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  • 1965-1969  (1,595)
  • 1910-1914
  • 1890-1899
  • 1965  (1,595)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (1,595)
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Material
Years
  • 1965-1969  (1,595)
  • 1910-1914
  • 1890-1899
Year
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical mechanics of noncovalent bonds in polyamino acids. IX. The two-state theory of protein denaturationThis work was supported by a research grant (AI-01473) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service, and by a research grant (GB-2238) from the National Science Foundation. (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 401-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The two-state theory of protein denaturation, in which it is assumed that a protein exists as two species, native and denatured, is examined by three approaches in this paper. First, the point is made that denaturation of an isolated molecule involves a continuous shift in the probabilities of occurrence of many states generated by the partition function for the protein. It is argued that the maximum term approximation does not lead to a two-state mechanism of denaturation, and that the extent of cooperation implied by the two-state theory should give very much sharper transitions than are actually found in proteins. Second, the two-state theory is applied to the various model systems treated in this series of papers, and is found to be inadequate. Since the detailed behaviour of the models is known, it is possible to deduce the effect of the incorrect application of the two-state theory to a system that “denatures” by gradual unwinding. This exercise is useful when, thirdly, we examine experimental data that seem to depart radically from a two-state interpretation. We conclude that a mechanism of gradual unwinding is the most generally valid assumption, and that the two-state theory has no theoretical or experimental support.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1965.360030405
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Band-forming centerpieces for the analytical ultracentrifuge (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 481-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three types of band-forming centerpieces useful in band centrifugation in the analytical ultracentrifuge are described. The mode of filling and the advantages and disadvantages of each type are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1965.360030409
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical properties of periodate-oxidized amylose: Aggregation of oxidized amylose in aqueous solutions (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 497-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ability of periodate-oxidized amylose to form aggregates in aqueous solution was studied by sedimentation, light scattering, and viscosity analyses. Ultracentrifuge schlieren patterns show that aggregation can be appreciable at pH 3.0 and 1.0. The hydroxyl ion-catalyzed degradation of the oxidized amylose is faster at pH 3.0 than at pH 1.0. Viscosity and sedimentation analyses conducted at pH 3.0 show that a minimum in the degree of aggregation of the oxidized molecules is obtained at 15-25% oxidation. Solubulity studies and x-ray diffraction patterns on retrograded amylose show that maximum solubility of the retrograded amylose is obtained by oxidizing to the extent of 25-35%. It was therefore concluded that in the general range of 20-30% periodate oxidation, the oxidized amylose has a minimum ability to form intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Outside of this range, oxidized amylose readily forms aggregates in aqueous solutions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1965.360030411
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat of the reaction forming the three-stranded poly (A + 2U) complex (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 491-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Calorimetric measurements of the heat of the addition of the second strand of poly U to poly (A + 2U) to form the three-stranded poly (A + 2U) complex in 0.1M and 0.5M NaCl at 24 and 37°C. are reported. A value of ΔH = -3800 cal./mole of poly (A + 2U) formed was found to be fairly insensitive to the experimental conditions employed. The heat of the addition of the third strand to the preformed poly (A + U) helix is considerably less exothermic than the heat of reaction between poly A and poly U to form poly (A + U). The insensitivity of the heat of addition of the third strand (poly U) to changes in salt concentration and temperature lends qualitative support to the earlier hypothesis that the major portion of the variation of the ΔH of the poly A and poly U reaction with experimental conditions arises from differences in the conformation of poly A. Combining the information obtained in this study for the ΔH of the reaction forming poly (A + 2U) with data for the ΔH of the formation of poly (A + U) indicates that the conversion of poly (A + U) to poly (A + 2U) is opposed by an enthalpy change which increases with temperature. Extrapolation of these values to 52°C. where poly (A + U) is transformed to poly (A + 2U) in 0.5M NaCl leads to a value of ΔH = +3800 cal./mole (A + 2U) formed and ΔS = 11.5 cal./mole of (A + 2U) formed. It is concluded from the calorimetric data that the driving force for the poly (A + U) to poly (A + 2U) conversion reaction is the favorable entropy change.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1965.360030410
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1965.360030501
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction between proteins and salt solutions. III. Effect of salt type and concentration on the shrinkage temperature (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 461-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of salt type and concentration on the transformation of an oriented crystalline collagen tendon into a crosslinked network under conditions of equilibrium swelling was investigated. Our main observations are the following. The degree of swelling of crystalline tendons increases at low salt concentration Cs, and decreases at higher Cs for a wide variety of salts. The observation is not reconcilable with swelling taking place in interfibrillar spaces or structural voids. Within the tropocollagen units and at their ends, regions of reduced organization are postulated (as suggested by Bear and by Schmitt) which are able to interact with the diluent in the amorphous-like manner. At least four different factors should be considered in assessing the role of salt and salt concentration on the shrinkage temperature Ts under isoelectric conditions. They are: (1) specific effects, (2) diluent effects, (3) crosslinking effects, and (4) nonequilibrium effects. The diluent effects are correlated with the salting-in-salting-out power of the ions which was characterized in Part I of this series. Smaller amounts of diluents are generally available to the tendon when the salt has a higher salting-out power, and this corresponds to higher shrinkage temperatures, other conditions being the same. The crosslinking effect raises Ts due to a reduction of the diluent content and, probably for p-benzoquinone and formaldehyde, also to a reduction of the conformational entropy in the molten state. Nonequilibrium effects arise from the fact that shrinkage and recrystallization are kinetically hindered when the tendon is highly deswollen in strong salting-out solutions, or when the salt has a crosslinking power. The specific effect is the only effect which is not related to the amount of diluent present in the tendon. Its origin is less clear. For anions such as Cl- and SCN-, it is possibly related to an ability of the ion to prevent intersegmental hydrogen bonding and water carbonyl bridges. The competition of several of the above effects for a given salt solution makes possible various types of dependence of Ts upon Cs: Ts may either continuously decrease or continuously increase with increasing Cs, or it may go through a minimum. In absence of salt, the cooperative character of the transition at the pH at which maximum swelling occurs appears extremely reduced. The large swelling maintains the tendon in the elongated state and this simulates a continuous decrease of Ts on lowering pH. In presence of small quantities of salt, which reduce swelling, the transition is sharp and Ts is decreased with pH up to pH 2, when maximum swelling occurs, and then reincreases on further lowering of the pH. The dependence of Ts upon Cs is more complex than under isoelectric conditions. There is generally an increase of Ts with Cs which is equivalent to an increase of the denaturation temperature with Cs for helical polyelectrolytes in solution. At higher salt concentrations, however, Ts may decrease again, and possibly increase again at still higher salt concentrations, depending upon the effect of the salt solution in the isoelectric zone.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1965.360030408
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical mechanics of noncovalent bonds in polyamino acids. I. Hydrogen bonding of solutes in water, and the binding of water to polypeptidesThis work was supported by a research grant (AI-01473) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service, and by a research grant (GB-2238) from the National Science Foundation. (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By using the Nemethy-Scheraga theory of water structure, a calculation was made of the energy changes for the rupture of a DH…A solute-solute hydrogen bond in water. A partition function was also obtained for the binding of water and other solutes to the DH and A groups in the special case where these are the NH and CO groups of a random coil polypeptide chain. In subsequent papers of this series, these calculated quantities will be used in a statistical mechanical treatment of the helix-coil transition for polypeptides in water.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030305
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical mechanics of noncovalent bonds in polyamino acids. III. Interhelical hydrophobic bonds in short chainsThis work was supported by a research agent (AI-01473) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service, and by a research grant (GB-2238) from the National Science Foundation. (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 305-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A partition function is derived for a simple model of interacting helices in a short (20 residues) chain of poly-L-alanine. It is found that interhelical hydrophobic bonds effect a marked stabilization of helical forms, and give rise to a sharp transition of the type found in many proteins.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030307
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crosslinked synthetic polypeptides. I. Preparation and characterization of crosslinked poly Glu51-Lys33Tyr16 and of poly Glu52Lys33Tyr15 no. 3A preliminary report of this work has been published by Gill, Marfey, and Kunz.1 (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 27-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Crosslinked synthetic polypeptides of poly Glu51Lys33Tyr16 (mol. wt. 31,000) and of poly Glu52Lys33Tyr15 (No. 3) (mol. wt. 52,000) containing from one to six crosslinks per molecule have been prepared by use of FFDNB, WRK and ICD reagents.The monomeric fractions of these derivatives were isolated by Sephadex G-100 chromatography. The number of crosslinks per molecule of DNPene derivatives was determined by total hydrolysis of the derivatives, isolation of O, N∊-DNPene-Tyr-Lys bridges by paper chromatography and then spectrophotometric quantitation. The number of the amide-type crosslinks in Am derivatives was established by their deamination followed by total hydrolysis and quantitation of the remaining lysine residues. Crosslinked derivatives appear to have a more compact structure, as judged by their behavior on the Sephadex columns and by their intrinsic viscosities. They were further characterized in regard to their amino acid composition, average number of the crosslinks per molecule, nitrogen content, solubility, root-mean-square end-to-end distance, and their spectral properties. Their properties recommend them as useful models for the study of the tertiary structure of proteins in solution.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030105
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crosslinked synthetic polypeptides. II. Evaluation of the internal structure of intramolecularly crosslinked polymers by polarization of fluorescence measurements (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 43-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The introduction of intramolecular amide bonds into synthetic polypeptides produces molecules with organized spatial structure which are good models for the tertiary structure of proteins. Polarization of fluorescence measurements were used to study the internal structure and the overall rigidity of the intramolecularly crosslinked polypeptides. The graph of [(1/p) + (1/3)] against T/η changes from a straight line to a continuous curve: the temperature at which this change occurs and the slope of the straight line segment measure the stability of the internal structure of the molecule. The introduction of one to six crosslinks produces an organized internal structure that becomes more stable as the number of crosslinks increases. In contrast to the fluorescence measurements, the intrinsic viscosities, reflecting the overall hydrodynamic domain of the molecules, change (decrease) to the same extent whether one, four, or six intramolecular crosslinks are present. The overall rigidity of the polymers can be assessed by the rotational relaxation time ρh and the polarization at 10°C. p10. Both of these criteria show that the presence of six crosslinks significantly increases the rigidity, but one or four does not. The various hydrodynamic measurements may be fitted into a hierarchy of discrimination: intrinsic viscosity, sedimentation, and diffusion for size and shape; rotational relaxation time and polarization of fluorescence at a given temperature for overall molecular rigidity; and transition temperature and rate at which it is attained for internal molecular detail.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030106
