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  • 2010-2014  (24)
  • 1960-1964  (1,184)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1910-1914
  • 1820-1829
  • Industrial Chemistry  (1,184)
  • ddc:510  (24)
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Year
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: Convexity is an important property in nonlinear optimization since it allows to apply efficient local methods for finding global solutions. We propose to apply symbolic methods to prove or disprove convexity of rational functions over a polyhedral domain. Our algorithms reduce convexity questions to real quantifier elimination problems. Our methods are implemented and publicly available in the open source computer algebra system REDUCE. Our long term goal is to integrate REDUCE as a workhorse'' for symbolic computations into a numerical solver.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Applications which need exclusive access to a shared resource in distributed systems require a fault-tolerant and scalable mechanism to coordinate this exclusive access. Examples of such applications include distributed file systems and master/slave data replication. We present Flease, an algorithm for decentralized and fault-tolerant lease coordination in distributed systems. Our algorithm allows the processes competing for a resource to coordinate exclusive access through leases among themselves without a central component. The resulting system easily scales with an increasing number of nodes and resources. We prove that Flease ensures exclusive access, i.e. guarantees that there is at most one valid lease at any time.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: We propose an efficient column generation method to minimize the probability of delay propagations along aircraft rotations. In this way, delay resistant schedules can be constructed. Computational results for large-scale real-world problems demonstrate substantial punctuality improvements. The method can be generalized to crew and integrated scheduling problems.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: In optimal control problems with nonlinear time-dependent 3D PDEs, full 4D discretizations are usually prohibitive due to the storage requirement. For this reason gradient and quasi-Newton methods working on the reduced functional are often employed. The computation of the reduced gradient requires one solve of the state equation forward in time, and one backward solve of the adjoint equation. The state enters into the adjoint equation, again requiring the storage of a full 4D data set. We propose a lossy compression algorithm using an inexact but cheap predictor for the state data, with additional entropy coding of prediction errors. As the data is used inside a discretized, iterative algorithm, lossy coding maintaining an error bound is sufficient.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2020-03-11
    Description: Bovine fertility is the subject of extensive research in animal sciences, especially because fertility of dairy cows has declined during the last decades. The regulation of estrus is controlled by the complex interplay of various organs and hormones. Mathematical modeling of the bovine estrous cycle could help in understanding the dynamics of this complex biological system. In this paper we present a mathematical model of the bovine estrous cycle that includes the processes of follicle and corpus luteum development and the key hormones that interact to control these processes. Focus in this paper is on development of the model, but also some simulation results are presented, showing that a set of equations and parameters is obtained that describes the system consistent with empirical knowledge. Even though the majority of the mechanisms that are included are only known qualitatively as stimulatory or inhibitory effects, the model surprisingly well features quantitative observations made in reality. This model of the bovine estrous cycle could be used as a basis for more elaborate models with the ability to study effects of external manipulations and genetic differences.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-03-14
    Description: Learning during search allows solvers for discrete optimization problems to remember parts of the search that they have already performed and avoid revisiting redundant parts. Learning approaches pioneered by the SAT and CP communities have been successfully incorporated into the SCIP constraint integer programming platform. In this paper we show that performing a heuristic constraint programming search during root node processing of a binary program can rapidly learn useful nogoods, bound changes, primal solutions, and branching statistics that improve the remaining IP search.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: We propose a novel integer programming approach to transfer minimization for line planning problems in public transit. The idea is to incorporate penalties for transfers that are induced by “connection capacities” into the construction of the passenger paths. We show that such penalties can be dealt with by a combination of shortest and constrained shortest path algorithms such that the pricing problem for passenger paths can be solved efficiently. Connection capacity penalties (under)estimate the true transfer times. This error is, however, not a problem in practice. We show in a computational comparison with two standard models on a real-world scenario that our approach can be used to minimize passenger travel and transfer times for large-scale line planning problems with accurate results.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2016-06-09
