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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Eucalyptus ; Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Phosphorus ; Endomycorrhizal dependency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Numerous publications have reported growth stimulation of Eucalyptus following ectomycorrhizal inoculation in nursery or field conditions. Although Eucalyptus species can also form arbuscular mycorrhiza, their dependency on this type of mycorrhiza is still debatable. This paper presents information on the effect of inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on eucalypt growth. Twenty weeks after mycorrhizal inoculation, Eucalyptus seedlings' stem dry weight could be increased up to 49% compared to non-inoculated control plants. Intensity of root colonization by a given fungus depended on the host species, but it was not related to a plant growth response. Leaf phosphorus concentration of non-inoculated Eucalyptus seedlings varied greatly between species. Increases in leaf phosphorus concentration following mycorrhizal infection were not necessarily associated with plant growth stimulation. The most mycorrhiza-dependent Eucalyptus species tended to be those having the highest leaf phosphorus concentration in the absence of a fungal symbiont. These mycorrhiza-dependent Eucalyptus species seem to have greater phosphorus requirements and consequently to rely more on the symbiotic association.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Gigaspora margarita ; Phosphorus ; Exudation ; Hyphal branching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of solution phosphorus (P) concentration upon growth of pregerminated spores of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita was examined in vitro. P at 1 mM significantly inhibited branching of the primary germ tube. The number of branches and the total hyphal length were both significantly inhibited at 10 mM P. In addition, germinated spores exposed to exudates produced by Ri T-DNA-transformed roots of Daucus carota L. grown in the presence of P showed significantly less hyphal branching than those exposed to exudates produced by P-stressed roots. These phenomena could contribute to the observed inhibition of mycorrhiza formation by high P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 184-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cropping systems ; Soil organic matter ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of up to 23 years of agricultural cropping of a boreal forest soil on soil organic carbon (SOC) and N, P, and K pools were studied. The cropping systems studied were: (a) continuous barley, (b) continuous forage bromegrass, (c) continuous forage legume, and (d) barley/grass-legume forage rotation. Continuous bromegrass increased while other cropping systems decreased SOC in the surface soil. Kjeldahl N in soil approximately followed the trend in SOC. The net gain in N under continuous grass was attributed mostly to nonsymbiotic N fixation. Changes in SOC content appeared to be also influenced by cropping and tillage frequencies. Changes in fixed (intercalary) ammonium were small. There was no measurable change in total P, in part, because input was only slightly higher than crop offtake. Organic P increased under continuous bromegrass, and tended to decrease under continuous legume. The C/N and C/P ratios of soil organic matter decreased slightly with cropping. Exchangeable K (Kex) was decreased by cropping systems containing a legume crop to a greater extent than those without a legume crop. Most of the decrease occurred in the 0–15 cm depth. Nitric acid extractable K was not affected by cropping. Since net loss of Kex to 30 cm depth was substantially less than crop offtake, it is suggested that subsoil K reserves and matrix K were supplying a major portion of the crops' K requirement. It is concluded that the effects of cropping systems on SOC, N, P and K are influenced by crop type, and cropping and tillage frequencies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 184-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Cropping systems ; Soil organic matter ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of up to 23 years of agricultural cropping of a boreal forest soil on soil organic carbon (SOC) and N, P, and K pools were studied. The cropping systems studied were: (a) continuous barley, (b) continuous forage bromegrass, (c) continuous forage legume, and (d) barley/grass-legume forage rotation. Continuous bromegrass increased while other cropping systems decreased SOC in the surface soil. Kjeldahl N in soil approximately followed the trend in SOC. The net gain in N under continuous grass was attributed mostly to nonsymbiotic N fixation. Changes in SOC content appeared to be also influenced by cropping and tillage frequencies. Changes in fixed (intercalary) ammonium were small. There was no measurable change in total P, in part, because input was only slightly higher than crop offtake. Organic P increased under continuous bromegrass, and tended to decrease under continuous legume. The C/N and C/P ratios of soil organic matter decreased slightly with cropping. Exchangeable K (Kex) was decreased by cropping systems containing a legume crop to a greater extent than those without a legume crop. Most of the decrease occurred in the 0–15 cm depth. Nitric acid extractable K was not affected by cropping. Since net loss of Kex to 30 cm depth was substantially less than crop offtake, it is suggested that subsoil K reserves and matrix K were supplying a major portion of the crops‘ K requirement. It is concluded that the effects of cropping systems on SOC, N, P and K are influenced by crop type, and cropping and tillage frequencies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Wetlands ; Phosphorus ; Landscape ; Regression model ; Riparian ; Vermont