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the dominant factors which influence the net hydration of native sodium deoxyribonucleate (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 57-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A theory for the dependence of the net thermodynamic solvation of a macroion in an electrolyte solution is presented. The solvation in moles salt/mole macroion is shown to approach - |Zp|/v in the limit of infinite dilution of salt and macroion. The solvation in moles water/mole macroion is shown to approach zero at zero water activity. Isopiestic determinations of the hydration of sodium deoxyribonucleate in NaCl, Na2SO4, and NaClO4 solutions indicate that short-range interactions of the NaDNA with solvent account for more than half of the observed solvation. The net hydration appears to be predominantly influenced only by water activity.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030107
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on amylose and its derivatives. Part VI. Estimation of cohesive energy densities of some amylose derivatives (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 69-78 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cohesive energy densities (CED) of three amylose derivatives have been estimated from viscosity measurements in a range of solvents, by using methods proposed by Mangaraj and Bristow and Watson. The values assigned to the triacetate, (2.5) nitrate, and tricarbanilate are 92 ± 2, 90 ± 2, and 87 ± 2 cal./cc., respectively. The CED of unsubstituted amylose has been measured and found to be 154 ± 4 cal./cc. The results are discussed in relation to solvent power, structure, and possible correlation with the internal pressure of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030108
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultraviolet light-induced change in collagen macromolecules (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 115-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Viscosity measurements and calculated rotary diffusion constants show that collagen undergoes photopolymerization when irradiated with ultraviolet light of 2537 A. Fibril formation at the same time is inhibited. The results are correlated with the aromatic amino acid content of the dangling peptides protruding from the rigid portion of the macromolecule.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030202
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical mechanics of noncovalent bonds in polyamino acids. VII. Fluorescence as an indication of conformationThis work was supported by a research grant (AI-01473) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service, and by a research grant (GB-2238) from the National Science Foundation. (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 369-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown how the technique of fluorescence may be used to assess conclusions about conformation which are based on a statistical mechanical treatment of simple protein models. Specifically, the state of bonding and distance between two chromophores in a molecule depend on the overall conformation, which can be computed for model systems. On the assumption that the intensity and polarization of fluorescence are affected by exciton transfer between the chromophores, it is possible to compute the effect of conformation on fluorescence. It is demonstrated that the conformational changes computed in the preceding paper will give rise to marked changes in the intensity and polarization of fluorescence.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1965.360030403
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction between proteins and salt solutions. I. Thermodynamic parameters of dilution for gelatin and collagen (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 421-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Intrinsic viscosity-temperature studies for isoelectric gelatin in KCl and KSCN aqueous solutions and equilibrium degree of swelling, ν-1, measurements for amorphous crosslinked rat tail tendons in the same solutions were carried out. On increasing salt concentration Cs, both [η] and ν-1 increase, go through a maximum, and then decrease at high Cs, KCl being more effective than KSCN in bringing about this decrease. The trend observed is similar to the variation of solubility of polypeptides and soluble proteins with Cs. By regarding a water-salt solution of a given Cs as a single diluent interacting with the protein modified by solvation and binding of ions, usual polymer solution theories were applied to the experimental results. Thus, quantities related to the entropy and enthalpy components of the excess chemical potential of the diluents were obtained. The data indicate that the initial increase of [η] and ν-1 with Cs results from the balance of an enthalpy component which, on increasing Cs, becomes less favorable to dilution and an entropy component which, conversely, becomes more favorable. The subsequent decrease of [η] and ν-1 with Cs is due to the prevailing of the enthalpy component. The maximum is reached at higher Cs for KSCN than for KCl, primarily because of the large increase in the entropy component operated by the former salt. The increase of the entropy parameter with Cs is associated to a breaking down of the coordinated water structure and to an alteration of the conformation of the macro molecules due to ion-dipole interaction and to ion absorption. The decrease in exothermicity of dilution with Cs indicates a reduced thermodynamic affinity of the diluent toward the polymer which probably results from alteration of the nature of both polymer and diluent.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1965.360030406
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular weight distribution of polymers of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 535-543 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The molecular weight distribution of poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate prepared by N-carboxy anhydride (NCA) polymerization with the use of di-n-butylamine, diisopropylamine, and sodium methoxide as initiators was investigated. In every case, narrow distributions were found. Moreover the results allow us to conclude that the same polymerization mechanism is operative with each of the above initiators. The experimental distribution curves show fairly good agreement with the theoretical distributions expected for a polymerization process without termination.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1965.360030504
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    Influence of counterion radius on the polyelectrolyte behavior of synthetic polypeptide solutions (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 545-554 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The influence of counterion radius on the polyelectrolyte behavior of poly-L-cysteate in aqueous solution under different conditions was investigated. A linear relationship was found between a critical concentration in solution of the synthetic charged poly-peptide and the crystallographic radius of different counterions, indicating that the stability of this macromolecule is inversely proportional to the size of the cations.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1965.360030505
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray diffraction studies of the conformation of polymer molecules in solution. II. Poly-3,5-dibromotyrosine (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 573-583 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: X-ray diffraction patterns from dilute solutions of poly-3,5-dibromo-L-tyrosine in dimethylformamide and equivalent concentrations of 2,6-dibromophenol in the same solvent are compared. The intensity difference as a function of scattering angle is indicative of the arrangement of residues in the polymer. A novel averaging procedure is used to compute the intensity patterns arising from regular arrays of bromine atoms. Interbromine spacings measured on a Drieding model of a right-handed α-helix with side groups restricted to rigid positions of maximum stagger give moderate agreement with experiment. Very good agreement with observations is obtained by allowing for a small oscillation of phenyl rings which effectively cancels out the contribution of large distances to the intensity curve.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1965.360030508
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of temperature on the spin-lattice relaxation times of aqueous solutions of ribonuclease and human serum albuminWork supported in part by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 585-590 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aqueous solutions of ribonuclease and human serum albumin were subjected to periods of controlled heating and the nuclear magnetic spin-lattice relaxation times, T1, of the water protons measured. The heat treatment causes an initial increase in the relaxation times of the water protons. These T1 variations indicate that a configurational change, compatible with a disordering of the protein structure occurs, which involves an increase in various modes of internal mobility. The T1 measurements also indicate a close, ordered association of the water molecules and the protein.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1965.360030509
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biopolymer news (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 594-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1965.360030512
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NMR study of the secondary structure of s-RNA (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 609-616 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The melting characteristics of unfractionated yeast s-RNA in neutral aqueous solution have been examined by high-resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These studies indicate that the bases of s-RNA become rotationally activated at lower temperatures than their associated ribose units. These observations, as well as the recently determined base sequence of an alanine-specific s-RNA, suggest that base complementarity may not be the primary determinant in the stabilization of the secondary structure of s-RNA. In addition, evidence for exchange of C8-protons of purine bases of s-RNA with D2O was obtained at temperatures above 70°C.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030602
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    Electronic Resource
    Optical rotatory dispersion of mucopolysaccharides and mucopolysaccharide-dye complexes (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 617-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Anomalous optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) is induced in symmetric dyes when bound in metachromatic complexes with chondroitin sulfates (ChS) and kerato sulfate (KS) from mammalian and shark origin as well as with heparin (H) providing inference that secondary structures exist in these biopolymers. The induced rotation occurs in the absorption band of the bound dye and differs in shape and/or spectral position from the classical Cotton effect seen with single optically active chromophores. The AO:ChS complex has an induced ORD curve similar to that of the exciton band of a helical polymer. Strength of the induced rotations with methylene blue increases with the degree of metachromasy of the 1:1 complex. The sense of the MB Cotton effects may depend upon the conformations of the repeating dimeric units, since MB complexes with ChS (alternating 1-3,1-4 β-glycosides) give (+) effects while MB:H (1-4 α-glycosides) have (-) effects in the γ band region. Preliminary evidence for the occurrence of Cotton effects with the mucopolysaccharides themselves in the ultraviolet region was obtained. The sign of the Cotton effect for ChS-C is (-), trough about 45.9 kK., crossover about 48.8 kK. whereas that for H is (+), peak about 50.4 kK.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030603
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  • 23
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    Conformation changes in the nonionizable water-soluble synthetic polypeptide poly-N5-(3-hydroxypropyl) -L-glutamine (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 625-655 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly-N5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-glutamine (PHPG) samples of molecular weights from 20,000 to 140,000 were synthesized by the action of 3-amino-1-propanol on poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate. PHPG is freely soluble in water and in a variety of organic solvents and was shown to be devoid of functional groups ionizing in the pH range 2-12. From hydrodynamic data (viscosity, sedimentation, diffusion) and optical rotatory measurements (ORD in the range 289-650 mμ, circular dichroism and Cotton effects in the range 210-280 mμ) on samples of different molecular weight it was concluded that PHPG is largely helical in methanol, ethylene glycol, formamide, dimethylform-amide, n-butylamine, and acetic acid, and randomly coiled in dichloroacetic acid and formic acid. In water the polymer is partly helical, the degree of helicity increasing with decreasing temperature and increasing molecular weight. The following solutes were found to decrease the helicity in the order indicated: NaOH 〉 guanidinium chloride 〉 urea 〉 HCl 〉 LiBr 〉 NaBr 〉 NaCl 〉 H2O. Detergents do not destroy the helical conformation. Helix-coil transition curves were obtained for the solvent pairs: methanol-water, acetic acid-water, and chloroform-dichloroacetic acid. Thermal transitions were observed in water, water-methanol (70:30 v/v), and dichloroacetic acid-ethylene dichloride (22:78 v/v), the latter being of the “inverted” type. Heats of helix formation were calculated and their significance is discussed.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030604
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A New Transition in Polyglutamic Acid (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 681-686 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030607
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  • 25