    Description: The aim of this paper is to devise an adaptive timestep control in the contact--stabilized Newmark method (CONTACX) for dynamical contact problems between two viscoelastic bodies in the framework of Signorini's condition. In order to construct a comparative scheme of higher order accuracy, we extend extrapolation techniques. This approach demands a subtle theoretical investigation of an asymptotic error expansion of the contact--stabilized Newmark scheme. On the basis of theoretical insight and numerical observations, we suggest an error estimator and a timestep selection which also cover the presence of contact. Finally, we give a numerical example.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: Railway scheduling is based on the principle of the construction of a conflict-free timetable. This leads to a strict definition of capacity: in contrast with road transportation, it can be said in advance whether a given railway infrastructure can accommodate - at least in theory - a certain set of train requests. Consequently, auctions for railway capacity are modeled as auctions of discrete goods -- the train slots. We present estimates for the efficiency gain that may be generated by slot auctioning in comparison with list price allocation. We introduce a new class of allocation and auction problems, the feasible assignment problem, that is a proper generalization of the well-known combinatorial auction problem. The feasible assignment class was designed to cover the needs for an auction mechanism for railway slot auctions, but is of interest in its own right. As a practical instance to state and solve the railway slot allocation problem, we present an integer programming formulation, briefly the ACP, which turns out to be an instance of the feasible assignment problem and whose dual problem yields prices that can be applied to define a useful activity rule for the linearized version of the Ausubel Milgrom Proxy auction. We perform a simulation aiming to measure the impact on efficiency and convergence rate.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: This paper presents concepts and implementation of the finite element toolbox Kaskade 7, a flexible C++ code for solving elliptic and parabolic PDE systems. Issues such as problem formulation, assembly and adaptivity are discussed at the example of optimal control problems. Trajectory compression for parabolic optimization problems is considered as a case study.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: In this paper a bottom-up approach of automatic simplification of a railway network is presented. Starting from a very detailed, microscopic level, as it is used in railway simulation, the network is transformed by an algorithm to a less detailed level (macroscopic network), that is sufficient for long-term planning and optimization. In addition running and headway times are rounded to a pre-chosen time discretization by a special cumulative method, which we will present and analyse in this paper. After the transformation we fill the network with given train requests to compute an optimal slot allocation. Then the optimized schedule is re-transformed into the microscopic level and can be simulated without any conflicts occuring between the slots. The algorithm is used to transform the network of the very dense Simplon corridor between Swiss and Italy. With our aggregation it is possible for the first time to generate a profit maximal and conflict free timetable for the corridor across a day by a simultaneously optimization run.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: In solving large polynomial algebraic systems that are too big for standard Gröbner basis techniques one way to make progress is to introduce case distinctions. This divide and conquer technique can be beneficial if the algorithms and computer programs know how to take advantage of inequalities. A further hurdle is the form of the resulting general solutions which often have unnecessarily many branches. In this paper we discuss a procedure to merge solutions by dropping inequalities which are associated with them and, if necessary, by re-parametrizing solutions. In the appendix the usefulness of the procedure is demonstrated in the classification of quadratic Hamiltonians with a Lie-Poisson bracket $e(3)$. This application required the solution of algebraic systems with over 200 unknowns, 450 equations and between 5000 and 9000 terms.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: In the paper arguments are given why the concept of static evaluation (SE) has the potential to be a useful extension to Monte Carlo tree search. A new concept of modeling SE through a dynamical system is introduced and strengths and weaknesses are discussed. The general suitability of this approach is demonstrated. A Remark: Among users of the Internet Go server KGS the abbreviation SE is used for 'Score Estimator'. Although different from 'Static Evaluation' a score estimator is easily obtained from static evaluation by adding up probabilities of chains to be alive at the end of the game or points to be owned by White or Black
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: Linear Poisson brackets on e(3) typical of rigid body dynamics are considered. All quadratic Hamiltonians of Kowalevski type having additional first integral of fourth degree are found. Quantum analogs of these Hamiltonians are listed.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: A classification problem is proposed for supersymmetric %scaling\/-\/in\-va\-ri\-ant evolutionary PDE that satisfy the assumptions of nonlinearity, nondegeneracy, and homogeneity. Four classes of nonlinear coupled boson\/-\/fermion systems are discovered under the weighting assumption $|f|=|b|=|D_t|=\oh$. The syntax of the \Reduce\ package \SsTools, which was used for intermediate computations, and the applicability of its procedures to the calculus of super\/-\/PDE are described.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: We consider the problem of constructing Gardner's deformations for the $N{=}2$ supersymmetric $a{=}4$--\/Korteweg\/--\/de Vries equation; such deformations yield recurrence relations between the super\/-\/Hamiltonians of the hierarchy. We prove the non\/-\/existence %P.~Mathieu's Open problem on constructing for of supersymmetry\/-\/invariant %Gardner's deformations that %solutions, retract to Gardner's formulas for the KdV equation %whenever it is assumed that, under the %respective component reduction. % in the $N{=}2$ super\/-\/field. the solutions . At the same time, we propose a two\/-\/step scheme for the recursive production of the integrals of motion for the $N{=}2$,\ $a{=}4$--\/SKdV. First, we find a new Gardner's deformation of the Kaup\/--\/Boussinesq equation, which is contained in the bosonic limit of the super\/-\/%$N{=}2$,\ $a{=}4$--\/SKdV hierarchy. This yields the recurrence relation between the Hamiltonians of the limit, whence we determine the bosonic super\/- /Hamiltonians of the full $N{=}2$, $a{=}4$--\/SKdV hierarchy.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: We provide an introduction into the mathematics of and with paths. Not on the shortest, but hopefully on an entertaining path!
