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  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (284)
  • 1970  (284)
  • Chemical Engineering  (282)
  • pharmacokinetics
  • Nuclear reactions
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 3 (1970), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; drug dependence ; pharmacokinetics ; amphetamine psychosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eighteen subjects with amphetamine psychosis were studied with respect to fluid balance, intensity and duration of psychotic symptoms, urinary and plasma amphetamine levels and the relative amounts of unchanged drug and metabolites in urine. On admission to hospital about half of the psychotic patients were dehydrated, the water lack being up to 6.7% of total body weight. The dehydrated subjects had lower renal clearances of amphetamine because of lower rates of urine production. As noted previously there was a strongly positive correlation between urinary pH and the half life (T 1/2) of plasma amphetamine, with an increase inT 1/2 of about 7 h for every unit increase in urinary pH. Patients with alkaline urine had intense psychoses lasting for about 4 1/2 days after the last dose of amphetamine. In patiens with acid urine, the psychotic symptoms were milder, and of about 2 days duration. No correlation was found between the degree of psychosis in different subjects and the plasma levels of the drug. — The ratio between the amounts of labelled metabolites and unchanged drug excreted in urine rose for each day after administration of3H-amphetamine, implying a slower excretion rate for the metabolites than for the parent drug. The relative proportion of metabolites was higher in patients with an alkaline urine, being more than 90% after the first day. — When amphetamine (200 mg i.v.) was given to nonpsychotic, dependent subjects, the peak plasma levels (mean 423 ng/ml) exceeded the highest levels observed during the first day in psychotic patients. However, no psychotic symptoms were observed in these subjects. The volumes of distribution calculated from the monoexponential elimination curves were higher than those previously reported in nondependent subjects. — With an alkaline urine a group of nonpsychotic amphetamine-dependent subjects had significantly longer plasmaT 1/2 (p〈0.05) than a group of drug-naive control subjects. The results suggest that increased tissue binding may be a component in tolerance to amphetamine in dependent humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 3 (1970), S. 36-42 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Sulphonamides ; sylfametopyrazine ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of sulfametopyrazine were studied for seven days after a single oral dose of 2 g. in healthy volunteers in order to establish its chemotherapeutic value. — The appearance and disappearance of the drug in the plasma were evaluated both for compounds with a free amino group and for total sulphonamides. The half-life and absorption, distribution, elimination and excretion coefficients were calculated, as well as the concentrations in plasma water and interstitial fluid. The estimated drug concentrations in the urine agreed with those calculated from the excretion coefficients. — In all subjects at the end of the seventh day the concentrations in all body compartments of active compounds exceeded the minimum required for a therapeutic effect. The highest concentrations found in the urine were always significantly lower than the drug's basal solubility at pH 5, thus excluding any risk of crystalluria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 134-138 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis of the two-dimensional temperature field of a square column embedding a heating cylinder is presented. The analysis leads to a solution in finite series which gives rise to rapidly converging numerical results. The series coefficients computed for the extreme case of the cylinder being a line find a way of parametrization, which then furnishes the solutions for finite cylinders up to the case of the cylinder diameter being half of the column thickness. Results in five-digit accuracy are presented. The method is simple and direct. In addition, it retains the same concise formal solution for a variety of boundary conditions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 147-148 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 151-153 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 249-254 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrolysis of acetyl chloride was studied in a laboratory reactor designed to act as a chemical oscillator. The observed oscillating outputs are in fairly good agreement with the numerical solutions of the stirred tank reactor equations and the approximate analytical solutions published previously.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 233-240 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown that existing methods for design of optimal regulators by the Wiener-Hopf procedure must be modified in order to be applicable to unstable and/or nonminimum phase plant or disturbance transfer functions, such as are frequently encountered in the chemical industry. Solutions are developed for three cases: I. stable, but possibly nonminimum phase, plant and disturbance transfer functions; II. minimum phase, but possibly unstable, plant with no restrictions on the disturbance transfer functions; and III. prestabilized, with a proper modification to retain the original control effort inequality constraints, but possibly nonminimum phase plant and disturbance transfer functions. Case III gives the general solution for regulation of linear, time-invariant, lumped-parameter systems. When prestabilization is not necessary, it reduces to case I. Where applicable, solutions by the method of case II frequently involve less algebra than in case III.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 240-248 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Wiener-Hopf procedure for synthesis of optimum constrained linear feedback regulators has been extended in part I to all linear time-invariant lumped parameter systems. The solution is here applied to the control of the output concentration of an exothermic, stirred tank reactor operating close to an unstable steady state, by constrained manipulation of a cooling water flow rate, in the presence of a randomly fluctuating inlet concentration.When the spectral density of disturbance is given (for example, white noise through a first-order time delay, or a series of randomly alternating steps), the optimum controller has three modes: proportional, derivative, and integral with minor feedback. The responses of the nonlinear reactor and the linearized reactor control systems to a series of alternating deterministic step inputs and Gaussian distributed inputs are simulated, and a sensitivity study of the linearized system with respect to variations in process, controller, and disturbance parameters is made in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the method.