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    Interactions of metal ions with polynucleotides and related compounds. IV. Degradation of polyribonucleotides by zinc and other divalent metal ionsFor previous papers in this series, see Eichhorn and Butzow.,Presented in part at the 145th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, September 1963, and at the VI International Congress of Biochemistry, New York, July 1964. (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 95-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polyadenylic acid is degraded into mononucleotides and low molecular weight oligonucleotides in a 20 hr. period at 64°C. by the action of Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II), and Cu (II) ions, and in a 2 hr. period by Zn (II) ions. The latter also degrade poly C, poly U, and RNA at approximately the same rate, but poly I is degraded very much more slowly. No such difference in reaction rates can be observed in the alkaline degradation of polynucleotides. The sluggishness of the reaction with poly I is not due to any highly ordered structure of the zinc-poly I complex, but probably to the weakening of the zinc-phosphate bond through simultaneous binding of the zinc to the inosine base. Evidence for such a hypothesis is derived from the inhibition of the zinc degradation of poly A by inosinic acid or poly I. No drastic difference in the nucleotide composition of the undegraded residue can be observed in the degradation of RNA by zinc and by alkali.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030110
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  • 26
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    Conformation of polyriboadenylic acid: pH and temperature dependenceSupported in part by Public Health Service Research Grant GM 10840, by an unrestricted grant from Research Corporation, and by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 121-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Evidence is presented that polyriboadenylic acid (Poly A) is a single-strand flexible helix of stacked bases at neutral pH and room temperature. As the temperature is raised the stacking decreases, but there is still perceptible order at 80°C. The thermal transition from the double-strand helix (which exists at low pH) to the single-strand helix has been followed by optical rotatory dispersion, optical absorption, and viscosity measurements.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030203
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  • 27
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    Interaction of aminoacridines with deoxyribonucleic acid: Effects of ionic strength, denaturation, and structure (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 135-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The binding curves of various aminoacridines on calf thymus DNA have been determined by a spectrophotometric method. The dominant role of electrostatic forces in the interaction has been confirmed by the effect of ionic strength. Side chain and ring substituents in the aminoacridines do not inhibit binding, since this decreases in the order: acranil 〉 neomonacrin 〉 atebrin 〉 9-aminoacridine ∼ proflavine 〉 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine (THA). The last named shows the effect of diminishing the flat area of the rings in the aminoacridines. The shape of the binding curves of proflavine, 9-aminoacridine, and THA on thermally denatured DNA show that about 30-50% more binding sites are available to these cations on denatured DNA than on native DNA, but that the binding constants are the same. These observations are discussed in relation to the intercalation and other models for the interaction. It is concluded that exact and complete intercalation is not a necessary condition of strong binding and that other, less regular, models, in which the positive ring nitrogens of the acridines are close to the DNA phosphates and the acridine rings partially interact with the DNA base rings, are probably more consistent with the effect of denaturation of DNA on the binding curves which are characteristic of the interaction in solution.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030204
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  • 28
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    Studies of the conformation of carboxymethyl amylose in aqueous solutionsThis work was supported by a grant from the Corn Industries Research Foundation. (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 185-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In an attempt to clarify certain questions of the configuration of amylose in aqueous solution, carboxymethyl groups were introduced into corn amylose (degree of substitution ca. 0.8) and certain properties of the derivative (CMA) studied. The intrinsic viscosity exhibits a strong increase between pH 2 and 6 but remains constant at higher pH. A pH 6 and above, CMA exhibits typical polyelectrolyte behavior. CMA does not form a complex with iodine at pH 6 or above but does form a violet-colored complex at low pH. The absorption maximum of the CMA complex lies at a somewhat lower wavelength (550 mμ) than that of the complex formed by the parent amylose. The reduced viscosity and specific optical rotation of the CMA-iodine complex remains constant up to a concentration of 1.2 mg. iodine/100 mg. CMA, then both properties decrease with further increases of iodine content. All of the above results and hydrogen ion titration behavior are in agreement with the hypothesis that CMA exists as a coil of short helical segments in acid solution and that these helical segments break down on ionization of the carboxyl groups. The specific optical rotation of CMA increases between pH 2 and 6, remains constant between pH 6 and 12, and decreases above pH 12. This later result shows that the similar decrease in rotation seen in amylose cannot be attributed, at least entirely, to a helix-coil transition. There must be another effect on optical rotation, direct or indirect, of the ionization of hydroxyl groups.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030206
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  • 29
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    On the magnitude of the cotton effects of poly-L-glutamic acid (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 209-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030208
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  • 30
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    Theoretical determination of sterically allowed conformations of a polypeptide chain by a computer methodThis work was supported by a research grant (AI-01473) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service, and by a research grant (GB-2238) from the National Science Foundation. (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 155-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A mathematical method has been developed, together with a digital computer program for its evaluation, for the determination of possible conformations of a polypeptide chain for any given amino acid sequence. Allowed conformations were required to satisfy predetermined criteria regarding the locations of potential energy minima for rotation around single bonds, steric restrictions arising from van der Waals contacts between atoms, and the formation of a closed polypeptide loop by means of a peptide linkage or a disulfide bridge. Requirements for specific noncovalent interactions can also be considered. Various assumptions regarding the selection of the minima for rotational potentials and of the van der Waals contact distances are discussed. According to the assumptions adopted in the paper, 21 conformations are allowed for a glycine residue which is part of a dipeptide. These conformations are assumed to lie at minima of the rotational potential function, and satisfy simultaneously the steric requirements. Dipeptides containing alanine or other residues are restricted to 7 such conformations. As an example of the applicability of the method, the computation was performed for the smallest loop containing a disulfide bridge in the ribonuclease molecule, i.e., the cyclic octapeptide formed by residues 65 to 72. Only 15 allowed conformations were found for the loop as a whole. Parameters characterizing these allowed conformations are tabulated. Approximate calculations indicate the importance of steric restrictions and of the presence of side chains in reducing the conformational freedom of this peptide. Further potentialities of the method are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030205
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  • 31
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    Statistical mechanics of noncovalent bonds in polyamino acids. II. Combinatorial formulation for short chains, including hydrophobic bonding in random coilThis work was supported by a research grant (AI-01473) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service, and by a research grant (GB-2238) from the National Science Foundation. (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 283-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A combinatorial formulation of the partition function is developed for short polypeptide chains, where summations can be evaluated. From the complete combinatorial expression it is possible to assess the validity of any approximations which are made in evaluating the partition function. It is shown that it is an excellent approximation to consider the hydrogen-bonded portion of a short (20 residues) chain as consisting of a single helical sequence of any size, with all sizes of helical sequences being about equally probable at the transition temperature. Another approximation, involving a linear dependence of the energy and entropy on the number of hydrogen bonds, helps to clarify the nature of the intermediate states in the denaturation process. Expressions are developed which incorporate the effect of hydrophobic bonds on the stability of the α-helix, and the binding of water to the random coil. It is concluded that hydrophobic bonds in helical sequences can greatly stabilize the helix, but that similar bonds in the random coil can largely offset this stabilization.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030306
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  • 32
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    Statistical mechanics of noncovalent bonds in polyamino acids. IV. Matrix treatment of hydrophobic bonds in the random coil and of the helix-coil transition for chains of arbitrary lengthThis work was supported by a research grant (AI-01473) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service, and by a research grant (GB-2238) from the National Science Foundation. (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 315-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Lifson-Roig matrix theory of the helix-coil transition in polyglycine is extended to situations where side-chain interactions (hydrophobic bonds) are present both in the helix and in the random coil, as discussed for short chains in paper II of this series. It is shown that the conditional probabilities of occurrence of any number and size of hydrophobic pockets in the random coil can be adequately described by a 2 × 2 matrix. This is combined with the Lifson-Roig 3 × 3 matrix to produce a 4 × 4 matrix which represents all possible combinations of any amount and size sequence of α-helix with random coil containing all possible types of hydrophobic pockets in molecules of any given chain length.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030308
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  • 33
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    Masthead (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1965.360030401
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  • 34
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    Statistical mechanics of noncovalent bonds in polyamino acids. V. Treatment of long chains by the method of sequence-generating functions: Hydrophobic bonding in random coil, and interactions between helical segmentsThis work was supported by a research grant (AI-01473) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service, and by a research grant (GB-2238) from the National Science Foundation. (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 335-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The method of sequence-generating functions is applied to long polypeptide chains to describe various types of hydrophobic bonding in the random coil. These results are then combined with a similar treatment of the α-helix in order to discuss the helix-coil transition in single helices and in molecules whose helical segments interact by side-chain hydrophobic bonding. Numerical calculations, based on the equations derived in this and preceding papers, are presented to show the relative probabilities of occurrence in the random coil of neighbor-neighbor hydrophobic bonds and pockets of hydrophobic bonding, and the relative probabilities of occurrence of the various states in a system of interacting helices. A discussion is also presented of the dependence of the helix-coil nucleation and growth parameters on solvent and side chain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360030309
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  • 35
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    Statistical mechanics of noncovalent bonds in polyamino acids. VI. A simple model for side-chain hydrogen bonds between helicesThis work was supported by a research grant (AI-01473) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service, and by a research grant (GB-2238) from the National Science Foundation. (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 357-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The partition function of paper II for short polypetide chains is incorporated here into one for a simple model for side-chain hydrogen bonds between helices. It is thus possible to calculate the fraction of amide hydrogen bonds, the fraction of side-chain hydrogen bonds, and the number of bound protons as a function of temperature and pH. Illustrative data are presented for the probabilities of occurrence of intermediate structures and for the influence of the overall conformation on the observed pK's of ionizable groups.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1965.360030402