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: Wir stellen in dieser Arbeit ein mathematisches Optimierungsmodell zur Bestimmung eines optimalen Linienplans vor, das sowohl die Fahrzeiten und die Anzahl der Umstiege berücksichtigt als auch die Kosten des Liniennetzes. Dieses Modell deckt wichtige praktische Anforderungen ab, die in einem gemeinsamen Projekt mit den Verkehrsbetrieben in Potsdam (ViP) formuliert wurden. In diesem Projekt wurde der Linienplan 2010 für Potsdam entwickelt. Unsere Berechnungen zeigen, dass die mathematische Optimierung in nichts einer "Handplanung" des Liniennetzes nachsteht. Im Gegenteil, mit Hilfe des Optimierungsprogramms ist es möglich, durch Veränderung der Parameter mehrere verschiedene Szenarien zu berechnen, miteinander zu vergleichen und Aussagen über minimale Kosten und Fahrzeiten zu machen.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: The paper gathers evidence showing different dimensions of the game of Go: the continuous and discrete nature of the game and different types of relations between state variables happening on ultra local, local, regional, and global scales. Based on these observations a new continuous local model for describing a board position is introduced. This includes the identification of the basic variables describing a board position and the formulation and solution of a dynamical system for their computation. To be usable as a static evaluation function for a game playing program at least group-wide (regional)aspects will have to be incorporated.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: The track allocation problem, also known as train routing problem or train timetabling problem, is to find a conflict-free set of train routes of maximum value in a railway network. Although it can be modeled as a standard path packing problem, instances of sizes relevant for real-world railway applications could not be solved up to now. We propose a rapid branching column generation approach that integrates the solution of the LP relaxation of a path coupling formulation of the problem with a special rounding heuristic. The approach is based on and exploits special properties of the bundle method for the approximate solution of convex piecewise linear functions. Computational results for difficult instances of the benchmark library TTPLIB are reported.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: This paper presents a case study on a railway timetable optimization for the very dense Simplon corridor, a major railway connection in the Alps between Switzerland and Italy. Starting from a detailed microscopic network as it is used in railway simulation, the data is transformed by an automatic procedure to a less detailed macroscopic network, that is sufficient for the purpose of capacity planning and amenable to state-of-the-art integer programming optimization methods. In this way, the macroscopic railway network is saturated with trains. Finally, the corresponding timetable is re-transformed to the microscopic level in such a way that it can be operated without any conflicts among the slots. Using this integer programming based micro-macro aggregation-disaggregation approach, it becomes for the first time possible to generate a profit maximal and conflict free timetable for the complete Simplon corridor over an entire day by a simultaneous optimization of all trains requests. This also allows to to undertake a sensitivity analysis of various problem parameters.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2016-06-09
    Description: The thesis presents the analysis of a reduced model for modulation of internal gravity waves by deep convective clouds. The starting point for the derivation are conservation laws for mass, momentum and energy coupled with a bulk micro-physics model describing the evolution of mixing ratios of water vapor, cloud water and rain water. A reduced model for the identified scales of the regime is derived, using multi-scale asymptotics. The closure of the model employs conditional averaging over the horizontal scale of the convective clouds. The resulting reduced model is an extension of the anelastic equations, linearized around a constant background state, which are well-known from meteorology. The closure of the model is achieved purely by analytical means and involves no additional physically motivated assumptions. The essential new parameter arising from the coupling to a micro-physics model is the area fraction of saturated regions on the horizontal scale of the convective clouds. It turns out that this parameter is constant on the employed short timescale. Hence the clouds constitute a constant background, modulating the characteristics of propagation of internal waves. The model is then investigated by analytical as well as numerical means. Important results are, among others, that in the model moisture (i) inhibits propagation of internal waves by reducing the modulus of the group velocity, (ii) reduces the angle between the propagation direction of a wave-packet and the horizontal, (iii) causes critical layers and (iv) introduces a maximum horizontal wavelength beyond which waves are no longer propagating but become evanescent. The investigated examples of orographically generated gravity waves also feature a significant reduction of vertical momentum flux by moisture. The model is extended by assuming systematically small under-saturation, that is saturation at leading order. The closure is similar to the original case but requires additional assumptions. The saturated area fraction in the obtained model is no longer constant but now depends nonlinearly on vertical displacement and thus on vertical velocity.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2022-03-14
