pubo-ischio-femoralis pars lateralis had numerous type IIA myofibers and very few type ISM myofibers, whereas the pars medialis had many type IMM myofibers and few type ISS and IIA myofibers. The type I group of myofibers did not exceed about 50% in the other muscles, which had one to three types of type ISW, ISM, and ISS myofibers. The Mm. femorotibiales had more type ISW, and ISM myofibers in the deep regions near the femur than in the superficial regions. The M. iliotibialis cranialis, M. iliofibularis, and M. flexor cruris medialis had more type ISW, ISM, or ISS myofibers in the medial regions than in the lateral regions. A few type ISW myofibers were scattered in the cranial part of M. iliotibialis and in the M. ambiens. The M. flexor cruris lateralis pars pelvica had type IIA and IIB myofibers exclusively. All the muscles had type IIA myofibers. Type IIB myofibers existed in the muscles except the M. puboischio-femoralis. Type IIA and IIB myofibers differed in proportion in different muscles and in their different regions. The type I group of myofibers was generally concentrated more in the deep regions near the femur and in the medial regions than in the superficial and lateral regions of the thigh muscles. The distribution of type IIA myofibers resembled that of type I group. Type IIB myofibers showed a distribution opposite to that of type I group and IIA myofibers. The spatial distribution of myofiber types within individual muscles can account for the various locomotory and postural requirements of the thigh.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850202
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  • 199
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    Formation of the pronephros and pronephric duct rudiment in the Mexican axolotl (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), the pronephros begins to form at the four-somite stage. It is initially continuous with the posterior-lateral region of somite 2 and the lateral margin of somites 3 and 4. By the seven-somite stage, the pronephros has become compacted, and the cells are now morphologically distinct from the somitic cells. At this stage, a mass of loosely connected cells, apparently originating from the lateral mesoderm, is seen below somites 4 and 5. By the eight-somite stage, these presumptive duct cells have migrated dorsally to the duct path and are found below somites 5-7. By the nine-somite stage they have begun to migrate caudally.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850207
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  • 200
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    Ultrastructure of the spermatozoon and spermiogenesis in the interstitial annelid Potamodrilus fluviatilis (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 203-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of spermatozoa and its genesis (spermiogenesis) have been investigated in the interstitial annelid Potamodrilus fluviatilis. The mature spermatozoa are threadlike cells which are bent at the base of the flagellum, giving the cell a hairpinlike appearance. The acrosome consists of an unusual, long, flasklike vesicle with a granum in its basal part. The cylindrical nuclear region is characterized by a monolayer of vesicles enwrapping the posterior half of the nucleus. This region is endowed with a number of altered rodlike mitochondria. No middlepiece is present. The basal body of the flagellum is obliquely arranged with respect to the long axis, giving rise to a curved flagellum, which, along most of its length, exhibits a thick layer of vacuolized cytoplasm around the axoneme. During spermiogenesis, which occurs in the body fluid, spermatids develop at the surface of syncytial masses which have been formed during meiotic divisions. The acrosome protrudes in the distal part of the cell, while the basal body of the flagellum is shifted toward the proximal region, which connects the cell with the cytophore. These are unusual features in annelid spermiogenesis. As indicated in Discussion, the phylogenetic implications of these findings include the assumption that Potamodrilus is not related to any oligochaete or even any other clitellate group or species and, hence, has to be excluded from these taxa.
    Additional Material: 40 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850206
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