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  • 1995-1999  (40,453)
  • 1955-1959  (13,366)
  • 1890-1899  (12,616)
  • Chemistry  (66,402)
  • genetic engineering
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Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of ethics 3 (1999), S. 51-71 
    ISSN: 1572-8609
    Keywords: biotechnology ; cloning ; ethics of biotechnology ; ethics of cloning ; ethics of human cloning ; ethics for reproductive technology ; genetic engineering ; human cloning ; religious ethics ; reproductive technology ; secular ethics ; social ethics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The advent of cloning animals has created a maelstrom of social concern about the “ethical issues” associated with the possibility of cloning humans. When the “ethical concerns” are clearly examined, however, many of them turn out to be less matters of rational ethics than knee-jerk emotion, religious bias, or fear of that which is not understood. Three categories of real and spurious ethical concerns are presented and discussed: 1) that cloning is intrinsically wrong, 2) that cloning must lead to bad consequences, and 3) that cloning harms the organism generated. The need for a rational ethical framework for discussing biotechnological advances is presented and defended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Keywords: Key words Otolith ; Chemistry ; ICP-MS ; Stock discrimination ; Epinephelus striatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  We examined the utility of otolith minor and trace element chemistry, assayed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), as a means of delineating population structure in the Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus). We characterized the elemental composition of otoliths collected in 1993 from three locations in Exuma Sound, Bahamas and from Glover Reef, Belize in 1995. A single location in Exuma Sound was sampled in 1994 to test temporal variability in otolith composition. Five elements (Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba and Pb) were routinely detected, at levels significantly above background, by solution-based ICP-MS. Results from analysis of variance of elemental data, expressed as a ratio to Ca, indicated that there were no significant differences among the Exuma locations for any element, but significant variability was found between Glover Reef and the pooled Exuma localities for Zn/Ca, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios. Significant inter-annual differences at one Exuma Sound location was restricted to Ba/Ca ratios. Discriminant function analysis correctly classified 86% and 95% of the Belize and pooled Exuma sites, respectively. Otoliths from Belize were characterized by low Zn/Ca and high Ba/Ca and Pb/Ca ratios compared to otoliths from fish collected in Exuma Sound. Although differences in Ba levels may be related to upwelling at Glover Reef, more data are needed to definitely link otolith composition with regional differences in water chemistry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: transgenic carnation ; genetic engineering ; microprojectile bombardment ; stable transformation ; kanamycin selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Highly efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) was obtained by first wounding stem explants via microprojectile bombardment. When this was followed by cocultivation with disarmed Agrobacterium in the dark, the transformation frequency-based on transient GUS expression-increased to over 10-fold that of explants wounded by other means and cocultivated under constant light. Two cycles of regeneration/selection on kanamycin were employed to generate stably transformed carnation plants and eliminate chimeras: first, plantlets were regenerated from inoculated stem explants and then leaves from these plantlets were used to generate transgenes in a second selection cycle of adventitious shoot regeneration. Agrobacterium strain AGLO, carrying the binary vector pCGN7001 containing uidA and nptII genes, was used in the stable transformation experiments. The combination of wounding via bombardment, cocultivation in the dark and two cycles of kanamycin selection yielded an overall transformation efficiency of 1–2 transgenes per 10 stem explants for the three carnation varieties analyzed. Histochemical and molecular analyses of marker genes in T0 and T1 generations confirmed the transgenic nature of the selected plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; 4-hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside ; Lithospermum erythrorhizon ; menisdaurin ; shikonin ; ubiC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biosynthetic pathway to 4-hydroxybenzoate (4HB), a precursor of the naphthoquinone pigment shikonin, was modified in Lithospermum erythrorhizon hairy root cultures by introduction of the bacterial gene ubiC. This gene of Escherichia coli encodes chorismate pyruvate-lyase (CPL), an enzyme that converts chorismate into 4HB and is not normally present in plants. The ubiC gene was fused to the sequence for a chloroplast transit peptide and placed under control of a constitutive plant promoter. This construct was introduced into L. erythrorhizon by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation. The resulting hairy root cultures showed high CPL activity. 