    Description: We propose a hybrid approach for solving the resource-constrained project scheduling problem which is an extremely hard to solve combinatorial optimization problem of practical relevance. Jobs have to be scheduled on (renewable) resources subject to precedence constraints such that the resource capacities are never exceeded and the latest completion time of all jobs is minimized. The problem has challenged researchers from different communities, such as integer programming (IP), constraint programming (CP), and satisfiability testing (SAT). Still, there are instances with 60 jobs which have not been solved for many years. The currently best known approach, lazyFD, is a hybrid between CP and SAT techniques. In this paper we propose an even stronger hybridization by integrating all the three areas, IP, CP, and SAT, into a single branch-and-bound scheme. We show that lower bounds from the linear relaxation of the IP formulation and conflict analysis are key ingredients for pruning the search tree. First computational experiments show very promising results. For five instances of the well-known PSPLIB we report an improvement of lower bounds. Our implementation is generic, thus it can be potentially applied to similar problems as well.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2023-11-03
    Description: In contrast to the well known meshbased methods like the finite element method, meshfree methods do not rely on a mesh. However besides their great applicability, meshfree methods are rather time consuming. Thus, it seems favorable to combine both methods, by using meshfree methods only in a small part of the domain, where a mesh is disadvantageous, and a meshbased method for the rest of the domain. We motivate, that this coupling between the two simulation techniques can be considered as saddle point problem and show the stability of this coupling. Thereby a novel transfer operator is introduced, which interacts in the transition zone, where both methods coexist.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1163-1164 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1171-1175 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1169-1170 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1254-1256 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1272-1275 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1253-1254 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1264-1272 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1276-1285 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1315-1319 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1348-1348 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 23-28 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bei der Zellstoff-Gewinnung aus Holz fallen Ablaugen mit hohem Lignin- und Salzgehalt an. Um diese Chemikalien zurückzugewinnen und die Abwässer möglichst rein zu halten, werden die Ablaugen nach dem Eindüsen mit Druckluft in einem Generator bei etwa 1000°C unter Zusatz von Öl teilweise verbrannt und reduzierend vergast. Die Schmelzen werden wie üblich aufgearbeitet, während die Abgase zur Dampferzeugung ausgenützt werden. Je nach Anordnung des Laugen-Vergasers im Fließschema der Zellstoff-Fabrik ergeben sich wirtschaftliche Vorteile. Als solche bieten sich an: Trennung der Chemikalien-Rückgewinnung von der Energie-Erzeugung, Reinhaltung der Kessel und Überhitzer sowie ein Turbinenbetrieb mit hohen Dampftemperaturen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 15-23 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Durch strahlenchemische Prozesse lassen sich endotherme chemische Reaktionen erzwingen, in denen die Strahlenenergie teilweise in chemische Energie umgewandelt wird. Dadurch lassen sich aus einfachen Ausgangsstoffen wertvollere Produkte gewinnen. Als wirtschaftliche Strahlenquellen kommen hierfür nur Kernreaktoren (Chemie-Kernreaktoren) in Frage. Da jedoch nur wenige Prozente der gesamten Reaktorenergie als chemische Energie gebunden werden, muß auch die verbleibende Reaktorenergie genützt werden. Ein Chemie-Kernreaktor wird nur dann wirtschaftlich arbeiten, wenn der Wert des erzeugten chemischen Produktes mit dem Wert der erzeugten Energie mindestens vergleichbar ist.Die unvermeidlichen radioaktiven Verunreinigungen der erzeugten chemischen Verbindungen dürften der großtechnischen Anwendung von Chemie-Kernreaktoren enge Grenzen ziehen.Nach einer Betrachtung der Grundlagen chemonuclearer Prozesse werden die technischen Möglichkeiten und die wirtschaftlichen Aussichten der Synthese von Glykol aus Methanol und von Stickoxyden aus Luft diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 28-35 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die immer stärkere Bevorzugung der kontinuierlichen Anlagen hat zu einer Umwälzung in der Instandhaltungstechnik mit der Einführung neuer Arbeitsmethoden und Planungstechniken geführt. Hierüber wird zusammenfassend berichtet.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 39
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 148-157 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 175-185 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mit mehr als einer Schneckenwelle arbeitende Systeme erweitern den Anwendungsbereich bekannter Einwellen-Schnecken erheblich. Je nach der Geometrie der zusammenarbeitenden Teile sind diese Geräte mehr zur Förderung von Gasen und Flüssigkeiten oder mehr zur thermischen und mechanischen Bearbeitung zäher, plastischer oder gekörnter Güter geeignet. Auf die Schubgeschwindigkeit der Schnecken bezogene Stoffgeschwindigkeiten lassen eine Kennzeichnung und Ordnung typischer Vorgänge zu. Maschinen mit auswechselbaren Arbeitselementen können sehr verschiedenen verfahrenstechnischen Aufgaben angepaßt werden.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
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  • 41
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 169-174 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Qualität vieler Polymerisate hängt sehr stark von den bei der Polymerisation herrschenden physikalischen Bedingungen ab. Dem Konstrukteur von Polymerisations-kesseln stellt sich deshalb die Aufgabe, die bei der Versuchspolymerisation im Technikum ermittelten Bedingungen möglichst genau in den technischen Maßstab zu übertragen. Es soll hier erläutert werden, welcher Grad an Übereinstimmung zwischen dem kleinen und großen System erzielt werden kann, wenn man dabei die Prinzipien der Ähnlichkeitstheorie verwendet.