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A landscape-level approach was applied to eight rural watersheds to assess the role that wetlands play in reducing phosphorus loading to surface waters in the Lake Champlain Basin. Variables summarizing various characteristics of wetlands within a watershed were calculated using a geographic information system and then compared to measured phosphorus loading through multiple regression analyses. The inclusion of a variable based on the area of riparian wetlands located along low- and medium-order streams in conjunction with the area of agricultural and nonwetland forested lands explained 88% of the variance in phosphorus loading to surface waters. The best fit model coefficients (Pload = 0.86Ag + 0.64For − 30Ripwet + 160) suggest that a hectare of riparian wetland may be many times more important in reducing phosphorus than an agricultural hectare is in producing phosphorus. These results provide additional support for the concept that protection of riparian wetlands is an important management strategy for controlling stream water quality in multiuse landscapes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 1635-1645 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Phosphorus ; sulfide ; selenide ; sulfurisation ; phosphorus-31 NMR ; ab initio ; GIAO ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Sulfurisierung von AminotetraphosphortrichalkogenidenAminotetraphosphortrisulfide α-P4S3(NR1R2)2 reagieren mit S8 bei Bestrahlung mit sichtbarem Licht mit mittlerer oder geringerer Umsetzung der Ausgangsverbindung zu α-P4S3(S)(NR1R2)2, in denen das addierte Schwefelatom exoständig ist. Im Fall NR1R2 = NiPr2 wurden drei Isomere gefunden: ein Paar Diastereomere, die bei der Additionsreaktion des Schwefels an ein stickstofftragendes Phosphoratom möglicherweise unter Retention oder unter Inversion der Konfiguration gebildet wurden und ein Isomer, das ein sulfuriertes Brückenkopf-Phosphoratom enthält. Im Fall NR1R2 = NMePh wurden nur die beiden Diastereomere beobachtet. Bei der Photolyse einer Mischung von α-P4Se3(NMePh)2 und α-P4Se3(NMePh)I mit S8, entstanden α-P4SSe2(NMePh)2 und α-P4SSe2(NMePh)I als Hauptprodukte, in denen das jeweilige verbrückende Selenatom der Ausgangsverbindungen durch Schwefel ersetzt wurde. Dies ermöglicht die gezielte Synthese von Verbindungen des Typs α-P4SSe2XY, in denen Schwefel nur die Brückenposition und nicht die anderen Chalkogenpositionen besetzt. Alle Produkte wurden ungetrennt in Lösungen durch 31P NMR Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Ab initio MO Berechnungen der Geometrien und der GIAO NMR chemischen Verschiebungen, mit dem Basis-Satz 3-21G*, für die drei Isomere der noch nicht synthetisierten Modellverbindung α-P4S3(S)(NH2)2 und für die zwei Isomere von α-P4S3(NH2)2, ermöglichten die Identifikation des synthetisierten Isomers α-P4S3(S)(NiPr2)2 mit einem sulfurierten Brückenkopf. Eine eindeutige Zuordnung der NMR-Parameter zu den beiden Diastereomeren ist noch nicht möglich.
    Notes: Amino tetraphosphorus trisulfides α-P4S3(NR1R2)2 reacted with S8 under photolysis using visible light, in moderate or low conversion, to give α-P4S3(S)(NR1R2)2, in which the added sulfur atom was exocyclic. For NR1R2 = NPr2i, three isomers were found: a pair of diastereomers corresponding to attachment of the sulfur atom to a nitrogen-carrying phosphorus atom either with retention or with inversion of its configuration, and an isomer containing a sulfurised bridgehead phosphorus atom. For NR1R2 = NMePh, only the two diastereomers were seen. Photolysis of a mixture of α-P4Se3(NMePh)2 and α-P4Se3(NMePh)I with S8 gave as major products α-P4SSe2(NMePh)2 and α-P4SSe2(NMePh)I, in which sulfur had replaced the bridging selenium atom in the starting compounds. This provides a synthesis of compounds α-P4SSe2XY in which sulfur occupies a specific skeletal position, rather than being randomly distributed. All products were characterised by 31P NMR in unseparated solutions. Ab initio MO calculations of geometry and of GIAO NMR chemical shifts at the 3-21G* level for three isomers of the unknown model compound α-P4S3(S)(NH2)2, and two isomers of α-P4S3(NH2)2, allowed identification of the observed isomer of α-P4S3(S)(NPr2i)2 with a sulfurised bridgehead, but relative assignment of the two diastereomers to their NMR parameters remains a hypothesis.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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