4HB produced by the CPL reaction was utilized for shikonin biosynthesis, as shown by in vivo inhibition of the native pathway to 4HB with 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP), an inhibitor of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. A feeding experiment with [1,7-13C2]shikimate showed that in the absence of AIP the artificially introduced CPL reaction contributed ca. 20% of the overall 4HB biosynthesis in the transgenic cultures. ubiC transformation did not lead to a statistically significant increase of shikonin formation, but to a 5-fold increase of the accumulation of menisdaurin, a nitrile glucoside which is presumably related to aromatic amino acid metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 60 (1999), S. 29-42 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: enzyme catalysis ; evolution ; genetic engineering ; photosynthesis ; protein assembly ; protein degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco; EC 4.1.1.39) has played a central role in our understanding of chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis. In particular, its catalysis of the rate-limiting step of CO2 fixation, and the mutual competition of CO2 and O2 at the active site, makes Rubisco a prime focus for genetically engineering an increase in photosynthetic productivity. Although it remains difficult to manipulate the chloroplast-encoded large subunit and nuclear-encoded small subunit of crop plants, much has been learned about the structure/function relationships of Rubisco by expressing prokaryotic genes in Escherichia coli or by exploiting classical genetics and chloroplast transformation of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, the complexity of chloroplast Rubisco in land plants cannot be completely addressed with the existing model organisms. Two subunits encoded in different genetic compartments have coevolved in the formation of the Rubisco holoenzyme, but the function of the small subunit remains largely unknown. The subunits are posttranslationally modified, assembled via a complex process, and degraded in regulated ways. There is also a second chloroplast protein, Rubisco activase, that is responsible for removing inhibitory molecules from the large-subunit active site. Many of these complex interactions and processes display species specificity. This means that attempts to engineer or discover a better Rubisco may be futile if one cannot transfer the better enzyme to a compatible host. We must frame the questions that address this problem of chloroplast-Rubisco complexity. We must work harder to find the answers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999) 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 45-50 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A variety of demonstration experiments can be shown to a large audience with a minimum amount of chemicals by using an ordinary slide projector and easily mounted cuvettes. A detailed instruction for assembling the cuvettes is given as m d l as examples for suitable demonstration experiments in general, inorganic, organic and physical chemistry.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 61-61 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 66-66 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 67-67 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999) 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 95-103 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Natural events as well as human activities are affecting the environment and even with largescale monitoring programs it is not possible to completely assess the state of the environment. But a documentation of the environmental status with respect to its chemical composition can be realized with systematically collected representative environmental samples, which can be stored for decades at very low temperatures almost without degradation. Such ‘banking activity’ allows a current environmental monitoring and also a retrospective analysis for the determination of components which have not been analyzed at the time of sampling because of ta lack in analytical techniques or because they have not been known or considered environmentally relevant. The concept of environmental specimen banking and general procedures are described. Various examples illustrate the many facets of such activities.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 128-128 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Arbeitsmarktsituation in der Chemie hat sich in den letzten Jahren spürbar entspannt. Dennoch gibt es auf etlichen, nicht hundertprozentig dem Trend der Zeit entsprechenden Spezialgebieten immer noch einen beträchtlichen Überhang an Stellensuchenden. Entsprechende Mobilität vorausgesetzt, kann das Internet bei der Stellensuche hilfreich sein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 135-135 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999) 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 165-166 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 158-164 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Atmospheric aerosol particles cause one of the largest uncertainties in estimates of human influence on climate - a good reason to take a closer look at the atmospheric life cycle of the aerosols and its effects. Besides a number of primary and secondary natural aerosol sources we need to consider since the beginning of industrialisation strong manmade particle sources. During its residence in the atmosphere the aerosol interacts in many physical and chemical ways with other atmospheric trace substances, most importantly with water vapor and its liquid and solid phases. Through its direct effect on solar and thermal radiation and through its influence on clouds the atmospheric aerosol exerts a climate forcing. To data we cannot predict the ensuing climate response because of our limited understanding of essential atmospheric processes and of the many possible feedbacks within the climate system. However, already our present knowledge of the role of the atmospheric aerosol in the climate system makes strictly global views of anthropogenic climate changes questionable.