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 23-31 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper, mathematical models for a single adsorbate component present in a gas phase have been developed for isothermal and adiabatic dynamic adsorption-desorption processes with special emphasis on adsorption drying by supported hygroscopic salts. The proposed generalized models are applicable to both an unsupported absorbent bed and a fixed bed of adsorbents impregnated on a supporter which may have nonlinear equilibrium relationships. The partial differential equations governing the dynamic adsorption-desorption processes and the nonlinear equilibrium relations were solved numerically on the digital computer.An experimental study was conducted to measure the adsorption and desorption rates of water vapor by lithium chloride impregnated on a solid supporter, Torvex.The proposed adiabatic adsorption-desorption model has been verified for unsupported adsorbent beds in the cases of water vapor adsorption from air by silica gel and of methane adsorption from a helium-methane mixture by activated carbon. The validity of the generalized adiabatic model for supported adsorbent beds with nonlinear equilibrium relationships was established by a direct comparison of experimental data obtained in this study with the predicted values.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 32-37 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measurements of the effective self-diffusion coefficients for carbon dioxide and methane were performed in the transition pressure range. The experiments utilized carbon-14 tagged gases and semiconductor radiation detectors in a transient type of experiment. A detailed analysis of the errors associated with the experiments indicated that the accuracy of the measurements was near 5%. The results verify that the additive resistance law is valid for the representation in the transition range. The unknown effects of surface diffusion make the values to be employed in this law subject to review. As an example one surface diffusion model is considered.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 318-320 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 329-331 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 76-82 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental results have been obtained for heat transfer to melting ice spheres by measuring the rate of change of apparent weight. It is found that the traditional correlation format of Nusselt number against Rayleigh number is satisfactory only for bulk temperatures above 7°C. Average Nusselt numbers obtained from the sphere experiments are closely related to previous theoretical work with vertical flat plates.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 69-75 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An approach has been developed for predicting rates of interphase mass transfer under conditions of high flux and high concentration level. A rectangular channel device has been used to measure rates of evaporation of four solutes, carbon disulfide, n-pentane, cyclopentane, and ethyl ether, from n-tridecane into flowing nitrogen. The evaporation rate of carbon disulfide agreed with the prediction of the interphase theory up to a carbon disulfide mole fraction of 0.30 in the bulk liquid. For the other three systems, a concentration gradient induced, surface tension driven cellular convection served to increase liquid-phase coefficients substantially. A correlation was obtained for the effect of this cellular motion on the liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 108-111 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Tray efficiencies were measured for desorbing ammonia from water by air in a small sieve-tray column operated in the cycling mode, that is, with alternate flow of vapor and liquid. The actual efficiency improvement obtained was compared with that theoretically possible assuming the liquid flows without mixing when dropped. A mixing model was proposed and the mixing parameter evaluated from the experimental data.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 120-130 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As a step toward a unified treatment of particulately fluidized beds, a statistical-thermodynamic approach has been investigated, with the smoothed potential cell theory of pure liquids used to establish an equation of state and a collisional-viscosity relation. This treatment has correlated well with experimental data on liquid-fluidized beds, and the same method gives reasonable predictions for gas-fluidized beds. A parameter equivalent to thermodynamic temperature has been identified for fluidized beds, which depends solely upon fluid properties and includes the three-halves power of superficial velocity. This approach should be of value for interpreting other liquidlike properties of fluidized systems.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 150-150 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 177-184 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The efficiency of process optimization by mathematical programming can be increased by tearing, that is, rearranging the design equations so as to reduce the number of equality constraints. The structure of a system of equations may be depicted as an undirected bipartite graph; algorithm I-T utilizes this graph to determine an order of solution for the equations which requires no tears. If this is impossible, then algorithm II-T uses indexing in conjunction with algorithm I-T to produce an order which minimizes the number of torn equations. This procedure is extended to the problem of minimum recycle parameters, and the two-way interaction between tearing and algebraic simplification is illustrated.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 499-501 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 501-501 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 512-702 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 513-519 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental gas absorption studies for bubbles transported in turbulent pipe flow of water strongly indicate that liquid phase controlled mass transfer is due to surface renewal by turbulent eddies. Predictions of transport behavior from the conditions of turbulent flow cannot be made in support of this mechanism because no satisfactory theory of turbulent transport near a gas-liquid interface is available. This work considers a model of the hydrodynamic behavior near the surface which provides a link between the observed mass transfer behavior and the state of the turbulent field.In this model, the very small scales of turbulent motion are considered to be controlling. These motions are idealized, and their flow and mass transfer behavior are solved analytically. The overall result for eddies of various sizes is related to the turbulent energy spectrum by using only the easily accessible parameter ∊, the energy dissipation rate. This model gives quantitative agreement to within a factor of 2 for three widely different experimental situations including gas-liquid and liquid-solid interfaces. However, the predicted Reynolds number dependence is somewhat higher than the experimental result.The model attempts to clearly define the basic physical process at the interface. Therefore, it indicates the direction for further experimentation needed to clarify the basic relationship between the mass transfer rates in the liquid phase and the hydrodynamic behavior of the turbulent liquid.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 553-559 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study of the photochlorination of propane was undertaken to assess the significance of heterogeneous termination steps (wall reactions). Data were obtained in 2- and 10-mm. I.D. tubular flow reactors with varying oxygen concentrations. The results indicated that homogeneous terminations were dominant in the large reactor, and heterogeneous ones were dominant in the small unit. A kinetic scheme which explained the data was proposed. It included two parallel termination steps: a second-order homogeneous reaction between C3H7. and oxygen and a first-order heterogeneous reaction between C3H7. and the reactor wall.Even though the data were taken in the laminar flow regime, the rate of reaction was a function of Reynolds number for the 10-mm. reactor. Kinetic factors may explain these results, but the reasons are not clear. More research in this area is needed.Data taken in the 10-mm. reactor packed with quartz cylinders gave results similar to those for the 2-mm. reactor. This provided confirming evidence for the proposed scheme of parallel, heterogeneous and homogeneous termination steps.