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  • 42
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von Dosierpumpen in der Verfahrenstechnik werden durch Fördermedium, Druck, Temperatur und Fördermenge bestimmt. Das Förderverhalten oszillierender Verdrängerpumpen ist vor allem von der Kompressibilität, der Viscosität und dem Dampfdruck des Fördermediums abhängig. Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung der Dosiergenauigkeit bei verschiedenen Bedingungen zeigen, daß Dosierpumpen bei geeigneter Ausführung und passenden Randbedingungen genau arbeiten. Für die Gewährleistung der Dosiergenauigkeit sind Maßnahmen erforderlich, um den Verschleiß niedrig zu halten. Besondere Anforderungen stellen Entwicklung und Bau von Dosierpumpen für Drucke bis 3000 at.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die üblichen Berechnungsvorschriften für die obengenannten Bauteile beruhen teils auf theoretischen Überlegungen, teils auf Erfahrung und Versuchsergebnissen. Tiefere Einblicke in das Festigkeitsverhalten derartiger Teile konnten aber erst gewonnen werden, nachdem es möglich war, mit Hilfe von neueren Meßmethoden, z. B. mit elektrischen Dehnstreifen, die Formänderungen an den kritischen Stellen genügend genau zu erfassen. Durch Versuche wurden bereits vorhandene Berechnungsvorschriften bestätigt oder es konnte deren Ergänzung bzw. Umarbeitung vorgeschlagen werden, wobei eine erhöhte Wirtschaftlichkeit bei genügender Sicherheit erstrebt wurde.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Trägerdampf-Destillation ist zwar der Vakuum-Destillation in wärmetechnischer und zum Teil auch in apparativer Hinsicht unterlegen; dennoch gibt es spezielle Fälle, für die sie besondere Vorteile bietet. So ist es z. B. günstig, nach der Veresterung Dimethylterephthalat mit Methanol als Trägerdampf zu rektifizieren, da dieses ohnehin im Reaktionsprodukt enthalten ist. Auf diesen Prozeß wird nach Erarbeitung der verfahrenstechnischen Grundlagen ausführlich eingegangen.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zur Berechnung einer wirtschaftlich optimalen Füllkörperkolonne werden Kostenfunktionen für die verwendeten Materialien, Kühl- und Heizmittel aufgestellt, die dann von einer digitalen, elektronischen Rechenmaschine für verschiedene Rücklaufverhältnisse ausgewertet werden. Dabei werden auch die Zusammenhänge zwischen Überreißgeschwindigkeit, Füllkörperart und Stoffwerten berücksichtigt. Neben Ergebnissen, die der technischen Auslegung der Kolonne dienen, werden die über eine Amortisationsrechnung ermittelten, stündlichen Gesamtkosten als Funktion des Rücklaufverhältnisses tabelliert, deren Minimum das wirtschaftliche Optimum darstellt.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Wendelförmige Austauschelemente nach Kloß werden zur Vakuumrektifikation benutzt. Zahlreiche Messungen an Betriebskolonnen, die mit diesen Austauschelementen versehen waren, zeigten zwar die gute Trennwirkung der Elemente, ließen aber nur schwer den Einfluß der wesentlichen Betriebsbedingungen auf die Trennwirkung erkennen, da die Betriebsbedingungen und Gemische der untersuchten Kolonnen sehr unterschiedlich waren. In Laboratoriumsversuchen wurde deshalb systematisch der Einfluß untersucht, den die Belastung, der Betriebsdruck und die geometrischen Abmessungen der Austauschwendeln auf die Trennwirkung ausüben. Zugleich konnte der Druckverlust der Austauschelemente bestimmt werden. Als Testgemisch diente n-Hexan/Benzol bei Drucken von 760 und 400 Torr und n-Decan/trans-Dekalin bei Drucken zwischen 5 und 200 Torr. Es werden die Versuchsergebnisse besprochen und Einzelheiten der Versuchsanlage beschrieben.
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  • 47
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 221-227 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dixon-Ringe sind Füllkörper aus Drahtgewebe. Die Eigenschaften solcher Füllringe beim Rektifizieren werden an Hand von Meßwerten diskutiert. Sodann wird über Erfahrungen bei der Verwendung in technischen Kolonnen berichtet.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 49
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 241-246 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Um das geeignetste Filtermittel zur Abtrennung von Kalisalzen aus wäßrigen technischen Lösungen mit Trommelzellenfilter zu ermitteln, wurden Filtergewebe in Vorversuchen und im Betrieb erprobt. Ferner wurde der Einfluß verschiedener Betriebsbedingungen auf die Filterleistung untersucht und eine Kostenanalyse aufgestellt.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Das kleinste Bauvolumen läßt sich bei quer angeströmten Rohrbündeln dann erreichen, wenn in Strömungsrichtung Rohr an Rohr anliegt, wenn also das Längsteilungsverhältnis der Rohre 1 ist. Die hierbei möglichen Anordnungsformen werden besprochen und Ergebnisse für den Strömungswiderstand und den Wärmeübergang mitgeteilt. Am günstigsten verhält sich dabei die kreuzgitterförmige Rohranordnung.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bei bindemittellos gepreßten Briketts oder Tabletten wird die Bindung vorwiegend durch van der Waals-Kräfte bestimmt. Adsorptionsschichten beeinflussen die Haftung. Diese beiden Bindemechanismen wurden experimentell untersucht. Als Modellsubstanz diente Schwerspatpulver, das in einer für Hochvakuumversuche eingerichteten 50-t-Unterstempelpresse brikettiert wurde. Bei den drei Versuchsreihen war der Preßdruck dabei in drei Stufen zwischen 2,1 und 5,4 t/cm2 verändert worden. Die Festigkeit der Briketts aus sorptionsfreiem Pulver war am geringsten. Adsorptionsschichten am Aufgabegut erhöhten die Festigkeit. Die Ursachen werden diskutiert. Auf Grund verschiedener Modellbetrachtungen läßt sich ein mittlerer Abstand zwischen den granulatbildenden Teilchen und eine mittlere Haftkraft je Berührungsstelle abschätzen.