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    Steam and heat setting of nylon 6 fiber. IV. Relationship between heat setting and swellingThis material appeared in part in Kobunshi Kagaku, 16, 333 (1959). (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The swelling and dissolution of heat-set nylon 6 fiber in aqueous sulfuric acid were examined. Steam-set fiber having good dyeability swells with much more difficulty than the dry-heat-set and unset fibers. Similar phenomena are seen in the examination of density of nylon 6 fiber subjected to heat setting, and it is found that the resistance to swelling depends on the crystalline region rather than on the amorphous region.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090105
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  • 37
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    Steam and heat setting of nylon 6 fiber. VII. Infrared spectra of nylon 6 prepared from N-deuterated ε-caprolactam and the water accessibility of nylon 6 in steam settingThis material appeared in part in Kobunshi Kagaku, 17, 545 (1960). (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 55-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The infrared spectrum of deuterated ε-caprolactam was examined. It was confirmed spectroscopically that the hydrogen of the N—H group in ε-caprolactam is exchanged for deuterium after repeated exchange reactions. The deuterated ε-caprolactam was polymerized, and the infrared spectrum of the polymer (called as N—D polymer) is compared with that of the normal nylon 6 polymer (called N—H polymer) which was steam-set in D2O vapor at 135°C. Characteristic absorption bands of N—D polymer are observed at 967, 896, 888, 876, and 719 cm.-1. The water accessibility of both N—H and N—D polymer was estimated from the spectra of both samples subjected to the repeated steam setting in D2O and H2O alternately at 130°C. The results show that at the initial stage of the repeated steam setting, H2O and D2O molecules may penetrate into the ordered regions in the polymers and partially break down intermolecular hydrogen bonds; such phenomenon may be followed by an exchange reaction and recrystallization. Subsequent stages of steam setting, however, no longer bring about such an effect.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090108
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  • 38
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    Steam and heat setting of nylon 6 fiber. X. Effect of heat setting on diffusion of dyestuff into nylon 6 fiberThe material appeared in part in Kobunshi Kagaku, 19, 506 (1962). (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 91-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The degree of penetration, the diffusion constant, and the uptake of dyestuffs of different molecular sizes were measured in undrawn and drawn nylon 6 filament, heat-set under various conditions in order to determine the pore structure in the amorphous regions. Unset and dry-heat-set nylon 6 can be penetrated only with difficulty by the dyestuffs having molecular lengths above about 30 and 25 A., respectively. The apparent diffusion coefficients and molecular weight of dyestuffs are approximately hyperbolic. The relations are considerably different, depending on the degree of drawing and conditions of the heat setting. Further, the relations among molecular size, amount of absorbed dyestuffs, and fraction of amorphous region capable of being penetrated by dyestuff are discussed with reference to the lateral-order distribution of nylon 6, as evaluated from the accessibility to D2O vapor.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090111
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  • 39
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    Glass transition temperatures of poly(methyl methacrylate) plasticized with low concentrations of monomer and diethyl phthalate (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3795-3818 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of low plasticizer concentrations on the glass transition temperature of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) has been studied experimentally for diethyl phthalate (DEP) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as plasticizers. Volume dilatometry, differential thermal analysis, and a torsional pendulum were used to determine glass transition temperatures. The monomer-plasticized PMMA samples were prepared by polymerizing MMA to a limiting conversion which was found to depend primarily on temperature. At temperatures slightly above the glass transition temperature of a MMA-PMMA system, a polymerization reaction occurred at a rate rapid enough to complicate the interpretation of the dilatometric and differential thermal analysis methods for determining the glass transition temperature. However, the torsional pendulum method could be used since it did not require measurements to be made at temperatures where polymerization could occur. The differential thermal analysis results showed that the temperature at which the polymerization reaction was first detectable was related to the glass transition temperature of the MMA-PMMA solution. The measured glass transition temperatures were compared with the predictions of the theories of Fox, Kelley, and Bueche, and Dimarioz and Gibbs on the effect of plasticizer concentration on the depression of the glass transition temperature.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091202
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  • 40
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    Effect of volatilization of stabilizers and oxidation products on polypropylene lifetimesPresented at the annual conference of the Plastics Institute of America, Hoboken, New Jersey, November 1965. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3837-3843 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Three methods of measuring thermal oxidative stability of polypropylene have been compared. The oxygen absorption and the sealed tube tests give comparable results. The polymer lifetimes in circulating oven-aging tests differ significantly from those obtained by the first two methods. The oven-aging lifetime is aparently influenced to a large extent by the volatilization of the added stabilizer and of the oxidation products, the former decreases whereas the latter increases the polymer lifetime. The optimum composition of a synergistic stabilizer system was found to vary with the test method.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091204
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    Estimation of molecular weights of epichlorohydrin-bisphenol a polymers by gel permeation chromatography (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3845-3850 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: During a program to evaluate the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) technique for measuring the molecular size distribution of polymers, three experimental epichlorohydrin-bisphenol A polymers were sent to Waters Associates for analysis with the commercially available instrument. The resulting distribution curves were used to calculate weight-average and number-average chain lengths of the samples. These values were found to give good straight-line correlations with weight-average and number-average molecular weights measured by absolute methods. Thus the GPC method gives meaningful information about the molecular size distribution of polymers which can be used to obtain rapid estimates of molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091205
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    Mechanical properties of crosslinked polyethylene and crosslinked ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymersPresented at the 21st Annual Technical Conference of the Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE) 1965. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3819-3835 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Stress-strain curves at various temperatures and secant modulus vs. temperature curves were used to investigate the differences that exist between peroxide crosslinked polyethylene, and vulcanized rubber. A series of hypotheses in terms of crosslinking density and crystallinity is advanced to help visualize the differences between crosslinked polyethylene and cured rubber. The same techniques were used to investigate the nature of crosslinked ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymers. These copolymers, being more flexible than polyethylene, appear similar to “mechanical rubber,” particularly after crosslinking. Recent experiments, however, indicate that profound differences exist. The performance of crosslinked polyethylene and of ethylene copolymers at elevated temperatures depends on crosslinking density, while at lower temperatures it is dominated by polyethylene crystalline morphology. This latter factor makes crosslinked polyethylene at ambient temperature a completely different product from vulcanized rubber. It also means that a crosslinked polyethylene will have lower crosslinking density than most rubber compositions of equivalent room temperature stiffness. A good indication of crosslinking density of crystalline polyolefins may be obtained by measuring mechanical properties such as modulus at elevated temperatures. Use of reactive co-agents is effective in raising crosslinking density to the point where fairly good elevated temperature properties are obtained without increasing the room temperature rigidity.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091203
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  • 43
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    Method for structural characterization of high polymeric networks by an osmotic pressure technique (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3903-3908 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An apparatus was designed to measure the osmotic pressure of solvent-polymer systems. The method is unique in that semirigid polymers may be incorporated as the solute component without specimen fissures occurring from excessive solvent dilative action. The advantages of this technique are: high polymeric materials both elastomeric and plastic can be structurally characterized by the same technique; the calculated effective molecular weight of the polymer network will reflect a value consistent with the polymer's performance characteristics; and the method is only restricted to lyophilic polymer-solvent systems.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091211
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  • 44
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    Kinetics of emulsion polymerization (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1291-1297 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The quantitative theory of free radical mechanisms in emulsion polymerizations is reexamined. It is suggested that existing descriptions are not entirely consistent with physically realizable situations. The proposed modifications result in a closer resemblance to homogeneous systems. Explicit expressions for the distribution of radicals are also given. The importance of interphase transfer is emphasized.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090410
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  • 45
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    Incremental modification of styrene-butadiene rubber with tert-nonyl mercaptan (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1273-1283 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A model equation derived for the viscosity-average degree of polymerization (P̄v) for the incremental addition of modifiers, P̄v = K{(exp{arx1} - 1) + [2/(2 + exp {x1r})]a(exp{arx2} - exp{arx1})}1/a indicates a minimum should occur in a curve of P̄v versus conversion at which the increments are added, x1. Incremental addition of commercial tert-dodecyl mercaptan in the laboratory to SBR recipes at 5°C. showed effects contrary to those predicted by the model equation, but incremental addition experiments with tert-nonyl mercaptans resulted in a minimum in viscosity versus x1 curves, changed the molecular weight distribution, and required 34 wt.-% less mercaptan than did the tert-dodecyl mercaptan control (all the tert-dodecyl mercaptan added initially). Incremental addition of tert-nonylmercaptan in pilot plant 20-gal. autoclave reactors gave essentially the same results found in the laboratory bottle experiments. The stress-strain and mixing properties of the incrementally modified polymer and the tert-dodecyl mercaptanmodified control were essentially the same within experimental error. Conditions required for successful application of the incremental modifier technique are given.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090408
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  • 46
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    Butadiene/styrene/2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine terpolymer. Composition-conversion data in comparison with calculated values (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1323-1340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Terpolymers from 1,3-butadiene, styrene, and vinylpyridine are important as rubbers, and, in latex form, as components of rubber-to-fabric adhesives. Three monomer mixtures having the approximate weight composition butadiene/styrene/2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine 70/15/15, 25/48/27, and 38.5/49/12.5 have been emulsion-polymerized at 30°C., and the terpolymer composition as a function of the conversion has been studied. The six monomer reactivity ratios have been determined by binary copolymerizations at 30°C. and checked by low conversion bulk terpolymerizations. Average and instantaneous composition-conversion curves have been calculated, on the assumption of a constant reaction volume, by numerical integration of the terpolymerization equations on electronic computer. Details, of general applicability, for calculations are given. The experimental results of the emulsion terpolymerizations fit satisfactorily the calculated curves over a wide range of conversions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090412
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  • 47
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    Crosslinking of cis-polybutadiene by co60 γ-rays (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1363-1366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The radiation-induced vulcanization of cis-polybutadiene (Europrene Cis, 92% cis-configuration) was investigated. The crosslinking density of irradiated rubber was determined by two methods: equilibrium swelling and equilibrium compression modulus. The inhibition and acceleration of radiation-induced crosslinking by addition to Europrene Cis of sulfur, Thiurame, Elastopar, Arubrene, paraffin oil, or barium sulfate was studied. The chemical resistance of radiation vulcanizates to 10% nitric acid was determined.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090414