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 588-594 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The heat and mass transfer processes in a binary mixture flowing in a parallel plate channel with mass addition at the bounding surfaces are investigated analytically. The rate of mass addition, the temperature, and the mass fraction are arbitrarily prescribed at each of the bounding walls. Similarity solutions are evaluated numerically to yield pressure gradient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number results for a wide range of each of three governing parameters. It is found that increasingly strong surface mass addition markedly increases the magnitude of the axial pressure gradient. Mass addition decreases the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers at the channel wall at which the injection is strongest but may actually increase these moduli at the opposite wall. A generalizing analysis is performed to accommodate phase change processes as well as to accommodate the specification of plenum conditions rather than wall surface conditions. Application is made to the evaporation of liquid water by an air stream. It is shown that the rate of evaporation is augmented as the rate of air injection increases, but the extent of the augmentation is less than the causative increase in the air flow rate.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 633-638 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A previous report (1) has presented the derivation of new filter cake washing equations. This report presents the procedure for their application and contains an example of application to a specific batch washing system. It also presents the adaption of the equations to permit their use in predicting the performance of a continuous rotary-drum filter.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 528-535 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical analysis of the laminar-turbulent transition phenomenon is presented for the case of steady, isothermal, fully developed flow of Newtonian fluids in straight ducts of constant isosceles triangular cross section. As a result of this analysis, the simultaneous existence of macroscopically large stable regions of laminar and turbulent flow are predicted to occur during the transition phenomenon. The existence of this special type of flow field, which has not been previously predicted theoretically, is shown to be a consequence of the presence of an asymmetric shear stress distribution. The results of an experimental study are also presented. These data verify the predictions made by the theoretical analysis.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 762-766 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pressure drops were measured for the high velocity isothermal viscous flow of steam in circular tubes. For the velocities tested, up to 0.48 times the isothermal sonic velocity, these flows obeyed the following equation with an average deviation of 2.4%. \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ P_1 2 - P_2 2 = \frac{{8\mu RTG}}{{DM}}\left[{\frac{{8L}}{D} + \frac{{N_{{\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} } }}{3}In\left({\frac{{P_1 }}{{P_2 }}} \right)} \right] $$\end{document}This equation differs from the Poiseuille-Meyer equation commonly used to correlate isothermal viscous flow in that it includes the term (NRe/3) In (P1/P2) which accounts for the change in momentum caused by expansion. In deriving this equation, the mean velocity, mean squared velocity, and wall shear stress were obtained from the parabolic velocity distribution for normal viscous flow. The velocity profile should flatten as the isothermal Mach number increases, and it is therefore anticipated that somewhere above the range tested the equation will no longer prove applicable. Variants of the equation, which take into account the flattening of the velocity profile in the range tested, did not fit the experimental data quite as well.
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 766-770 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Information about the transition state of a chemical reaction is quite useful for the determination of mechanisms and for design of solvents for the reaction. High pressure kinetic studies, if sufficiently accurate, provide the required data. This work reports a new technique developed for measuring rates of chemical reactions in solution at high pressure. This method involves in situ mixing of reactants under pressure and direct sampling for analysis, eliminating large errors of temperature equilibration and time measurement inherent in existing techniques, and thus yielding more accurate results. Experimental results for the Diels-Alder reaction of isoprene and maleic anhydride are reported at pressures up to more than 6,000 atm.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 32
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 793-802 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The problem of mass transfer with nonequilibrium at, and significant convection across, the interface has been studied by the method of matched asymptotic expansions. The inner solution for small values of t or z/Um was found in terms of fk functions which were obtained in closed analytical form. The outer solution for large values of t or z/Um was found in terms of gk functions which had to be determined numerically. With these solutions, calculation of concentratration distributions or instantaneous rates of mass transfer is straightforward, but determination of the total amount of mass transfer as a function of time is complicated by the lack of an intersection wherein the inner and outer solutions overlap and converge. To avoid the need for graphical interpolation and integration of the interfacial concentration as a function of time to obtain the total mass transferred, the constant of integration M1 is found to be (-kγ\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sqrt \pi $\end{document}/2h) by assuming that the ratio of mass transferred with an equilibrium interface to that with a nonequilibrium interface is independent of whether or not Vy convection is negligible in the system as t → ∞.The effect of a nonequilibrium interface is greatest for small t in unsteady systems and z/Um in steady state systems. This occurs because the departure from their equilibrium values of the interfacial concentrations of the phases in contact is greatest when they are first brought into contact. The larger the interfacial mass transfer coefficient α, the smaller is the time required for the interfacial concentrations to achieve their equilibrium values.Other things being equal, the rate of mass transfer is greatest when the driving force xA*-xA0 is greatest. Since the departure from equilibrium at the interface is greatest for small values of time, it follows that nonequilibrium interfacial phenomena can be observed most easily in systems where the rate of mass transfer is high. This is also the case when one cannot neglect the effect of finite velocity at the interface which is shown in the present work to be a significant effect.The method of analysis can be used to study a variety of problems in addition to the specific system considered here. In particular, both batch and flow reverse osmosis problems can be attacked by the present approach.