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  • 52
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 269-273 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es wird durch sehr genaue Messungen die Überlegung erhärtet, daß eine exakte Analogie zwischen Wärmeübergang und gleichzeitigem Wärmeß und Stoffübergang im allgemeinen nicht erwartet werden kann. Die üblichen Korrekturfaktoren, durch welche die beiden Transportvorgänge hinsichtlich ihrer Ähnlichkeit ineinander überführt werden sollten, ergeben keine befriedigende Übereinstimmung.
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  • 53
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 261-268 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es werden im folgenden zwei Probleme aus dem Gebiet der Wärmetauscher mit Phasenänderung behandelt. Das erste Problem betrifft ein hydraulisches Analogieverfahren, das erlaubt, den Einfluß des Druckverlustes der Dampfströmung an den wärmeübertragenden Elementen auf die Wärmeübertragung in einem Kondensator für niedergespannten Dampf zu bestimmen. Sodann wird eine wirtschaftlich interessante Möglichkeit diskutiert, den Irreversibilitätsgrad bei der Wärmeübertragung zu verringern, wobei das Heiz- bzw. Kühlmittel keine Phasenänderung erfährt.
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  • 54
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 273-276 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An den Beispielen der O2-Umsetzung in einer Schicht körniger Aktivkohle und der katalytischen CO-Oxydation an einem Trägerkontakt wird die Erscheinung der „Brennzonen“ erläutert und der Mechanismus ihrer Wanderung analog der Wärmetheorie der Flammenfortpflanzung skizziert. In geeigneten apparativen Anordnungen lassen sich mit exothermen katalytischen Gasreaktionen auch stehende (stationäre) Brennzonen erzeugen. Sie bilden in der Katalysatorschüttung annähernd Halbkugelschalen konstanter Brenngeschwindigkeit, wie man sie auch mit den Brennflächen von Bunsenflammen im Feld einer Potentialströmung erhalten kann. Ähnlich wie umgekehrte Flammenkegel können innerhalb bestimmter Stabilitätsbereiche auch „umgekehrte“ Brennzonen erzeugt werden.  -  Auf Möglichkeiten zur Anwendung stationärer Brennzonen für spezielle Umsetzungen wird hingewiesen.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nicht-Newtonsche Flüssigkeiten, für die die Fließkurve, d. h. der Zusammenhang zwischen Schubspannung und Deformationsgeschwindigkeit ausreichende Informationen über das Verhalten in technischen Apparaten liefert, werden vielfach gleichzeitig durch mehrere, in den Voraussetzungen grundverschiedene Gleichungen beschrieben. Die Verbreitung von Forschungsergebnissen und deren Beachtung bei der Konstruktion verfahrenstechnischer Anlagen scheinen hierdurch im großen Maße fraglich; eine einheitliche Darstellung ist dringend erwünscht. Die bekanntesten Gesetzmäßigkeiten zur Beschreibung strukturviscosen Verhaltens beispielsweise sind das Potenzgesetz von Ostwald und de Waele, die Prandtl-Eyring-Beziehung und die von Oldroyd entwickelten Gleichungen. Eine Diskussion der Vor- und Nachteile dieser Beziehungen zeigt, daß zumindest für die Technologie nicht-Newtonscher Flüssigkeiten das sinh-Gesetz von Prandtl und Eyring das Optimum darstellt.
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  • 56
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 303-309 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es wird ein Überblick gegeben über den heutigen Stand unserer Kenntnisse über die Stabilität von Flüssigkeitsfilmen, Blasen und Tropfen unter dem Einfluß des Stofftransportes durch die Grenzfläche. Insbesondere werden die quantitativen Effekte auf Stoff- und Wärmeaustausch und auf die Koaleszenz von Tropfen besprochen; dabei wird auch ihre Bedeutung für die Praxis angegeben.