    Notes: Der Stand unseres Wissens zum Kreislauf des Atmosphärischen Aerosols und von seiner Rolle im Klimasystem läßt sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: 1Unser Verständnis des globalen Aerosolkreislaufs und vor allem des menschlichen Eingriffs in denselben ist noch sehr unvollständig. Dies gilt in hohem Maße auch für die mit diesem Kreislauf verbundenen chemischen Mehrphasenprozesse.2Ein negativer direkter Klimaantrieb anthropogener Aerosole existiert über die Streuung und Absorption, hat aber noch große Unsicherheiten und kann über hoch mit Rußpartikeln belasteten Gebieten auch positive Werte annehmen.3Ein indirekter Klimaantrieb anthropogener Aerosole existiert wahrscheinlich und hat ebenfalls ein negatives Vorzeichen. Seine Größenordnung und Unsicherheiten lassen sich noch nicht quantifizieren.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 177-185 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical concepts are important to gain a qualitative understanding of chemistry. They are needed to find interesting questions to which experimental research as well as quantum-chemical investigations and computer simulations can contribute. We point out why chemical concepts should be seen as an important and from fundamental physical theories to a certain degree independent part of chemistry. An overview and analysis of some concepts - which are often introduced only in connection with special examples instead of a discussion for their own sake - are given. We take a closer look at some concepts to illustrate our assertions. An analysis of the stability of the cyclic (MoNL3)-trimer demonstrates how these concepts work and what they can tell us about this special case.
    Notes: Wir haben versucht, deutlich zu machen, wie wichtig theoretische Konzepte in der Chemie sind. Dabei gelangen wir zu folgenden Schlußfolgerungen über die Konzepte, die in der Chemie herangezogen werden, um Beobachtungen zu deuten und zu verstehen: Qualitativ chemische Konzepte sind für ein Verständnis der Chemie unverzichtbar. Eine quantenchemische Berechnung liefert nicht automatisch Verständnis und Einordnung in einen Gesamtzusammenhang.Erst die vereinfachende Beschreibung chemischer Konzepte ermöglicht eine unmittelbare Diskussion chemischer Fragestellungen.Die Konzepte sind trotz grundlegender physikalischer Theorien bis zu einem gewissen Grade eigenständig.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999) 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 213-220 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The article commemorates the centenary of the protection of the proprietary mine of Aspirin. The early medicinal uses of salicylic acid derivatives in herbal remedies arc summarised as well as the biosynthesis of these derivatives. The history of the synthesis of salicylic acid and of acetyl salicylic acid (ASS) is described in detail as is the discovery of additional therapeutic applications and the basic pharmacology of ASS.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 234-235 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 246-246 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 250-250 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 308-309 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 312-312 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 314-314 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. IX 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 318-318 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 354-358 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical Biology is a rapidly growing field at the interface of organic chemistry and cell biology. Chemical strategies are used to address biological questions not amenable to traditional genetic and biochemical techniques alone. Thc enormous potential of Chemical Biology is illustrated by four recent examples.
    Notes: Chemische Biologie ist eine junge Forschungsrichtung im Grenzgebiet zwischen Organischer Cherme und Zellbiologie, welche aus einem Bedarf nach neuen Techniken zur Untersuchung zellbiologischer Mechanismen entstanden ist. Chemische Methoden werden mit biochemischen und molekularbiologischen Methoden kombiniert, um neuartige Möglichkeiten für die biologische Grundlagenforschung zu schaffen. So werden synthetische Oligosaccharide kovalent an die Oberfläche lebender Zellen gebunden, die Konzentration von Calciumionen im Zytosol künstlich reguliert und Rezeptoren künstlich aktiviert.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 31
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 373-374 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Eine neue Elektrosynthese erfüllt erstmals den Traum der Elektrochemiker, gleichzeitig Anoden- und Kathodenreaktion für organische Synthesen technisch zu nutzen.
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  • 32
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 377-377 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 33
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 380-380 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 34
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 382-384 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Around the world, BASF has been preparing for Y2K since 1996. The Information services and the Process Control Technology divisions, as well as embedded systems and logistics, not to mention the company's customers and suppliers have all been systenmatically tested for Y2K capability. In addition, special precautionary measures in particular, at large Verbund sites - will be in place during the switchover period.