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  • 33
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 832-837 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ternary diffusion coefficients at 25°C. of the system 0.5 g./cc. d-tartaric acid - 0.5 g./cc. l-tartaric acid-water are reported. The results allow experimental verification of the theory for the diffusion of two indistinguishable solutes and clearly illustrate the difference between mutual and tracer diffusion. Moreover, the results allow calculation of ternary mass transfer coefficients and ternary tray efficiencies for the case of two similar species dissolved in a third.
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  • 34
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 876-877 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 35
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 882-884 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 36
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 37
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 1117-1117 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 38
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 999-1004 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mechanism of diffusion in an absorbent pore was studied by applying adsorption rate data to the Damköhler equation. Most of the data were taken in the multimolecular region of the nitrogen-silica gel adsorption isotherm. Vapor-phase and adsorbed-phase contributions to the total transport were separated. Vapor-phase transport increased with temperature and was most dominant at relative pressures of 0.4 to 0.6. Adsorbed-phase diffusivities were of the order of 10-2  -  10-3 sq. cm./sec. and showed some dependence on the amount adsorbed at surface coverages greater than 1.5 molecular layers.
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  • 39
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 1047-1054 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Burnett type of apparatus was built for 12,000 lb./sq.in. pressure and temperatures of 25° to 100°C. Isothermal expansions were run on methane, ethylene, and four binary mixtures at 25°, 50°, and 75°C., and compressibility factors were derived from the pressure ratio observations.From the experimental data, second and third virial coefficients were derived by two techniques, that is, the slope-intercept and the multiple regressions curve-fit of the data by the density-series virial equation. A comparison of these virial coefficients with those from the different empirical equations of state indicates areas of needed improvements in these equations. Second virial cross coefficients were also obtained.
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  • 40
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 787-792 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By expressing the meniscus height and the sine of the angle between the horizontal and a tangent to the meniscus curve as simple exponential functions of radial position, a new calculational procedure for determining surface tensions from menisci has been developed. These simple functions, when combined with the Laplace-Young equation, generated three useful equations for calculating surface tensions as a function of radial positions. The overall procedure by using the three equations and five smoothing methods was tested on both experimental and calculated menisci. The results from the procedure for the calculated menisci agreed within 1.5% with the original surface tensions used to generate the meniscus. The agreement of values generated with the method and the comparison method previously reported for experimental menisci was within ±8% in general and within ±2% for the best formed menisci.
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  • 41
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 817-823 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A gradientless reactor has been tested by measurement of the chemical reaction rate in the synthesis of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The reactor behaves as a well-stirred tank, and data have been obtained at 3,000 lb./sq.in.abs. over the temperature range 300° to 400°C.Rate data have been obtained for commercial zinc chromite catalyst in particle form and for the commercial ¼-in. pellets. The effectiveness factors derived from these experiments have been used to estimate the tortuosity of the pellets; it is found to agree qualitatively with the value measured from experiments on pure diffusion in a catalyst pellet.
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  • 42
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 1055-1063 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical and experimental investigation of the separation achieved in a column crystallizer which utilizes a spiral conveyor was conducted to determine the effect of variables associated with continuous flow operation. A system that exhibits negligible solid solubility was used. Several feed mixtures containing less than 31,000 p.p.m. weight cyclohexane in benzene were employed. The principal variables evaluated in this study in a column of constant length were the feed position, internal crystal rate, and flow rates of terminal streams. A mathematical model is developed which considers axial dispersion and mass transfer between the liquid adhering to the crystals and the bulk liquid. The model satisfactorily explains the effect of the variables associated with continuous flow operation and shows that axial dispersion is more dominant in continuous flow than in total reflux operation. It is shown that multiple pass or cascade operation is necessary to produce material of purity higher than a critical level which is related to the feed composition. This occurs because of impurities in the crystal phase which are likely caused by volumetric inclusions.
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  • 43
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 1088-1091 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 44
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 979-984 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of catalyst fouling on the stability and operation of adiabatic packed bed reactors was investigated for two poisoning mechanisms. The effect of fouling was found to be most predominant for packed beds in which nonunique pseudo steady states can exist. Fouling may cause the reactor to misbehave suddenly, with a violent temperature rise, after a long period of pacific operation.
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  • 45
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 1010-1015 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Laminar flow in helically coiled tubes is treated numerically. Fully developed axial and secondary velocities are calculated for both circular and elliptical cross sections. Only closely wrapped helices, that is, helices with modest pitch, are considered. Ten solutions with Deans numbers up to 200 have good accuracy. Two additional solutions with Deans numbers up to 280 are approximate.