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  • 58
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 283-290 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es wird der üblichen Helmholtz-Gouyschen Theorie der Elektrokinetik die Theorie der Aufladung schlecht leitender Flüssigkeiten in turbulenter Strömung gegenübergestellt. Bei den schlecht leitenden Flüssigkeiten verteilt sich die freie Ladung über den ganzen Rohrquerschnitt, und die Aufladung wird verursacht durch einen Diffusionsmechanismus der Ionen durch die Grenzschicht. Die diesbezügliche Rechnung ist eine Vereinfachung der von Koszman und Gavis gegebenen. Praktische Folgerungen, um bei schlecht leitenden Flüssigkeiten die statische Elektrizität zu beseitigen, werden besprochen.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In die Formel zur Beurteilung der Mischgüte gehen u. a. die mittleren Korngewichte γ der Mischungskomponenten und ihre Standardabweichungen σ (bzw. ihre Variationszahlen C) ein. Es wird gezeigt, wie man diese (auf die Kornzahl bezogenen) Parameter aus den Siebdurchgangslinien der Komponenten findet. Für solche Siebdurchgangslinien, die im Rosin-Rammler-Netz durch gerade Linien angenähert werden können, gewinnt man die genannten Parameter aus vorausberechneten Nomogrammen.
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  • 60
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 310-313 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 61
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 314-316 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 62
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 316-316 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 63
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 321-324 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 64
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 325-330 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Verschiedene Bauformen von Wasch- und Säuretürmen mit tragender Ummantelung oder vollkeramischer Wandung werden behandelt. Die Aufteilung des Wascherraumes durch waagerechte und senkrechte Einbauten, die Ausführung von Tragwerken für die Füllkörpersäule und die Abschlußdecken werden erörtert. Schadensfälle und Betriebserfahrungen haben gezeigt, welche Gesichtspunkte beim Bau der Türme zu beachten sind.
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  • 65
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 330-338 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Säurebau-Mauerwerke werden in zahlreichen Zweigen der chemischen Industrie verwendet. Um eine möglichst hohe Lebensdauer einer säurefesten Ausmauerung zu erreichen, muß man die Eigenschaften der verwendbaren Materialien, insbesondere die chemische Beständigkeit, kennen. Die Methoden zur Prüfung der Baustoffe werden beschrieben und kritisch verglichen. Zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren gewinnen an Bedeutung. Die Anwendungstechnik hat die Aufgabe, die technischen Probleme des Säureschutzbaues zu lösen.
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  • 66
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 343-346 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die zahlreichen Bautypen für Chemie-Öfen sind durch die Art der chemischen Prozesse bedingt, die in diesen durchgeführt werden. Es werden Richtlinien für die Ausbildung und den Bau der Öfen, die Werkstoffauswahl für Gehäuse und Ausmauerung sowie den Betrieb der Öfen aufgezeigt.
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  • 67
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 339-343 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In ausgemauerten stählernen Behältern, die durch höhere Temperatur und Druck beansprucht werden, entstehen infolge der verschiedenen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten der verwendeten Werkstoffe oft schädliche Spannungen, die unter ungünstigen Bedingungen zur Zerstörung des Behälters führen. Durch richtige Wahl der Werkstoffe bezüglich ihrer Wärmeleitfähigkeit, Wärmeausdehnung und Elastizität sowie günstige Formgebung und entsprechende Wanddicke lassen sich Schäden weitgehend vermeiden. vor allem, wenn man die Apparate nicht raschem Temperaturwechsel oder einseitigen Beanspruchungen aussetzt.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 68
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 347-354 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zeitweise heißgehende Säureschornsteine müssen nicht nur chemisch resistent sein, sondern auch wechselnde Temperaturbeanspruchungen ertragen können; sie müssen bei großer Bauhöhe ohne Minderung der Sicherheit hohen statischen Beanspruchungen genügen. Je nach der Bauweise und den verwendeten Baustoffen sowei der Ausbildung der Bauelemente (Schaft, Kopf, Innenrohr) kann den Anforderungen genügt werden.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 69
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 354-362 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kanäle für häusliche und industrielle Abwässer sind chemischen, physikalischen und statischen Einflüssen ausgesetzt. Je nach den verwendeten Werkstoffen wird diesen Bedingungen in verschiedenem Maße genügt. In den letzten Jahren werden immer mehr Rohre und Kanäle aus Kunststoffen verlegt oder Betonrohre mit Kunststoffen beschichtet. Die besten Verhältnisse dürften wohl Kombinationen von Kunststoffen mit herkömmlichen Baustoffen schaffen, wobei auch der Fugendichtung wesentliche Beachtung geschenkt werden muß.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 70
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 363-366 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Plötzliche einseitige Temperaturänderungen an einseitig emaillierten Grobblechen aus Stahl verursachen ein Temperaturgefälle über den Querschnitt des emaillierten Blechs. Dadurch entstehen in der Email-Schicht Zug- oder Druckbeanspruchungen. Es hängt von der Richtung des Temperaturgefälles ab, ob die für die Emaillierung gefährlichen Zugbeanspruchungen oder ungefährliche Druckbeanspruchungen auftreten. Druck im Innenkessel oder im Doppelmantel emaillierter Autoklaven kann die durch einen plötzlichen Temperaturwechsel erzeugten Spannungen vergrößern oder vermindern. Aus diesen Erkenntnissen wurden Folgerungen für den praktischen Betrieb emaillierter Apparate gezogen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 71