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  • 48
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    The photooxidation of polymers. IV. A note on the coloration of polystyrene (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 999-1003 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Yellow coloration develops in polystyrene under 2537 A. radiation a t comparable rates whether or not oxygen is present. Thus the commonly accepted view that coloration is a manifestation of oxidation is wrong. The coloration increases in intensity with time but does not move toward the red end of the spectrum, behavior which is typical of poly(vinyl chloride), polyacrylonitrile, etc., and which is due to the development of long conjugation sequences. It is suggested that the color in polystyrene is due to conjugated carbon-carbon unsaturation in the polystyrene backbone but that the lack of mobility of the molecules within the rigid polymer films prevents long sequences of double bonds becoming coplanar and color consequently moving through the spectrum. The rapid darkening of irradiated polymer which occurs on melting is probably due to relaxation of this rigidity allowing coplanarity of longer sequences.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090317
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  • 49
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    Dipolar solvents in polyurethane foams (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1019-1040 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A number of catalytic solvents have been discovered for the polyurethane foaming process. These solvents include N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), formamide, and a number of others. The catalytic effectiveness of a given solvent appears to be dependent on its dipole moment, water solubility, and the size or bulkiness of the groups which are attached to the carbonyl carbon or sulfur atom of the amides and sulfoxides, respectively. Steric effects play a very important role in controlling the catalytic efficiency of these solvents. A mechanism is proposed for the catalytic action of these solvents in the polyurethane reaction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090319
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  • 50
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    Mechanism for the aqueous acid decomposition of the formaldehyde derivative of cellulose xanthate (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1067-1072 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Kinetic equations for the decomposition of S-hydroxymethyl cellulose xanthate in the presence of acid and formaldehyde are derived. The assumed mechanism involves an equilibrium between the S-hydroxymethyl cellulose xanthate and cellulose xanthic acid and xanthate ion. Decomposition appears to proceed via interaction between the cellulose xanthate ion and hydrogen ion which form an activated complex that subsequently decomposes to cellulose and carbon disulfide. The equations derived show the proper dependence on acid and formaldehyde concentrations. An estimate of the equilibrium constant between cellulose xanthate and S-hydroxymethyl cellulose xanthate is calculated from the rate constants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090322
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    Curing ethylene-propylene rubber terpolymers with dimethacrylate monomers. II. Effect of unsaturation (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1579-1584 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In a previous paper it was shown that the vulcanization obtained with ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer is equivalent or superior to that obtained with ethylene-propylene copolymer when a peroxide-dimethacrylate coagent cure system was used. In order to determine the effect of the unsaturation on the physical properties in the terpolymer, the terpolymer had been hydrogenated to remove the double bonds. Infrared spectra and bromination were used to check the extent of hydrogenation. Tensile strength, Shore A hardness, per cent elongation, and modulus indicated no decrease in vulcanization efficiency after hydrogenation. The data show that the unsaturation in the terpolymer does not contribute to the vulcanization cure with the peroxide-dimethacrylate coagent curing system.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090433
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    Radiation protection of polyethylene (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1585-1591 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is known that aromatic hydrocarbons are more stable to ionizing radiation than are saturated hydrocarbons. It is shown here that polyethylene can be more stable to radiation either by mixing aromatic compounds with the polyethylene or by grafting styrene onto the polyethylene. In either case, the polymer has greater radiation resistance than predicted from the law of averages. Aromatic compounds which have the greatest resonance energy protect the polymer to the greatest extent. In mixtures, polystyrene gives the least protection, and naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene give the greatest protection. Polyethylene grafted with styrene has better radiation resistance than does a polyethylene-polystyrene mixture. The G(H2) was calculated for each sample, and curves are presented illustrating the effect.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090434
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    Surface tension and viscosity studies of molten resins for thermoplastic recordingThis investigation was supported by the Reconnaissance Laboratory, Aeronautical Systems Division, U. S. Air Force. Work done at ITT Federal Laboratories, San Fernando, California. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1593-1598 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Analytical and experimental studies of surface tension and viscosity properties of Dow resins PS-2 and 276V-2 are described. This investigation was undertaken to provide information on materials of interest for thermoplastic recording. It was found that external plasticization lowered the surface tension of the polystyrene while greatly decreasing the viscosity. Typical values for a 25% mixture of PS-2 in 276V-2 are γ = 35 dynes/cm. and η = 20 poise at 80°C.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090435
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  • 54
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    The effects of radiation on materials and components. J. F. Kircher and R. E. Bowman, Eds. Reinhold, New York, 1964. xi + 690 pp. $22.50 (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1599-1599 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090436
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  • 55
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    Determination of hydroperoxides in ultraviolet-irradiated nylon 66 (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1631-1639 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: According to mechanisms described in the literature, photodecomposition of nylon 66 proceeds through the abstraction of the hydrogen on the carbon α to the amide NH group by a free radical which has been activated by photo absorption. In the propagation phase, the α-carbon radical could readily react with atmospheric oxygen to form a hydroperoxide. The formation of a hydroperoxide in the photodecomposition scheme for nylon 66 has been detected but has not been measured quantitatively. With the colorimetric method described in this paper, it is now possible to determine the peroxide content in a polyamide to a level of 1 μmole/g. with a relative precision of less than 5%. The polyamide is dissolved in tetrafluoropropanol, to which aliquots of potassium iodide and glacial acetic solutions are added. The absorbance of the liberated iodine is measured in a 1-cm. cell at 400 mμ and the hydroperoxide concentration determined from a calibration curve constructed from hydrogen peroxide solution standards. The rate of peroxide formation, which is dependent on the wavelength of ultraviolet radiation, can be correlated to the strength loss exhibited by a nylon 66 yarn free from antioxidant and delustrant. In addition, an increase in the level of thermal degradation will accelerate yarn strength loss and peroxide formation under ultraviolet exposure. The hydroperoxide begins to decompose at about 100°C. Yarn finish will contribute to the peroxide formation during exposure.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090503
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    Infrared spectra of alkanesulfonic acids, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, and their derivatives (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1653-1668 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The infrared spectra of methane, n-butane-, and n-dodecane-sulfonic acids, their esters, alkali metal, silver and amine salts, amides, and chlorides are compared with analogous structures derived from chlorinated and chlorosulfonated polyethylenes. The Bellamy and William's linear relationship between vSO2 (asym.) and vSO2 (sym.) is valid for both the simple alkane sulfonic acid derivatives and those of chlorinated and chlorosulfonated polyethylenes.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090505
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  • 57
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    Copolymerization of vinyl chloride with trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1669-1680 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Copolymerization of vinyl chloride with trans-1,2-dichloroethylene was carried out at various temperatures, and the properties of the copolymers obtained by the emulsion copolymerization at low temperature were examined. In the case of bulk copolymerization at temperatures higher than room temperature, the rate of polymerization, the equilibrium conversion, and [η] were lowered with increasing content of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in the initial monomer mixture, but the Tg and softening point of the copolymers containing about 15% of 1,2-dichloroethylene unit were about 10°C. higher than these of conventional PVC resin, in spite of their inability to form films. The monomer reactivity ratios at 50°C. were 5.39 (VC) and 0.072 (trans-DCE). Emulsion copolymerization was carried out at -30°C. with the use of a redox initiator system (hydrogen peroxide-ferrous sulfate-ascorbic acid), in order to increase both the [η] and the rate of polymerization. The copolymers prepared at low temperature had higher Tg and better solubility than the VC homopolymer polymerized at the same condition or conventional PVC resin. The results of the infrared absorption spectra, the solubilities, and the calculation of sequence length of VC monomer unit in the polymer chain indicated that the stereoregularity and the crystallinity of the low temperature copolymers were lower than those of the low temperature VC homopolymers. It was concluded that higher Tg and good solubility of the low temperature copolymer were brought about by the prevention of the free rotation of the polymer chain by the random distribution of 1,2-dichloroethylene units in the polymer chain.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090506
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    Endgroup modification of unsaturated polyesters. Effect on chemical resistance (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1681-1700 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Endgroups of unsaturated polyesters formulated with mole ratios of 2/1/3 and 1/1/2 isophthalic acid/maleic anhydride/propylene glycol were modified. Carboxylic acid content was effectively reduced by esterification with alcohols or epoxides, amidation with phenyl isocyanate, or neutralization with amines. Hydroxyl content was reduced by esterification with acids or anhydrides and urethane formation with phenyl isocyanate. Chemical resistance was determined by measuring the decrease in flexural strength and modulus with exposure to 10% solutions of sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid at 82°C. A 2-week test using the medium chemical-resistant 2/1/3 polyester indicated that any modification which decreased the carboxylic acid content improved chemical resistance. Modifications which increased or decreased the hydroxyl content had no significant effect in the 2-week tests; however, decrease of hydroxyl content appeared important in 6-month exposure tests. The 1/1/2 resins which have high initial chemical resistance had poorer chemical resistance after endgroup modification than the unmodified 1/1/2 resin, with the exception of the phenyl isocyanate-modified product which was equal to the unmodified resin. Water (0.8%) and xylene (0.1%) had no effect on chemical resistance. However, larger amounts of residual solvent were disadvantageous.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090507
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  • 59
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    Kinetics of the tin-catalyzed reactions of phenyl isocyanate with ureasFrom the Ph.D. dissertation, University of Delaware, 1964, of R. Bruce Pinkerton, Armstrong Cork Co. Research Fellow, 1962-1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1713-1729 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The initial rates have been determined for the second-order equilibrium reaction of phenyl isocyanate with a series of phenyl-substituted 1,1-pentamethylene-3-phenyl ureas in the presence of butyltin trichloride catalyst in chlorobenzene at 60°C. These results were compared with the rates of reaction of phenyl isocyanate with 1,1-di-n-butyl-3-phenylurea, 1,3-diphenyl-1-methylurea, N-phenylbenzamide, methyl-N-phenyl carbamate, and 1-butanol. The activation energy for the butyltin trichloride-catalyzed reaction of phenyl isocyanate and 1,1-pentamethylene-3-phenylurea was 12 kcal./mole. At 60°C. this reaction was approximately 11 times as fast as the reverse reaction. The rate of the reaction of phenyl isocyanate and 1,1-pentamethylene-3-phenylurea was directly proportional to the concentration of butyltin trichloride. The activity of this catalyst was 28 times as great as that of triethyltin chloride. Dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin diacetate, dibutylin dichloride, tributyltin chloride, tetramethyltin, trimethyltin bromide, triethyltin fluoride, and 1,2,4-trimethylpiperazine were not catalysts for these reactions. The ureas formed solid complexes with stannic chloride and with butyltin trichloride in which the tin compounds were coordinated through the carbonyl oxygen. A tentative reaction mechanism has been proposed, which involves nucleophilic attack of the urea on the isocyanate through an intermediate ternary complex. The stannic chloride-catalyzed reaction of ureas with isocyanates at room temperature has been shown to have wide application.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090509