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  • 46
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 1005-1010 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Free convection between two vertical coaxial cylinders was studied by solving the governing transport equations as an initial-value problem. The coupled, nonlinear, partial differential equations were converted into a set of difference equations by use of an alternating-direction implicit finite-difference numerical scheme. Twenty-four different combinations of Prandtl and Grashof numbers, and height to annular spacing ratios were used to characterize the problem. The results are presented primarily in the form of contour maps for the steady-state isotherms and streamlines.For Rayleigh numbers greater than 5 × 103, a fully developed boundary-layer flow was found to exist in the cavity. The interior region of the annulus was found to be thermally stratified and to possess a nearly uniform vertical temperature gradient, with a unicellular flow pattern being generated.With Rayleigh numbers of 5 × 104 and greater, it was found that the flow patterns could not be properly described with a grid spacing of 1/10. The variation of the steady-state mean Nusselt number with Prandtl and Rayleigh numbers and with geometric ratios was also investigated.
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  • 47
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    Notes: Experimental concentration profiles throughout a fourteen plate column approaching steady state at total reflux were obtained for mixtures of benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene. The concentration profiles are characterized by a large movement of the middle component, toluene, through the column so that its maximum concentration shifts from plate to plate until steady state is reached.Computer runs were made in which the column variables were specified to be, as nearly as possible, those observed or calculated for the experimental runs. The computer results indicated the same behavior as the experimental runs, and the concentration profiles were in fair agreement. Thus, the computer model and calculation procedure used could replace the real column for many purposes. Inaccuracies in the computer simulation are due more to inadequate information about the characteristics of the real column than to deficiencies of the computer model.
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  • 48
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 1064-1071 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The photodecomposition of aqueous solutions of formic acid was studied as a model reaction for removing organic pollutants from water. The process was carried out in a tubular-flow reactor, operated continuously. The cylindrical reactor was irradiated from the outside by placing the cylindrical lamp and the reactor at the foci of an elliptical reflector. Measurements made at differential operating conditions permitted calculation of rates of reaction as a function of formic acid concentration and light intensity for the temperature range 25° to 60°C. Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were the only observed products of the decomposition.The rate was first order in absorbed light intensity and between zero and first order in formic acid. These results correspond to a combination of chain and non-chain kinetics occurring simultaneously. Rate constant ratios and quantum yields were calculated from the data and the kinetics model.A few measurements were made by adding ferric chloride and ferrous chloride to the feed to the reactor. An order of magnitude increase in rate was observed with these sensitizers.
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  • 49
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 50
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 2-156 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 51
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 18-22 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Numerical integration of the coexistence equation for isothermal P-x data can be carried out by standard techniques. Two questions are considered with respect to this procedure: (a) Do continuous, analytic P-x relations exist which fail to provide thermodynamically acceptable results? (b) Does it matter from what point one starts the numerical integration? It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate in each case that the answer is affirmative.
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  • 52
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 44-48 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This report describes a simple and reliable method of constructing small platinum film thermometers on Pyrex glass. The thermometers were used to measure surface temperature during nucleate boiling of water at pressures between 1 and 4 lb./sq.in. abs. The thermometers showed that as superheated microlayers of water evaporated beneath vapor bubbles, the surface temperature often dropped 40° to 75°F. before ultimately reaching the saturation temperature. The thermometers proved to be accurate (±1°F.) and capable of fast response (145°F./msec.).
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  • 53
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 64-69 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Normal pentane and isopentane were evaporated into nitrogen in laminar, concurrent flow in a rectangular channel. Composition profiles within the gas phase were measured, and the evaporation rates were compared with theoretical predictions with satisfactory agreement. The interfacial mole fraction of the evaporating species in the gas phase ranged as high as 0.74. A solution is reported for the Leveque problem under high flux conditions.
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  • 54
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 90-96 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Exact solutions of the boundary layer equations were used to calculate the local mass transfer coefficients for an impinging jet with a parabolic velocity distribution. Boundary conditions were obtained from an inviscid flow solution and also from experimental pressure distributions. Experimental data for the air/naphthalene system were in good agreement with theoretical results. Mass transfer from the impingement surface was independent of nozzle height in the range 0.5 to 12 nozzle radii. For lower nozzle heights the effect of the constriction of flow between the nozzle and the surface led to increased transfer rates near the nozzle wall; data followed the predicted behavior.
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  • 55
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 112-119 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A modified Redlich-Kwong equation has been applied to the calculation of phase equilibria in multicomponent systems. The two parameters of the Redlich-Kwong equation are treated as temperature functions. They are obtained for each pure component from experimental vapor pressures and liquid densities with the help of a generalized fugacity coefficient correlation for saturated vapors. The need to submit coefficients for pure components is thus eliminated. At least one experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium point is required to establish an interaction constant for each binary system. Applications have been made to binary and multicomponent systems containing hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide.
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  • 56
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 130-133 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The two-dimensional motion of two circular bubbles moving in train up through a fluidized bed is considered. By using continuum equations of motion for this two-phase flow situation, neutral coalescence curves are obtained which indicate, for given bubble radii and distance apart, whether or not the bubbles will coalesce. The conclusions are in agreement with the available experimental results.
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 144-146 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 58
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 149-149 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 59
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 153-155 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 60
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 173-177 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general means is proposed for predicting transitional velocity patterns in concentric annuli and between parallel plates from behavior in tubes. As in laminar and turbulent flow, transformations of space coordinates yield identical profiles under specific conditions of comparison. Predictions are confirmed by published data and can be related to recent theoretical proposals.