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  • 35
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 4-4 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 36
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 66-66 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 37
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 104-109 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Fonds of German Chemical Industry (FCI) has produced an instrumental kit named „Blue Genes“ which enables High School teachers to perform in their school environment basic experiments of gene analysis and cloning. In particular, the kit contains all necessary equipment and reagents to perform a restriction analysis, and cloning and expression of a bacterial gene.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 152-157 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A few physical phenomena believed to be religious miracles are considered, and scientific explanations for them are proposed.
    Notes: Einige physikalische Phänomene, von denen man glaubte, sie seien religiöse Wunder, werden vorgestellt und wissenschaftliche Erklärungen hierfür vorgeschlagen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 39
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 173-173 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 41
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. VIII 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. XIV 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 334-341 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The essential trace element copper plays a key role in living systems. Its metalloproteins are involved in various reactions. The IT ononuclear blue copper type-1 proteins take, part in electron transfer processes. Type-2 proteins can either act as oxidases, oxygenases, dioxygenases, or superoxide dismutases, containing one copper core. Dinuclear copper centers of Type-3 proteins are the oxygen transport system hemocyanin, oxidases and oxygenases. Due to this variety of functions copper deficiency and also abundance can cause severe damage of any life form.
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 359-364 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is tried to fix the limits between the notions high pressure synthesis and high temperature chemistry. The work of Fritz Haber to apply high pressure to synthetise ammonia and of Friedrich Bergius to liquify coal to synthetise petrol is described. Special attention is given to the merits of Carl Bosch and his coworkers at BASF for applying the high pressure synthesis into industrial scale. The consequences of thc work of Haber, Bergius und Bosch on chemistry, social and political life and their importance for the present are considered.
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 376-376 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 390-390 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 6-19 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Diatoms are unicellular organisms which possess a unique silicified cell wall. Their intricate structures have inspired the imagination of naturalists and scientists throughout centuries. However, molecular biological details about silica metabolic pathways still are obscure. To find out how soft matter can selforganize and create finite solid shapes and complex patterns is certainly one of the most challenging scientific problems today. Especially chemists just have started to unravel the mysteries of chemical morphogenesis.
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 58-60 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 66-66 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 70-70 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 122-125 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 134-134 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 134-134 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. X 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 138-138 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 174-175 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 190-190 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 342-353 
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    Notes: Cyclopentadienyl (Cp) complexes of maingroup elements are classified and compared in terms of structural types, bonding features, and characteristic reactions. Halfsandwich, sandwich and multidecker sandwich arrangements of different type are observed including cluster species with weak or strong metal-metal bonds. The Cp-El bonding ranges from mainly covalent to purely ionic with important structure-determining intermolecular contacts in the latter. π-Complexation allows the stabilisation of compounds with low-valent elements such as AI(I), Ga(I), and Si(I1). Important reaction principles and applications are shortly described.
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 367-372 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 375-375 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 381-381 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 390-390 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 53-58 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 62-63 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 129-129 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 134-134 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. V 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. VIII 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 186-186 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 192-198 
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    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 221-225 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In the last decade, major advances in the understanding of the biology of aging were made. Studies in worms, flies and yeast led to the identification of several life-extending genes. In mammals, two genes were found which, when mutated, shorten life span. Previous studies in rodents reporting life span prolongation by caloric restriction were confirmed and extended to lower organisms. The studies arc consistent with and supportive of the free radical theory of aging, which secs reactive oxygen species as the main contributor to aging. A refinement of this theory puts mitochondrial DNA into the center of the aging process. It appears that mitochondrial DNA may be both, a yardstick for the biological age and a signalling device to tell the organism when to die. A diet low in calories and high in antioxidants promises to lead to a better quality of life at old age and possibly to increased life span for humans.
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 237-239 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 241-241 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 247-247 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 252-266 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This first part of „Rechargeable Batteries“ is devoted to materials and reactions in batteries with aqueous electrolytes. Lead-acid, nickelcadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and various zinc systems, such as zinc-manganese oxide, zinc-air, and zinc-bromine cells are discussed. Special attention is paid to the limited electrochemical stability window of the aqueous electrolytes, which enables overcharge and overdischarge protection of the battery but limits cell voltages to less than 2 Volts. In the following part of this article we will focus on nonaqueous electrolyte-based rechargeable batteries. Due to thc wider electrochemical stability window of these electrolytes high specific charge and high cell voltage batteries can be realized, e.g., the „4 V“ lithium ion cell.