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    Studies in hard rubber reaction. Part III. Effect of metallic oxides and metallic oxide-accelerator combinations (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1731-1742 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study of thermal effects accompanying exothermic hard rubber reaction with the help of differential thermal analysis has been extended to 68/32 rubber-sulfur compounds containing different metallic oxides and metallic oxide-accelerator combinations. Metallic oxides do not affect the heat of reaction appreciably; however, they affect the slope value, litharge showing an unusually low value. In combination with accelerator, metallic oxides exert specific effects on heat of reaction, initiation temperature, and slope value. Attempts have been made to explain these findings on the basis of the known behavior of the individual oxides and the accelerators.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090510
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  • 61
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    Investigation on the polymerization of an unsaturated polyester system by a resistivity technique (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1743-1755 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A continuous current monitoring technique has been used to follow the resistivity change during the early stages of the isothermal bulk polymerization of an unsaturated polyester resin. The general form of the log (resistivity)-time curves is similar to the conversion-time curves of inhibited vinyl polymerization obtained by other techniques. An overall activation energy for the polymerization has been derived by using the postgelation rate of resistivity change as a polymerization rate index. An analysis of the data obtained from these experiments emphasizes the complexity of the reaction kinetics of the bulk polymerization. There appears to be an unusual dependence of the rate of initiation upon initiator concentration and hence because of the short kinetic chain length, of the final rate of polymerization upon initiator concentration.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090511
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  • 62
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    Diffusion effect during electrodialysis with ion-exchange membranesNCL Communication No. 758. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2631-2632 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090723
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  • 63
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    Effect of chemical agents on the fine structure of cellulose. Part II. The action of acetyl chloride (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1913-1928 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The action of acetyl chloride on the fine structure of regenerated cellulose (fiber and film) has been studied by infrared and x-ray techniques. The two techniques reveal different aspects of the fine structure and are therefore complementary. The changes found on acetylation appear to show that the molecular network theory is inadequate to describe the fine structure of the samples of regenerated cellulose studied. The observed effects can be explained more satisfactorily in terms of a structure in which highly oriented crystallites are interspersed with regions that are highly oriented but not as well ordered, resulting in a variation in density across the cross section.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090524
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  • 64
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    Metal-organic stabilizers and antistabilizers for polyolefin plastics (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1947-1953 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: During the past few years it has been reported that a number of metal-organic compounds show outstanding effectiveness as stabilizers against the oxidative deterioration of polyolefins and other polymers. This may seem surprising in view of the well known catalytic effect of such compounds on the oxidation of organic materials. Indeed, it has been observed that a given metal compound can act as a stabilizer in one system and as an antistabilizer in another. Even in a single system the compound may simultaneously retard one mode of oxidation and accelerate another. For example, the copper chelate of α,α-(ethylenedinitrilo)-di-o-cresol retarded the formation of carbonyl groups and accelerated scission during the photoöxidation of polyethylene. It is the purpose of this paper to consider a number of examples of this sort drawn from the field of metal-organic stabilizers.1 Any comprehensive theory of oxidation and antioxidation should be able to encompass such curious anomalies.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090526
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  • 65
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    Thermal degradation of polymers with aromatic rings in the chain (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1955-1971 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal degradation in vacuum of polymers containing aromatic or heterocyclic rings linked by various groups has been studied by a weight loss method. The most stable of the polymers examined were those with —CO—, mixed —SO2— and —O—, or—SO2— linkages. The stability of these were superior to or comparable with poly-p-phenylene and poly-m-phenylene. The particular combinations of aromatic nuclei and linking groups used did not result in tractability as most of the polymers were insoluble and infusible, even though of low molecular weight. Substitution in the aromatic nuclei could improve tractability, though at the expense of thermal stability.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090527
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  • 66
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    Investigation of the elastic properties of the particle network in gelled solutions of hydrocolloids. II. Cellulose microcrystals (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1973-1980 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In order to obtain information about the particle network existing in gelled suspensions of cellulose microcrystals, the elasticity modulus was determined of series of dilutions of these gels. It was found that over a tenfold concentration range, the modulus varies as the 3.4 power of the concentration. A gel point could not be determined. A tentative model for this behavior is proposed, in which strong forces cause extensive linear aggregation, and weaker forces cause crosslinking of the linear aggregates. It is pointed out that this model is not unreasonable in the light of earlier experimental work on these gels. The results of similar experiments on gels of attrited level-off DP cellulose are also reported.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090528
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  • 67
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    Poly-2-oxazolidones (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1994-1996 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090531
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  • 68
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    Mechanisms of thermal degradation of phenolic condensation polymers. III. Cleavage of phenolic segments during the thermal degradation of uncured epoxy resinsPaper presented at the 148th National Meeting, American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, September 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1981-1989 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The phenolic cleavage of the uncured epoxy resins is further substantiated by the semiquantitative study with the aid of the mass spectrometer analysis. In general, the phenolic cleavage (at 475°C.) of the epoxylated novolac resin, D.E.N. 438 resin, was found to be similar to that of the unepoxylated novolac resin. For both cases, cresols and phenol were the major products as a result of the homolytic cleavage and the subsequent hydrogen abstraction. At the same time, a small amount of xanthene or the substituted xanthenes appeared in the mixture presumably due to the dehydration of related phenolic compounds. A small amount of C6H5OC3H3 or C6H4OC3H4 could indicate that there could be some cyclization of the glycidyl ether side chain of the epoxylated novolac resin. For the epoxylated bisphenol-A resin, D.E.R. 331 resin, the phenolic cleavage at high temperature appeared to follow two major and one minor scheme. The first type of cleavage is undoubtedly homolytic to yield isopropylphenol, C2H5 phenols, cresols, and phenol. The second type cleavage was not found in the above two resins and is heterolytic in nature. This cleavage resulted in the formation of isopropenyl-phenol. Due to the presence of C6H5OC3H3 or C6H4OC3H4, it is postulated that the cyclization of the glycidyl ether side chain may also, take place.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090529
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  • 69
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    Graft copolymers consisted of polyether and phenol-formaldehyde resin: A curable polyether resin (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1991-1994 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090530
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  • 70
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    Paint flow and pigment dispersion. T. C. PATTON. Interscience, New York, 1964. xii + 479. $16.50 (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1997-1997 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090532
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  • 71
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    Plastics as an art form. THELMA R. NEWMAN. Chilton Books, Philadelphia, 1964, xxi + 339 pp. $11.00. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1998-1998 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090533
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  • 72
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    Polymer news (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1999-1999 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090534
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  • 73
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    Relative inhibitory effect of various compounds on the rate of polymerization of methyl methacrylate (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2009-2018 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relative inhibitory effect of the following compounds on the bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate were measured: hydroquinone, p-tert-butylcatechol, p-methoxyphenol, 2,4-dichloro-6-nitrophenol, n-propyl gallate, di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), 1-amino-7-naphthol, p-benzoquinone, 2,6-dichloro-p-benzoquinone, 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone, three aminoanthraquinones, diphenylamine, p-nitrosodimethylaniline, α- and β-naphthylamine, phenothiazine, N-nitrosodimethylamine, hexamethylphosphoramide, n-dodecyl mercaptan, benzenethiol, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, phenyl hydrazine, divinylacetylene, and various antimony and copper salts. Polymerization was carried out in a test tube in a bath at 101.2°C., benzoyl peroxide being used as initiator. Generally, phenols and naphthols were the strongest inhibitors, followed by quinones, aromatic amines, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, antimony pentachloride, phenyl hydrazine, divinylacetylene, and the thiols.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090602
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  • 74
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    Irradiation stability of sulfonated styrene resins crosslinked with various divinylbenzene isomers and mixtures thereof (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2001-2007 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Co60γ-irradiation-induced degradation of sulfonated styrene resins crosslinked with 4 and 8 mole-% m- or p-divinylbenzene isomers, or mixtures thereof including commercial divinylbenzene have shown a loss in capacity of 5-12.8% at radiation intensities of ca. 290,000 r./hr. and total doses of 0.91-1.90 X 108 rad in the presence of water. The loss is less for the 8% crosslinked resins and is less (2-6%) if irradiated dry. The resins crosslinked with commercial divinylbenzene show a slightly higher loss of capacity (11.2-11.9%) than do others (10.2-10.7%), presumably due to the ethylphenyl contamination. The moisture content also increases on irradiation; 13-16% for the 8% and 2.7-3.0% for the 4% resins at 1.90 X 108 rad. The meta crosslinked resin shows somewhat lower moisture content increase (1.5% for 8%; 0.8% for 4%), indicative of a more stable cross-linkage. The results are discussed in terms of the reactions involved: desulfonation, hydroxylation, and cleavage of crosslinkages.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090601
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  • 75