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  • 61
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 169-172 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The differential equation for diffusion of a solute in a quasi-homogeneous, spherical, ion exchange particle, previously solved for time-dependent boundary conditions, is applied to an activated carbon adsorption system. This solution differs from the infinite volume solution which assumes constant boundary conditions. The result is applied to experimental data and yields effective adsorbent-phase diffusion coefficients. Equilibrium and rate studies were performed by using the aqueous phenol solution - activated carbon system. The rigorous solution to the diffusion equation is compared with a recently published frequency domain solution. Excellent agreement is obtained for values of the effective diffusion coefficient computed from the two rate equations.It is recommended that the rigorous model be used for mechanism and diffusion coefficient determination. After the mass transfer parameters have been obtained, the simplified rate equation may be used for either lumped parameter or distributed parameter models for prediction of fixed-bed adsorber response. Further studies are required to determine if the simplified model adequately describes fixed-bed behavior.
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  • 62
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 194-198 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An investigation of the mass and heat transfer equations describing radial and axial profiles for tubular reactors in laminar and plug flow is reported. Reactor conditions evaluated were isothermal, constant wall temperature, and adiabatic. Both diffusion and nondiffusion were considered. The reaction investigated was the demethylation of toluene in the presence of hydrogen.It was found that diffusion plays only a minor role in laminar flow for the conditions investigated. It was also found that isothermal and constant wall temperature reactor operation affected the temperature and concentration profiles very little when r/R was less than 0.6.
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 224-229 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hill's extremum principles are not directly applicable to an Ellis model fluid. A method of adapting Hill's principles to the Ellis model was developed and used to calculate upper and lower bounds on the drag coefficient for a sphere moving slowly through such a fluid. Available experimental data were compared with the average of the upper and lower bounds. Agreement was poor with Slattery's data and good with Turian's data. Some reasons to suspect Slattery's data have been pointed out.
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 268-273 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Expressions are derived for the heat and mass transfer coefficients for laminar free convection driven by simultaneous differences in temperature and composition for the asymptotic cases of equal Schmidt and Prandtl numbers approaching zero, equal Schmidt and Prandtl numbers approaching infinity, Schmidt number approaching infinity and Prandtl number approaching zero, and Schmidt number larger than Prandtl number and Prandtl number approaching infinity.The results are applicable for horizontal cylinders or vertical axisymmetric bodies with arbitrary body contours insofar as the approximations of boundary-layer theory are valid. The results compare favorably with existing solutions and experimental results for particular conditions.
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 286-292 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental investigation was made of the absorption and scattering of thermal radiation by a cloud of small, spherical, micronsized, aluminum oxide particles in a plane-parallel enclosure. By using carbon tetrachloride and carbon disulphide as suspendign media, transmission measurements were made with collimated and diffuse sources for wavelengths from 2 to 11μ. By employing a two-flux diffuse model, the data were correlated to obtain absorption and back-scattering cross sections. From the diffuse and collimated data, a backscattering coefficient was found which varied linearly with relative refractive index. With the developed coefficients, the absorptivities of the cloud of particles were determined.
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 305-314 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The oxidation of carbon monoxide with Hopcalite catalyst was studied in an isothermal recycling reactor with special attention paid to the changes of gas phase compositions with time.Conversion-time data exhibit significant departures from first-order behavior often ascribed to this reaction. In early stages the reaction rate declines more rapidly than would a first-order reaction; later the reverse is true. A mechanism, based on careful analyses of the literature and of our observations, is proposed. A kinetic model based on this mechanism is shown to reproduce the data of any run satisfactorily, but there is a considerable variation in values of the constants from run to run.
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 321-324 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 68
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 332-334 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 69
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 339-344 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present state of the theory of nonisothermal tube flow is inadequate to predict the behavior of polymer melts. In addition, relatively few experimental measurements on radial temperature profiles of polymer melts in the tube flow have been reported. For non-Newtonian systems, the separation of viscous losses due to frictional heat generation and those due to the effect of shear rate is a formidable problem which has hampered progress. This paper will describe a method of measuring shear induced heating and present experimental data on radial temperature profiles in tube flow. A novel method of estimating the velocity profile is also described.
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  • 70
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 369-374 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The classical emulsion is made up of drops of one liquid dispersed in a containing liquid. Under certain circumstances, however, some of the containing phase may form drops within the drops of the dispersed liquid, giving rise to a structure known as a double-multiple emulsion. This study was an investigation of the hydrodynamic formation of these structures.Double-multiple emulsions were produced by using both transient and steady state liquid injection, with a cylindrical jet configuration. Analysis of the spray was by means of high-speed photography.The distribution of the large drops and that of the included drops were both found to be represented satisfactorily by a log-normal probability function. A simplified model based on the use of nozzle parameters satisfactorily correlated percent included area and volume as a function of Reynolds number and Weber number. Large dispersed phase drops contained proportionally many more inclusions than did the smaller sizes.The mechanism of inclusion formation was found to involve the drawing out of a ligament or sheet from the flowing jet, followed by the recoalescence of the free end of this ligament or sheet with the main jet body, entraining in the process a portion of the containing phase. Thus, the inclusions predate the formation of the drops of the dispersed phase from the jet disruption.