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 304-308 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 314-314 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 390-390 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 33-44 
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    Notes: Solid solutions arc an area of inorganic chemistry that encompasses a wide variety of natural and synthetic compounds. This article is intended to be a selection of interesting examples which illustrate the importance of solid solutions in everyday life and industrial applications. A short discussion of the theoretical background is given, followed by the description of solid solutions of non-metals in metals such as steel. Furthermore, solid solutions with important optical (e.g. laser materials) and electrical properties (e.g. β-alumina) are discussed, referring to their chemical structure and technological relevance.
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 126-127 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 72-83 
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    Notes: Photosynthesis is one of the most fascinating fields of current interdisciplinary research. It seems miraculous that Nature, in the process of evolution, has managed to bring about a 100% quantum yield in charge separation occurring in the primary processes within the photosynthetic reaction centers. In fact, wasteful deactivation of the photoexcited electronic states into the ground state should be favoured and thus prevent charge separation. Biomimetic model compounds have been synthesized, essentially from porphyrins and quinones, resembling the redoxactive cofactors, Nature has developed. The underlying philosophy of this approach is to design and prepare suitable organic molecules allowing the specific properties of the complex electron transfer reactions to be tuned appropriately. Special emphasis is given the through comparison of structures and functions of native and artificial systems. The prominent electron transfer characteristics are discussed in particular by using time-resolved picosecond fluorescence and time-resolved EPR techniques.
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. XI 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. XIII 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 140-151 
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    Notes: In active search for conditions for optimal phototrophic growth, halobacteria respond to light and to a variety of other environmental stimuli by taxis. Light reception is mediated by sensory rhodopsins, seven helix transmembrane retinal proteins that are stably complexed to specific MCP-related transducer proteins. Photoisomerization of the retinal chromophore generates a steric signal which activates the sensory rhodopsin-transducer-complex. Complex activation is relayed to a two component signaling system and transiently changes the cytoplasmic concentration of fumarate which, together with the small cytoplasmic protein CheY controls flagellar motor switching. Dual signaling by CheY and fumarate was also found in Escherichia coli where it mediates metabolic signaling and taxis in cells with disabled two-component system. Sensory integration of different environmental stimuli occurs at the level of the signaling domains of several stimulus-specific transducers constructed through combination of appropriate molecular modules. Irrespective of the complexity of the signaling network, the response to light is quantitatively predictable and stochastic. Its kinetic analysis suggests that time-dependent changes in the activity of signaling components can be resolved even in the context of a complex molecular network.
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 167-172 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 186-186 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 187-187 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 228-233 
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 320-332 
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    Notes: As a matter of fact, most of our technical electrochemical energy storage systems operate outside the limitations of thermodynamics. As in the case of rechargeable batteries with aqueous electrolytes (part I of this article), kinetics control the operation and safety also in batteries with nonaqueous electrolytes (this second and final part).A striking example is the lithium ion battery which possesses an operating voltage of 〉3,5 V and a very high energy density. From a thermodynamic viewpoint such a cell is impossible because the used organic electrolyte is in contact with two lithium insertion electrodes that operate at extreme reducing and oxidizing potentials, respectively. However, a unique mechanism kinetically prevents the decomposition of the electrolyte due to the formation of electronically insulating interphases between electrode and electrolyte that are still permeable to the electrochemically active Li+ cations. Lithium ion batteries have already made their breakthrough into the market as small format systems for portable electronics. The only „kinetically shielded“ high energy density, however, might be a safety complication for large format batteries, which are assembled for electric vehicle (EV) propulsion. Safety concerns are also valid for high temperature (300°C) batteries such as the sodium-sulfur and sodium-nickel chloride systems. These systems are still in the stage of „experimental batteries“, which may find future application in large units for EV's or uninterruptible power systems. The paper is concluded by a performance comparison of various rechargeable battery systems with aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes. (Possible) applications in consumer electronics and EV's are discussed in more detail.