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    Role of ozone in dynamic cut growth of rubber (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2031-2045 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of ozone on the growth of cuts in rubber strips subjected to repeated tensile deformations has been investigated. At tearing energies below a critical value ozone accounts for all the cut growth, and in this region the rate of growth also occurs due to mechanico-oxidative rupture, the rate of this type of growth increasing rapidly with increasing tearing energy so that the effects of ozone are normally slight. For vulcanizates of natural rubber and SBR unprotected by antiozonant, the characteristics of dynamic ozone cut growth can be deduced from static measurements. If a natural rubber test piece is not allowed to relax to zero strain on each cycle, the effects of ozone are important over a wider range of tearing energy.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090604
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  • 76
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    Heptane-soluble material from atactic polypropylene. I. Fractionation and characterization of fractions (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2019-2029 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A sample of commercial atactic polypropylene was extracted with ether and the residue extracted with boiling n-heptane. Six fractions of the heptane-soluble material, which is very similar to that obtained by heptane extraction of isotactic polypropylene, were obtained by stepwise addition of acetone to a solution in cyclohexane. Densities, melting points, and x-ray photographs of the fractions and the unfractionated material were obtained and infrared absorption spectra used to estimate tacticity. Molecular weights, determined by means of a vapor pressure osmometer, ranged from about 3000 to about 25,000. That of the fraction of highest molecular weight was in good agreement with a separate determination by means of osmotic pressure measurements. Separation in fractionation occurred in order of decreasing molecular weight and increasing crystallinity as estimated from densities and x-ray photographs. Tacticity also seems to increase with decreasing molecular weight. Melting points of the fractions were not entirely in the order expected from their molecular weights and estimated crystallinities, and it is possible that low DP isotactic material may be preferentially concentrated in the highest molecular weight fraction. It is emphasized that the unfractionated material may contain polymers possessing a range of order intermediate between those of purely atactic and purely isotactic polymer and that refractionation may be required in order to characterize the material completely.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090603
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  • 77
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    DTA study of heterogeneous nucleation of crystallization in polypropylenePresented before the Division of Polymer Chemistry, 148th National American Chemical Society Meeting, Chicago, Illinois, September 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2131-2142 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of cooling, nucleation, and spherulitic growth rates on the properties of polypropylene is discussed briefly. A differential thermal analysis technique is described for evaluating the relative extent of heterogeneous nucleation that occurs in a particular polypropylene composition. The method is based upon a nucleating agent's ability to reduce the relatively large amount of supercooling that occurs upon crystallization of polypropylene. Compounds are shown to vary widely in their effectiveness as heterogeneous nucleating agents in polypropylene. The relationships between the degree of supercooling of a particular polypropylene composition and its relative clarity, tensile properties, density, and morphology are shown.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090610
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  • 78
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    Photodegradation of cis-1,4-polyisoprene sensitized by the addition of chloronitroso compounds (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2121-2130 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It was found that chloronitroso compounds with a free non-conjugated nitroso group show a considerable sensitizing activity in respect to the process of photochemical degradation of dissolved cis-1,4-polyisoprene, which is induced by visible radiation (4000-7000 A.). The effect of 10 chloronitroso sensitizing compounds were investigated. The highest sensitizing activity was found with compounds 2,2-chloronitrosopropane and 1,1-chloronitrosocyclohexane. The maximum wavelength, of which the decrease of relative viscosity of solutions was the highest, was determined for 2,2-chloronitrosopropane. The highest sensitizing activity of chloronitroso compounds was found for wavelengths corresponding to the absorption maximum of the sensitizer added. The theory of the sensitizing activity of chloronitroso compounds is proposed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090609
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  • 79
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    Studies on the drawing of polyamide fibers. III. Change of dye-diffusion behavior into polyamide fibers with drawing (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2167-2176 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion constants of an acidic dye (Xylene Fast Blue P) into nylon 6 monofilaments of various draw ratios have been measured at several temperatures by measuring the distance of dye penetration into the cross-sections of the sample. The results are as follows. The diffusion coefficient of dye increases, reaches a maximum at a draw ratio near 1.6, and then decreases as the draw ratio increases. The activation energy of dye diffusion obtained from the temperature dependence of dye diffusion coefficient remains nearly constant in the initial and middle stages of drawing and increases above a draw ratio of about 3, as the draw ratio increases. The change in the polymer structure during drawing is discussed on the basis of these results.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090612
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  • 80
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    Studies of non-newtonian flow I. Criterion of flow instability (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2779-2784 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that the flow instability of polymer melts occurring above a certain critical shear stress is a direct result of the degree of non-Newtonian behavior of the flowing liquid. Melt fracture, elastic turbulence, and slip-stick effects are a consequence of this instability, which frequently leads to periodic phenomena. The condition for the occurrence of flow instability is derived.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090812
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  • 81
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    Chemical and physical behavior of phenolic resins in air-dried films of phenolic varnishes (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2785-2797 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chemical and physical behavior of the oil soluble phenolic resins in phenolic varnish films were investigated by means of dynamic-mechanical measurement, infrared spectra, and M̄c measurement. The viscoelastic property of phenolic varnish films or increase in (Tg)d due to the addition of resin is the same regardless of the types of phenolic resin (oil-reactive or oil-nonreactive) employed, and despite the lower reactivity of the oil-nonreactive phenolic resin in the cooking stage. A reaction takes place between the oil-nonreactive phenolic resin and drying oil in the course of autoxidation and proceeds in aging, resulting in a network in which the phenolic resin is the backbone. Both the crosslinking and filling of resin were effective in increasing the (Tg)d of the films; crosslinking is the better method as it results in films having a smaller acetone-extractable portion.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090813
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    Tensile stress relaxation behavior of a mechanical mixture of two polymer componentsPresented before the 13th Annual Symposium on Rheology, Japan, Okayama Univ., Okayama, Oct. 3, 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2261-2272 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As one in a series of studies relating the rheological properties of mechanical mixtures of two polymer components to the degree of mixing, the temperature dependence of tensile stress relaxation behavior of two types of mixed systems, i.e., poly(methyl methacrylate)-poly(vinyl acetate) system and lightly crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate-poly(vinyl acetate)) system, was investigated over a temperature range covering the glass transition temperatures of both polymer components. The time-temperature superposition procedure was carried out for comparison of several parameters, such as fractional free volume and its thermal expansion coefficient, which were determined on the basis of the free volume concept from the viscosity in relation to the William-Landel-Ferry equation, with those of the individual polymer components. Although the fractional free volume and its thermal expansion coefficient thus determined for the mixed systems were apparent values, the results may, at least qualitatively, deny the simple additivity of the free volumes of the two-polymer mixed phases and suggest the existence of a sort of physical interaction between the phases, i.e., the internal pressure induced by one phase or the other due to a difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the phases.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090618
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    Studies in hard rubber reaction. Part IV. Effect of fillers (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2285-2296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of the different fillers i.e., china clay, light magnesium carbonate, Pliolite S6E, and ebonite dust, on the exothermic hard rubber reaction has been studied with the help of differential thermal analysis. The data for heat evolution show some unexpected features in that china clay, a more or less inert filler, lowers heat evolution. The behavior of magnesium carbonate also can not be fully explained. Attempts have been made to explain the data for Pliolite S6E and ebonite dust on the basis of their composition and effects of the individual components on heat of reaction. The differences in initiation temperature and slope values have been explained.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090620
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  • 84
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    Equivalence of cyclohexanone and tetrahydrofuran as solvents for poly(vinyl chloride) (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2319-2320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090623
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  • 85
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    Stress - strain behavior of rubber-reinforced glassy polymersPresented as a talk before the Canadian High Polymer Forum, Ste. Marguerite. Quebec, May 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2297-2310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The main objective of this work has been to develop some rational hypothesis for the toughness of rubber-modified glassy polymers as defined by the energy to rupture in a tensile measurement. It is shown that the rigid phase yields and that the toughness is a result of the large energy absorption involved in the cold drawing of the matrix. The rubber phase acts principally to induce a yielding in the matrix. A triaxial stress field in the environment of the dispersed particles results in local increases in free volume which aid in the initiation of cold drawing and provides the rubber with sufficient breaking stress to prevent premature crack propagation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090621
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  • 86
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    Modification of crosslinking effects in cotton fabrics by swelling and methylation (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2311-2318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of crosslinking on cotton fabric are changed when the cotton has been chemically modified before crosslinking with an inert substituent, such as the methyl group. The main action of the inert substituent is to preserve swelling ability by hindering fiber deswelling after methylation and during crosslinking. At the levels of modification used, the crosslinking reaction appears to proceed normally, with no effects from reduction in the number of reactive cellulosic hydroxyl groups.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090622
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  • 87
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    Thermogravimetric study of some new transition metal-schiff base coordination polymers (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2321-2336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A condensation reaction between 5-amino-8-hydroxyquinoline and terephthalaldehyde yielded a bis-bifunctional Schiff base ligand, 5,′5-[p-phenylene-bis(methylidynenitrilo)] di-8-quinolinol, which was used to produce coordination polymers containing Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), or Zn(II) in the form of insoluble powders. The thermal stabilities of these polymers were evaluated in vacuum over the temperature range of 25-700°C. by using a newly constructed thermobalance having improved sensitivity. The results relate the decomposition of the polymers to the metal in the backbone as well as to the organic ligand to which the metal is coordinated. Some discussion is devoted to the possible modes of decomposition of these polymers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090701
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  • 88
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    Interfacial polycondensation of nylon 610 in continuous cascade systems (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2337-2343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The interfacial polycondensation of nylon 610 in unstirred, continuous, cascade systems has been studied. It was found that yields increased with increased reactant flow rates. The increase was shown to result from improved mass transport due to the change from molecular diffusion at low flow rates to eddy diffusion at high flow rates. The effect of improved mass transfer was also shown in the behavior of plots of polymer intrinsic viscosity versus sebacoyl chloride concentration.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090702