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  • 71
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 405-410 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Facilitated transport is a process in which permeation through a liquid film is chemically augmented. Because of the scientific and engineering interest in this phenomenon, the purpose of this work was to carry out a detailed mathematical and experimental investigation of facilitated transport. The differential equations describing facilitated transport are presented, and a generally applicable numerical solution recently developed by G. M. Roe for this type of boundary value problem is summarized. The experimental investigation consisted of measuring the steady state rate of transport of nitric oxide through thin films of ferrous chloride solution and of determining independently the values of the system parameters of which the nitric oxide flux was a function. The experimental results were accurately predicted by using the model developed by Roe. This is the first demonstration of a general quantitative understanding of facilitated transport.
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  • 72
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 436-441 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model for the rheological behavior of thixotropic systems is presented. The model is intended for systems exhibiting no elastic or anisotropic effects. It is shown how the constants of the model can be determined by a systematic program of experimentation. It is also shown how the model can be tested and amended, if necessary, by the same program of experiments. The model is advanced for suspensions of rigid, solid particles in liquids; it is not expected to be valid for materials of polymeric constitution or for suspensions of elastic, deformable particles in liquids.
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  • 73
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 464-471 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer coefficients were measured for glass particles at the same wall surface of a fluidized bed for which glass particle residence times were measured in a previous study. The data compared well with theoretical predictions of the dependence of heat transfer coefficients on particle residence times. Heat transfer coefficients for metal particle systems, for which direct measurements of residence times were not available, were predicted with fair accuracy by estimating residence times from a dimensionless correlation proposed in a previous study. The ability of the particle surface renewal models to accurately predict heat transfer coefficients is strong evidence of their physical validity.
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  • 74
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 483-489 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A flow visualization study was made with an optically birefringent solution of milling yellow dye in water flowing through a transparent duct of isoceles triangular cross section. The present data confirm a number of theoretical predictions concerning transitional phenomena in triangular ducts. One of the most interesting of these phenomena is the existence of a region of simultaneous laminar and turbulent flow in the duct. The present results, which agree with the theory, indicate an order of laminar and turbulent flow which is inverse to previous observations made with smoke filament tracings.
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  • 75
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 499-499 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 76
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 505-506 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 77
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 536-538 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The inversion of sucrose by partially deactivated ion exchange resin catalysts has been studied in a fixed bed reactor under conditions where intraparticle diffusion of sucrose is slow. Results show that the reaction remains apparently first order for deactivated catalyst. Activity is directly related to hydrogen content of the resin and is also dependent on the nature of the ion used to poison the catalyst.
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  • 78
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 560-568 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An anisotropic porous media model has been suggested for fluid motion in fuel cell cavities and has been shown to be valid experimentally with an actual fuel cell plate. Analytical solutions for pressure, velocity, and stream function have been obtained for finite and for point sources and sinks in rectangular cavities. Constant purge time curves have been constructed.
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  • 79
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 575-580 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Whole human blood was sheared in the flow field of a concentric cylinder Couette viscometer in the hope of isolating the physical traumas specifically related to the escape of intracellular hemoglobin. The experimental results indicated that laminar shear stresses per se were not instrumental within the investigated range (up to 600 dynes/sq.cm.). This, plus the hematocrit dependence, evidenced the importance of interaction of individual red cells with a surface in the hemolytic event.
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  • 80
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 602-608 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An interferometric investigation of the transfer of n- and iso-butyl alcohols from water to carbon tetrachloride revealed the existence of large interfacial resistances (500 to 2,500 sec./cm.) attributable to the presence of surface active agents. Evidence of a solute-surfactant interaction has been obtained with sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium tetradecyl sulfate, but the effect appears to be much less pronounced with the shorter chain length surfactant or with the branched chain alcohol.
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 620-625 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An extensive numerical study was carried out to determine the effect of Lewis number on the stability of a chemical reaction occurring inside a porous catalyst pellet. It is found that when the Lewis number is different from 1, the coupling between the concentration and temperature causes several pathological effects during the transient periods. One of the most interesting phenomenon is the occurrence of a unique unstable steady state with a periodic appearance of a very hot spot.
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  • 82
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 648-658 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The process of column crystallization at total reflux and steady state was analyzed mathematically and experimentally in order to determine the mechanisms by which separations are achieved and limited. The results of the study indicate that separation is produced by the formation of crystals in the freezing section and by interphase mass-transfer in the adjacent purification section. The separation is mainly limited by axial eddy diffusion in the liquid phase.Data from three binary chemical systems were used in the study. The first system, m-chloronitrobenzene-m-bromonitrobenzene, forms a solid solution with a small phase separation (less than 6 wt. %) and was the primary subject of this study. The second system, azobenzenestilbene, forms a solid solution with a phase separation which exceeds 20 wt. %. The third system, benzene-cyclohexane, has essentially no solid solubility in the range of compositions for which data on separation have been reported (½ to 3 wt. % cyclohexane).Four mathematical models of column crystallization were developed and compared with experimental data. These models were based on different sets of assumptions as to the mechanisms which control the overall separation. The model which is consistent with experimental data was used to evaluate mass transfer coefficients and effective liquid-phase diffusivities. Diffusivities varied between 1.3 and 4.6 sq. cm./sec., and mass transfer coefficients varied between 0.07 and 0.64 cm./sec. in reasonable agreement with results obtained in studies of liquid-liquid extraction in pulsed columns.