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 372-372 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 391-391 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 57-60 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Benzyne ; Dehydroanthracene ; Matrix isolation ; Photochemistry ; Bergman reaction ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -9,10-Didehydroanthracene (1) is an interesting derivative of p-benzyne that has been subject of several studies. In contrast to an earlier report, the photochemical decarbonylation of 9,10-dicarbonyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene (2) does not lead to 1 but rather to the ring-opened ene-diyne 4. The key intermediate for this reaction is keto carbene 7 which is formed by monodecarbonylation of 2. Carbene 7 is labile towards visible-light irradiation and easily looses the second CO molecule to give 4. Carbene 7 and diyne 4 are characterized by IR and UV/Vis spectra, the IR spectra are compared to calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Nucleophilic addition ; Solvent effect ; Reversal of diastereoselectivity ; Temperature effect ; Imines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -Commonly observed, but rarely explored, is the possibility of modifying the diastereomeric excess (de%) by means of temperature. A complete reversal in the diastereofacial selectivity could be obtained whenever the diastereoisomers concerned are differentially favored by enthalpy and entropy. The enthalpic or entropic dominance of a diastereoisomer depends greatly on the reaction solvent used.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 73-81 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Donor-acceptor systems ; Cage compounds ; Stelladione ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -A number of condensations could be carried out using tricyclo[3.3.0.03,7]octane-2-one (stellanone, 4) and tricyclo[3.3.0.03,7]octane-2,6-dione (2,6-stelladione, 5) as starting materials. The components for condensations were 2-trimethylsilyl-1,3-dithiane (6), 1,1-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1H-cyclopropa[b]naphthalene (7), its 3,6-dimethoxy-substituted analogue 8, fluorene (12), xanthene (13), diethyl malonate (14), and malononitrile (15). The condensation reactions with 5 yielded mono- and disubstituted products, among them were the donor-acceptor-substituted 2,6-stellanes 33-35. The structures of 18 (prepared from stellanone and fluorene), 19, 24, 27, 31 and 32 (synthesized by condensation of 2,6-stelladione and 2-trimethylsilyl-1,3-dithiane and malononitrile, respectively) were determined by X-ray crystallography.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 87-90 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Water ; α-Nitrocycloalkanones ; ω-Nitro acids ; Surfactant ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -The reaction of various α-nitrocycloalkanones 1 with aqueous 0.05 M NaOH, at 80 °C, in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTACl) as a cationic surfactant, produces ω-nitro acids 2 in good yields. Reduction of the latter with HCOONH4/Pd-C, in methanol, at 80 °C affords ω-amino acids 3. The synthesis of methyl 9-oxodecanoate (8) is also reported.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: O-Alkylation ; Ambident nucleophile ; Thiazolethione ; Thiohydroxamic acid ; Phase-transfer reaction ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -O-Alkylation of cyclic thiohydroxamic acids 1 and 3-5 has been studied with a view to developing an efficient method for the synthesis of N-(alkoxy)pyridine-2(1H)-thiones and N-(alkoxy)thiazole-2(3H)-thiones. Four issues have been addressed and the following conclusions can be drawn: (i) Thiones 1 and 5 exist as O-H acids in the solid state. (ii) According to NMR investigations (1H, 13C), the thione structures should be largely retained in CDCl3, [D6]DMSO, and CD3OD solutions of acids 1, 3-5, as is also the case for pyridinethione salts 2a-h. (iii) O-Alkylation of pyridinethione salts occurs in competition with S-alkylation. Selective O-alkylation is however possible, if thiohydroxamate salts with large countercations, such as M = NBu4, are treated with hard alkylating reagents in polar aprotic media. (iv) As tetrabutylammonium thiohydroxamates, such as 2f, are highly useful in the synthesis of cyclic thiohydroxamic acid O-esters, we have developed an efficient protocol for the preparation of N-(alkoxy)pyridine-2(1H)-thiones directly from acid 1 using phase-transfer conditions (alkyl halide or sulfonic acid ester, CH3CN, K2CO3, Bu4NHSO4). This method has proved particularly successful for the synthesis of N-(alkoxy)thiazole-2(3H)-thiones 11, 20-28, which were obtained in yields of up to 87%.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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