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  • 89
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    Examination of variables in the radiation-induced solid-state polymerization of trioxane (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3681-3700 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Additional studies have been conducted on the radiation-induced, solid-state polymerization of trioxane. The out-of-source polymerization rate has been investigated as a function of radiation dose and of temperature and time of polymerization. The empirical relationship of log time ∝ Y (where Y is the polymerization percentage) was found to be satisfactory over wide ranges of conversion, of dose, and of polymerization time. At a given dose, the yield was directly proportional to the RSV1.33 (where RSV is the reduced specific viscosity). Either increasing the dose or decreasing the particle size gave lower RSV values at the same conversions.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091116
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  • 90
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    Acetylenic polyesters (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2379-2391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Acetylenic polyesters containing either residues of 2-butyne-1,4-diol, acetylenedicarboxylic acid, or both of them, were prepared and characterized. Polyesters of 2-butyne-1,4-diol with succinic, adipic, and phthalic acids were obtained as soluble polymers by use of known methods. The polymaleate ester of 2-butyne-1,4-diol was obtained either as a soluble or as an insoluble polymer, depending on the experimental conditions. Relatively high temperature or long reaction periods led to the formation of insoluble polymers. Polyesters of acetylenedicarboxylic acid with diethylene glycol, tetra- and hexamethylene glycols, 2-butene-1,4-diol, and 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol were prepared by melt polycondensation in bulk. These polyesters were obtained as insoluble, rubbery materials, except those of 2-butene-1,4-diol and 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol, which were obtained both as linear or as nonlinear polymers. The insolubility of the polyesters of acetylenedicarboxylic acid was due to crosslinking reactions involving the conjugated system —C≡C—C=O. While the melt polycondensations in bulk involving either 2-butyne-1,4-diol or acetylenedicarboxylic acid were entirely controlled reactions, those carried out between acetylenedicarboxylic acid and 2-butyne-1,4-diol were very often associated with highly exothermic decompositions involving carbonization. The decompositions could be eliminated when the melt polycondensation in bulk was preceded by a fore-condensation in solution. Solid, soluble, powdery low polymers (DP = 2-3) having softening temperatures of about 150-175°C. were thus obtained.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090705
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    Semipermeable membranes of cellulose acetate for desalination in the process of reverse osmosis. III. Bound water relationshipsThis work was supported by the Office of Saline Water, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Contract Nos. 14-01-0001-272 and 14-01-0001-378. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2363-2378 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism by which water and dissolved salts permeate selectively through membranes has been investigated. It has been demonstrated that the predominant mechanism of permeation involves the interaction of the various species with specific sites and their associated bound water molecules. The extent of the bound water held by the cellulosic membranes of interest has been determined. Correlation has been found between the permeation characteristics demonstrated by membranes at various steps in their preparation and its bound water content. The mechanism of rejection of salts has been shown to be related to the relative inability of their ions to become solvated by bound water. A model has been hypothesized which correctly describes the behavior of the desalination membrane with reference to water and soluble inorganic salts.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090704
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  • 92
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    Poly(vinyl alcohol)-iodine complexes (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2393-2424 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The poly(vinyl alcohol)-iodine blue color reaction in dilute aqueous solution has been investigated, and extinctions at the absorption maximum have been measured as a function of the concentrations of polymer, iodine, iodide ions, and boric acid. Depending upon the reaction conditions, the main absorption maximum can be made to appear at any wavelength between 580 and 700 mμ, with the longest wavelengths and highest extinctions per vinyl alcohol group showing up at high boric acid concentrations. Poly(vinyl alcohol) samples from various sources displayed, under identical reaction conditions, great differences in staining intensities. This can be ascribed to differences in the regularity of the polymer chain structures. To account for the behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol) towards iodine under a wide variety of reaction conditions, as well as for a number of irreversible or only slowly reversible phenomena, a model for the mechanism of the PVA-iodine complex formation is proposed involving a dual process of helix formation and intramolecular helix association. There is evidence to indicate that at full iodine saturation of the polymer, 12 vinyl alcohol residues supported by one boric acid molecule form a single turn of a helix which enwraps one iodine atom, out of a long polyiodide chain nested in the interior of a poly(vinyl alcohol) helix.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090706
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  • 93
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    Characterization of block and random ethylene-propylene copolymers by differential thermal analysisPresented in part before the Division of Polymer Chemistry, 148th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, August 30-September 4, 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3061-3069 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A group of C14-tagged ethylene and propylene polymers consisting of physical mixtures of homopolymers, block copolymers made up of two homopolymer sequences, and block copolymers made up of several homopolymer segments has been studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA). The effect of randomness in copolymers has also been studied in this set of systems, which contains 0-51 wt.-% ethylene. Block copolymers and physical mixtures have been found to have thermograms with endothermal minima at approximately 138 and 163°C. The ratio of heights of the two minima has been found to be a function of the ethylene and propylene content for mixtures of homopolymers and for block copolymers without randomness. DTA thus provides an analysis for monomer ratios in physical mixtures and in block copolymers of ethylene and propylene. The cooling thermograms of block copolymers have been demonstrated to have two exotherms in all cases where the block ethylene content exceeded 10%; the propylene limit was not fixed. Mixed homopolymers do not exhibit two freezing exotherms. The total heat of fusion of the polymer has been found to be a usable measure of chain randomness and block nature. The conditions for observation of single and multiple transitions have been extended.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090912
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    Network characterization of silicone rubber vulcanizates. Part I. solvent, temperature, and specimen shape effects on effective crosslink density determinations (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3049-3060 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effective crosslink densities were determined for four silica-filled silicone rubber vulcanizates which represent different degrees of crosslinking. The determinations were made from compression-deflection measurements of rubber specimens at an equilibrium swelling condition. Nine solvents representing a wide range of dilatant strengths were investigated at four equilibrium temperatures (8, 23, 41, and 60°C.) for their effect on the crosslinking determinations. Specimen shape effects were also investigated. Explicit equations of state were derived empirically and were found to be similar to the well-known Mooney-Rivlin equation in which two independent parameters are required for the definition of a dilated rubber network.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090911
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  • 95
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    Crystallinity of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3153-3160 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Determination of crystallinity of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers according to the usual x-ray diffraction method employed for polyethylene is very much hampered by the fact that these copolymers are usually largely amorphous and the Bragg reflections in their diffraction diagrams which are therefore broad and weak are drowned by the strong and dominant amorphous halo. As a consequence it is virtually impossible to carry out a realistic resolution of the total diffraction diagram into the individual Bragg reflections in the halo. In the method described in this paper this difficulty is successfully surmounted by taking advantage of the unique shape and placement of the amorphous halo with respect to the Bragg reflections in the diffraction diagrams of these copolymers. This rather fortunate situation permits a direct determination of amorphous content without having to take recourse to the cumbersome resolution of the Bragg reflections and hence one can obtain crystallinity indirectly.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090919
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    Glyceryl methacrylate hydrogels (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3161-3170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Hydrophilic three-dimensional polymer networks (hydrogels) were prepared from glyceryl methacrylate (2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate). The solubility of poly(glyceryl methacrylate) in water permits the preparation of transparent hydrogels containing variable amounts of water at the equilibrium stage. This is accomplished by varying the degree of swelling at the time of network formation, and by varying the density of crosslinks. The temperature dependence of swelling of the hydrogels in water and in 0.9% sodium chloride solution, was determined. There exists a linear relationship between the refractive index and the per cent of water in the hydrogel. These hydrogels are potentially useful in ophthalmology.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090920
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  • 97
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    Effects of thermal exposure on the physicochemical properties of polyamidesPresented at the 148th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, August 31, 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2855-2877 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nylon 66 and nylon 6 yarns were exposed in air, nitrogen, and vacuum to temperatures form 136 to 215°C. for periods from 5 min. to 17.5 hr. The moisture absorption of both fibers is reduced by the exposure independently of the presence of oxygen or of antioxidant. This is ascribed to secondary crystallization. Simultaneously, the electrical resistivity is increased. The breaking strength is reduced by exposure in the presence of oxygen unless the polymer contains antioxidant. The extent of oxidative cleavage was measured by the viscosity-average molecular weight M̄v of nylon 66. Simultaneously, a reduction of the amine endgroup content was observed. It occurs only in the presence of oxygen and approaches a limit indicating that some amine groups are not subject to elimination. If oxygen is absent or the polymer protected by antioxidant, the M̄v increases. Sorption of hydrochloric acid is reduced by the exposure. Only 80% of the amine groups in the unexposed and 55% in the exposed nylon participate in acid binding at pH 2.5. The rate constants of cleavage as manifested by M̄v and of the process leading to disappearance of amine groups were determined for nylon 66. The activation energies were calculated 40 and 36 Kcal./mole, respectively.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090820
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    Chemie, Physik und Technologie der Kunststoffe. Vol. 5. Glasfa-servastarkte Kunststoffe. R. Nitsche and H. Hagen, Eds. Springer-Verlag, Germany, 1961. xiv + 698 pp. D.M. 69.00 (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2927-2927 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090825
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    Chemie, Physik und Technologie der Kunststoffe. Vol. 6. Stmktur und Physikalisches Verhalten der Kunststoffe. R. Nitsche and K. A. Wolf, Eds. Springer-Verlag, Germany, 1962. xv + 974 pp. D.M. 168.00 (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2927-2927 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090826
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  • 100
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    Latex growth (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2929-2938 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method is described for preparing a latex with a particle size larger than can be obtained by direct emulsion polymerization. It consists in growing latex particles to larger size by feeding more monomer and adjusting the emulsifier concentration in a manner which prevents both coagulation and the formation of new micelles.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090901
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