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 686-687 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 84
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 694-695 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 85
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 704a 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 86
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 718-724 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure based on kinetic principles is presented for the development of models for the adsorption of mixtures of gases in any number of layers by solid adsorbents. Equations of state for two-dimensional gas mixtures which are thermodynamically consistent with the adsorption models are also presented. The constants in the adsorption models for mixtures are obtained from the isotherms for the pure components. Good accuracy for the predicted adsorption of mixtures for the data available was obtained by use of a model for the adsorption of mixtures in bimolecular layers.
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  • 87
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 771-786 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Boundary-layer solutions are given for heat and mass transfer at mobile interfaces. The results are asymptotically valid for small thermal and material diffusivities, or for short exposure times. Phase breakup and coalescence are formally included, but Marangoni effects are not. Effects of rapid mass transfer, chemical reactions, and variable boundary conditions are evaluated. The treatment is a generalization of the penetration and surface-renewal theories.
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  • 88
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 823-827 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate of coalescence of large swarms of drops of a dispersed phase in the settler of a stage, laboratory mixer settler has been studied in order to establish the parameters that determine the dimensions of settlers used in extraction processes and effluent treatment. Part I is devoted to a description of the apparatus, experimental technique, and presentation of experimental results. Part II describes the development of a mathematical model which has been employed to analyze the results and is submitted as the basis for the design of settlers.
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 837-840 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A graphical method is presented for calculating solubility parameters and molar volumes of functional groups, as well as for calculating solubility parameters of high molecular weight members of a homologous series from data on low molecular weight members. These functional group solubility parameters and molar volumes have been used to extend the values of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sqrt {EV} $\end{document} presented earlier by Small. Finally, it is shown that the use of group contributions to calculate cohesive energy is limited by the lack of information available on the intramolecular energies of interaction of functional groups on the same molecule.
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 878-882 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 91
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 885-888 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 895-895 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 93
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 1117-1118 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 925-930 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new one-term withdrawal expression for power law fluids is developed from theoretical equations. Comparison with film thickness data for three carbopol fluids of α = 1.79 to 2.68 indicates agreement similar to that observed with valid Newtonian theories. The agreement was verified by comparison with independent measurements of entrainment flow rate.
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 943-949 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Most processes have more storage levels to control than there are production rates for changing inventories, a situation known as partial controllability. Necessary and sufficient conditions under which all levels can be held within predetermined limits are presented. A control law maximizing the probability of satisfactory operation is developed, together with the computational steps required for its implementation. A simple numerical example is given.
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 967-972 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The laminar flow of dilute aqueous polymer solutions was studied in the entrance region of a cylindrical tube. In laminar, fully developed, steady tube flow, elastic and inelastic fluids were indistinguishable. Viscoelastic fluids exhibited much higher entrance pressure losses than did inelastic fluids with comparable viscous properties. A method has been developed for separating the elastic portion of the overall entrance loss and shows that in some cases the elastic contribution represents as much as 80% of the total. An analysis is also presented which allows calculation of the elastic entrance loss in terms of a Hookean shear modulus.
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 991-998 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new modification of the Redlich-Kwong equation of state is presented. The modification follows the procedure suggested by Redlich, Ackerman, et al., in which a deviation function (a function of temperature, pressure, and acentric factor) is added to the compressibility factor from the original equation to improve the agreement with data. The purpose of the present modification was to improve predictions of the Redlich-Kwong equation in the saturated vapor region up to the critical point while retaining a relatively simple form to make analytical relations for derived properties possible. The equation for pressure correction to vapor enthalpy, derived from the compressibility factor by standard thermodynamic procedures, is also presented. Comparisons of predicted vapor compressibility factors and vapor enthalpy pressure corrections with literature data are given, demonstrating the advantages of the proposed modification when the saturated vapor region is of principal interest.
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 1016-1022 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An algorithm is proposed for the feedback control of nonlinear systems, the observations of which are corrupted with noise of unknown statistics. The feedback loop contains a nonlinear Kalman filter, which produces sequential least-square estimates of the state of the system, and a controller designed to minimize an instantaneous performance criterion based on the state estimates. The scheme requires the on-line integration of n(n + 3)/2 differential equations, where n is the number of unknown states and parameters. The scheme is applied to the feedback control of a CSTR with a first-order exothermic reaction the temperature measurements of which are corrupted with random noise.
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 1022-1029 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A very general form of the basic column equations is presented which allows a wide choice in the form of the specifications of variables required to define the column operation. Variable plate holdups, variable plate efficiencies, heat losses from the column, and finite time liquid flow dynamics are some of the specifications considered. The values of the implicit column variables during the unsteady state period are found by a method which is independent of the numerical procedure chosen to solve the differential equations. Computer runs with the Kutta-Merson method used to solve the differential equations were made for a column approaching steady state at total reflux. The effect of different variable specifications on this computer column are discussed.
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    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 1039-1047 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Distorted velocity and temperature profiles are measured at low Reynolds numbers for upflow constant flux heating of water and two viscous Newtonian sucrose solutions in a long vertical pipe. Heated L/D's ranged from 29 to 251. Experimental profiles at L/D = 251 show general agreement with the fully developed profile theory based on natural convection effects, but additional profile distortion, attributed at least in part to radial viscosity variation with temperature, is observed even with water.Natural convection induced transition to disturbed flow occurs for all three liquids as the ratio of heat input to flow rate is increased. The transition process involves the growth in amplitude and radial spread of initially small disturbances. Transition conditions and the dimensionless radial location of the first detectable instability are related to features of the distorted flow fields.
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