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 371-377 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Anwendungstechnische Abteilung der BASF für Farbstoffe sowie Hilfs- und Veredelungsmittel für die Textil-, Leder- und Pelz-, Druckfarben-, Lack-, Zellstoff- und Papierindustrie wurde in einem neuerrichteten Gebäudekomplex zusammengefaßt. Bei der Planung standen Gesichtspunkte für eine leichte Anpassung der Laboratorien und Technika an das Produktionsprogramm im Vordergrund.  -  Aufbau und Einrichtungen der neuen Abteilung werden beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 72
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 408-410 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 73
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 411-414 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 74
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 414-416 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 75
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 76
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1179-1181 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 77
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1187-1207 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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  • 78
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1219-1223 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 79
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1208-1218 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 80
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1232-1235 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 81
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1243-1248 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 82
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1285-1292 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 83
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1309-1315 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 84
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1325-1328 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1339-1342 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1344-1344 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1343-1343 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 88
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1345-1348 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 89
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es wird ein neues Verfahren zur Trennung von Stoffgemischen durch multiplikatives Verteilen beschrieben, das durch laufende Gemischzugabe und Stoffaustausch bei Gegeneinanderführung endlicher Mengen der einen und infinitesimaler Mengen der anderen Phase gekennzeichnet ist. Die inneren Zusammenhänge der Wirkungsweise der alten Verteilungsverfahren und des neuen, sowie ihre Beziehungen zueinander werden entwickelt. In diesem Zusammenhang wird der Versuch gemacht, zur Klärung der verworrenen Situation bei der Begriffsbildung auf diesem Gebiet durch schäriere Definitionen beizutragen. In zwei Schlußkapiteln werden kurz die Phasenumkehr und die „Verdrängungsverteilung“, ein weiteres neues Verteilungsverfahren, behandelt.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß durch Zusatz verschiedener Legierungselemente in wechselnden Mengen zu Chrom- und Chrom-Nickel-Stählen die verschiedenen Korrosionsarten spezifisch beeinflußt werden; dabei wird unterteilt in eine gleichmäßig abtragende, eine selektive sowie eine Lochfraß und Spannungsrisse erzeugende Korrosion. Der Aufsatz versucht einen Überblick zu geben, in dem er vom allgemein bekannten bis zu dem neuesten Stand führt.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 157-160 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 165-167 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 94
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 163-165 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 95
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 96
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 168-168 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 97
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 378-380 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zur Messung der freien Diffusion von Flüssigkeiten werden zwei Lösungen übereinandergeschichtet. Dabei muß eine Verwirbelung der Grenzschicht vermieden werden. Dies wird durch eine besonders konstruierte Zelle erreicht. Messungen an den Systemen Glucose/Wasser, Saccharose/Wasser, Polyäthylenglykol/Wasser und Polystyrol/Benzol zeigen eine gute Reproduzierbarkeit und liefern Werte, die gegenüber Literaturwerten etwas höher sind.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 98
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 381-394 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Wenn beim Zonenschmelzen der Gehalt der Verunreinigung, co, eine bestimmte Grenze überschreitet und wenn man Probleme des Zonenfraktionierens, des Normalen Erstarrens und des Erstarrens der Zone selbst am Ende des Zonenschmelzens betrachtet, genügt der Verteilungskoeffizient k zur Beschreibung der Vorgänge nicht mehr. Es wird der Trennfaktor ϕ eines Systems eingeführt und mit diesem eine erweiterte Theorie aufgebaut. Für einmaligen Zonendurchgang und für das Normale Erstarren sind die Differential-Gleichungen noch elementar lösbar. Für mehrfache Zonendurchgänge wurden mit Hilfe eines elektronischen Digitalrechners die Lösungen für zahlreiche numerische Beispiele errechnet und veranschaulicht. Auch Fälle, in denen der Trennfaktor nicht konstant, sondern konzentrationsabhängig ist, können auf diese Weise nach einem Rechenprogramm behandelt werden. Die Pfannsche Theorie des Zonenschmelzens erweist sich als Sonderfall der erweiterten Theorie. Man kommt zu den Pfannschen Lösungen, wenn die Bedingung co(ϕ - 1) ≪ 1 erfüllt ist.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 395-405 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An den Universitäten und Technischen Hochschulen der Deutschen Bundesrepublik werden keine Chemie-Ingenieure amerikanischer Prägung (Chemical Engineers) ausgebildet. Die Chemiker an den Technischen Hochschulen erhalten aber eine zusätzliche Ausbildung in den Grundverfahren (Unit Operations) und in Reaktionstechnik. Die Ingenieure des Maschinenbaus können den Ausbildungszweig „Verfahrenstechnik“ wählen. Sie erhalten dann eine vertiefte Ausbildung in den Unit Operations und im Apparatebau und eine zusätzliche in Chemie. Entsprechend verteilt sich auch die Pflege des Chemie-Ingenieur-Wesens in der Forschung sowohl auf technische Chemiker als auch auf Verfahrensingenieure, das sind Ingenieure der Fachrichtung Verfahrenstechnik.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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